Unit 1: Organization of the Body DLT #’s: 1 – 4 Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation 08/11/2014.

Unit 1: Organization Unit 1: Organization of the Bodyof the Body

DLT #’s: 1 – 4 DLT #’s: 1 – 4 Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Chapter 1: The Human Body: An

OrientationOrientation

08/11/201408/11/2014

OverviewOverview

In this chapter we will define anatomy and In this chapter we will define anatomy and physiology and discuss how the human body physiology and discuss how the human body is organized. Three essential concepts – is organized. Three essential concepts – the the complementarity of structure and function, complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasishomeostasis – will unify and form the basis – will unify and form the basis for your study of the human body. The final for your study of the human body. The final part of this chapter deals with the language part of this chapter deals with the language of anatomy – terminology that anatomists of anatomy – terminology that anatomists use when they describe the body or its parts.use when they describe the body or its parts.

DLT 1: I can define anatomy DLT 1: I can define anatomy and physiology.and physiology.

AnatomyAnatomy studies the studies the structurestructure of of body parts and their relationships to body parts and their relationships to one another. one another. – Anatomy is concreteAnatomy is concrete– Body structures can be seen, felt, and Body structures can be seen, felt, and

examined; it is not necessary to imagine examined; it is not necessary to imagine what they look like.what they look like.

PhysiologyPhysiology concerns the concerns the functionfunction of of the body: how the body parts work the body: how the body parts work together and carry out their life-together and carry out their life-sustaining activities. sustaining activities. – Not concreteNot concrete– Explainable only in terms of the Explainable only in terms of the

underlying anatomyunderlying anatomy

Reference Man or WomanReference Man or Woman

Interestingly, we should note that in Interestingly, we should note that in order to simplify the study of the body order to simplify the study of the body most references to body structures most references to body structures and/or physiological values (body temp., and/or physiological values (body temp., heart rate, etc.) assume we are talking heart rate, etc.) assume we are talking about either a healthy young (22-year-about either a healthy young (22-year-old) male weighing about 155 lb (old) male weighing about 155 lb (the the reference manreference man), or a healthy young ), or a healthy young female weighing about 125 lb (female weighing about 125 lb (the the reference womanreference woman).).

DLT 2: I can explain the DLT 2: I can explain the principle of complementarity.principle of complementarity.

Anatomy and physiology are really Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always inseparable because function always reflects structure. reflects structure.

What a structure can do depends on its What a structure can do depends on its specific form.specific form.

This idea is called the principle of This idea is called the principle of complementarity of structure and function.complementarity of structure and function.

Ex: Bones can support and protect body Ex: Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral organs because they contain hard mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.valves that prevent backflow.

DLT 3: I can name the different levels DLT 3: I can name the different levels of structural organization that make up of structural organization that make up

the human body.the human body.

Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular Level: Cells are made up of molecules.

Tissue Level: Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

Organ Level: Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

Organ System Level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

Organismal Level: The human organism is made up of many organ systems.

DLT 4: I can list the 11 organ systems DLT 4: I can list the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, of the body, identify their components,

and explain their functions.and explain their functions.

– Digestive:Digestive: Structures-Oral Structures-Oral

cavity, esophagus, cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, large intestine, rectum, intestine, rectum, anusanus

Function-Breaks down Function-Breaks down food into absorbable food into absorbable units that enter the units that enter the blood for distribution blood for distribution to body cells.to body cells.

– Respiratory:Respiratory: Structures-nasal Structures-nasal

cavity, pharynx, cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, bronchi, bronchioles, lungslungs

Function-Keeps blood Function-Keeps blood constantly supplied constantly supplied with oxygen and with oxygen and removes carbon removes carbon dioxide from the dioxide from the body.body.

– Reproductive:Reproductive: Structures-testes, Structures-testes,

penis, scrotum, ductus penis, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate deferens, prostate gland, ovaries, fallopian gland, ovaries, fallopian tubes, mammary tubes, mammary glands, uterus, vaginaglands, uterus, vagina

Function-produce Function-produce reproductive cells, reproductive cells, overall function is overall function is production of offspring.production of offspring.

– Cardiovascular:Cardiovascular: Structures-heart, blood Structures-heart, blood

vessels and bloodvessels and blood Function-brings Function-brings

oxygen, hormones and oxygen, hormones and nutrients to cells, fights nutrients to cells, fights infection, removes cell infection, removes cell waste, helps to waste, helps to regulate body regulate body temperaturetemperature

– Urinary:Urinary: Structures-kidneys, Structures-kidneys,

ureters, urinary ureters, urinary bladder, urethrabladder, urethra

Function-eliminates Function-eliminates nitrogenous waste nitrogenous waste from the body; from the body; regulates water, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-electrolyte and acid-base balance of the base balance of the blood.blood.

– Skeletal:Skeletal: Structures-bones, Structures-bones,

cartilage, ligaments, cartilage, ligaments, tendonstendons

Function-supports Function-supports body, protects internal body, protects internal organs, allows organs, allows movement, stores movement, stores mineral reserves, mineral reserves, provides a site for red provides a site for red blood cell formationblood cell formation

– Muscular:Muscular: Structures-skeletal, Structures-skeletal,

smooth, and cardiac smooth, and cardiac musclemuscle

Function-works with Function-works with skeletal system to skeletal system to provide voluntary provide voluntary movement, helps movement, helps circulate blood and circulate blood and move food through move food through the digestive systemthe digestive system

– Nervous:Nervous: Structures-brain, Structures-brain,

spinal cord, spinal cord, peripheral nervesperipheral nerves

Function-recognizes Function-recognizes and coordinates the and coordinates the body’s response to body’s response to internal and external internal and external stimuli.stimuli.

– Integumentary:Integumentary: Structures-skin, hair, Structures-skin, hair,

nails, sweat and oil nails, sweat and oil glandsglands

Function-barrier Function-barrier against infection and against infection and injury, regulates body injury, regulates body temperature, temperature, protection from UV protection from UV radiationradiation

– Lymphatic/Immunity:Lymphatic/Immunity: Structures-white blood Structures-white blood

cells, thymus, spleen, cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph lymph nodes, lymph vessels, red bone vessels, red bone marrowmarrow

Function-protects the Function-protects the body from disease, body from disease, houses white blood houses white blood cells, collects fluid lost cells, collects fluid lost from blood vessels from blood vessels and returns it to the and returns it to the circulatory systemcirculatory system

– Endocrine:Endocrine: Structures-Structures-

hypothalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, pineal gland, thyroid, pineal gland, parathyroids, adrenal parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreas, glands, pancreas, ovaries, testesovaries, testes

Function-Glands Function-Glands secrete hormones secrete hormones that regulate growth, that regulate growth, development, development, reproduction, and reproduction, and metabolism (nutrient metabolism (nutrient use) by body cellsuse) by body cells