UNIT 1 Grid Computing

8/12/2019 UNIT 1 Grid Computing

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GRID COMPUTING



What is Grid Computing?

Grid Computing combines computers from multipleadministrative domains to reach a common goal, tosolve a single task.

It enables virtual organizations to share geographicallydistributed resources.

A resource is an entity that is to be sharedComputational Resource

Storage Resources



Definition

Foster and Kesselman, 1998

―A computational grid is a hardware and

software infrastructure that provides dependable,

consistent, and inexpensive access to high-end

computational facilities.‖



3-point checklist (Foster 2002)

1. Coordinates resources not subject to centralizedcontrol.

2. Uses standard, open, general purpose protocols andinterfaces.

3. Deliver nontrivial qualities of servicee.g., response time, throughput, availability,security



Grid Architecture

Autonomous, globally distributed computers/clusters



Why do we need Grid? Many large-scale problems cannot be solved by a single

computer.

Globally distributed data and resources.

Following table shows under utilized Infrastructure:

IT Resource Average Daytime

Utilization

Windows Servers <5%

UNIX Servers 15 – 20%

Desktops <5%



ValuesDeveloped strong roots in the global academic and

research communities over the last decade

Integrating large scale computing facility and resources.

Re-use unutilized resources.

Leverage multidisciplinary collaboration.

Change the culture of academic research.



ValuesGrid Computing for business enterprises

Accelerating product development.

Reducing infrastructure and operational costs.

Leveraging existing technology investments.

Increasing corporate productivity.

Strongest low cost but high throughput solution that

allows companies to optimize and leverage existing IT

infrastructure and investments .



Grid Computing Value Element #1:

Leveraging Existing Hardware

Investments and ResourcesThere is a tremendous amount of unused capacity

in IT infrastructure at a typical enterprise.

Grids can be deployed on an existing

infrastructure.

Costs savings are not limited to hardware and

software expenditure.



Grid Computing Value Element #2: Reducing

Operational Expenses

Grid Computing brings a level of automation and

ease previously unseen in the IT environments.

The ability of Grids to cross departmental andgeographical boundaries uniformly increases the

level of computational capacity across the whole

academic or enterprise.



Grid Computing Value Element #3: Creating a

Scalable and Flexible Enterprise IT Infrastructure

Traditionally, IT managers have been forced

into making large-step function increases in

spending to accommodate slight increases in

infrastructure requirements.

Grid Computing allows companies to add

resources linearly based on real-time business

requirements.These resources can be derived from within

the enterprise or from utility computing

services.



Grid Computing Value Element #3: Creating a

Scalable and Flexible Enterprise IT

Infrastructure

While departments will be making their

resources accessible to the whole enterprise,

Grid Computing still allows them to maintain

local control.




Accelerating Product Development, Improving

Time to Market, and Raising CustomerSatisfaction

Grid Computing has a direct impact accelerating

product development at enterprises and helping bringproduct to market quicker.

for example, simulation times can get products

completed quickly.

This also provides the capability to perform a lot more

detailed product design.




Increasing Productivity

Enterprises that have deployed Grid Computing are

seeing tremendous productivity gains. E.g.





Risk Analysis

In this section we will evaluate the key risk

factors,

That usually plague technology deployments

and analyze the vulnerabilities of Grid

Computing deployments.



Risk Analysis: Lock-in

Like most software (and hardware) vendors,

Grid Computing vendors would probably prefer it if their

software locked-in a customer for a recurring or a future

revenue stream.

Customers should pay keen attention to which vendors are

supporting the Grid Computing standards activities at the

Global Grid Forum.





Risk Analysis: Project Implementation

failure

The final risk factor is of project failure,

either due to bad project management or incorrect needs

assessment.

One way to mitigate the risk of project failure is to take

advantage of hosted pilot and professional services offered

by grid software vendors.

Hosted pilots are conducted solely on the vendor’s datacenters and have no impact on the operations of the company.



History of Grid Computing

Early to mid 1990s: Research projects in the academic andresearch community that were focused on distributed

computing.

One key area was developing tools that would allow

distributed high performance computing systems to actlike one large computer.

1995: The IEEE/ACM Super Computing conference in

San Diego 11 high speed networks were used to connect 17

sites with high-end computing resources for ademonstration to create one super ―metacomputer.‖

This demonstration was called I-Way and was led by Ian

Foster.




1996: GLOBUS was foundation tools for Grid

computing.

The research project was led by Ian Foster of ANL and

Carl Kesselman of University of Southern California.

1997: At Super Computing Conference

- 80 sites worldwide running software based on the

Globus Toolkit were connected together.




•

1997: Entropia- was launched to harness the idle computers worldwide

to solve problems of scientific interest.

2000: articles on Grid Computing moved from the trade

press to the popular press.

Today, large corporations such as IBM, SunMicrosystems and Intel are using for business

applications.



Background: Related Technologies

High Performance Computing

Cluster computing

Peer-to-peer computing

Internet computing



High Performance Computing

Traditionally called supercomputing.





Cluster Computing

Cluster computing has been around since 1994.



Cluster Architecture



Peer to Peer Computing

Connect to other computers.

Can access files from any computer on the network.

Allows data sharing without going through centralserver.

Models:

- centralized model, such as the one used by Napster.

- decentralized model, like the one used by Gnutella.



Peer to Peer Computing



Internet computing

It utilizes the vast processing cycles available at

user’s desktops.

In this type of computing tasks can be broken down

into smaller subtasks and distributed over the

Internet for processing. Desktop clients periodically communicates with the

central server to receive tasks.

The central server aggregates the information

received from all the different desktops and compiles

the results.





Grid ComputingGrid computing tries to bring, under one

definitional umbrella all the work being done in the

high performance, cluster, peer-to-peer, and

Internet computing arenas.

Some of the definitions of Grid Computing are as

follows:



The flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing

among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions,and resources.

The ability to form virtual, collaborative organizations

that share applications and data in an open

heterogeneous server environment in order to work on

common problems.

The Web provides us information — the grid allows us

to process it.



A Grid Computing Model

Some of the key requirements:

Identity and Authentication.

Authorization and Policy.

Resource Discovery. Resource Characterization.

Resource Allocation.

Resource Management.

Accounting/Billing/Service Level Agreement (SLA).

Security.



To overcome the systems problem,

a set of protocols and mechanisms need to be defined thataddress the security and policy concerns of the resource

owners and users.

A set of grid applications programming interfaces (APIs) and

software development toolkits (SDKs) need to be defined. They provide interfaces to the grid protocols and services as

well as facilitate application development by supplying

higher-level abstraction.






The Fabric Layer

Includes the protocols and interfaces that providesaccess to the resources that are being shared suchas compute resources, data resources, etc.

The Connectivity Layer

Defines core protocols required for grid-specificnetwork transactions.

Utilizes the existing Internet protocols such as IP,Domain Name Service, various routing protocols.




The Resource Layer defines protocols required to initiate and control

sharing of local resources. Protocols defined at this

layer include:

- Grid Resource Allocation Management (GRAM) —

Remote allocation, reservation, monitoring, and

control of resources

- GridFTP (FTP Extensions) –

High performance dataaccess and transport

- Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS) –

Access to structure and state information.




The Collective Layer

defines protocols that provide system oriented (versus local) capabilities for wide scale deployment.

includes index or meta-directory services so that acustom view can be created of the resourcesavailable on the grid.




The Application Layer

defines protocols and services that are targeted

toward a specific application or a class ofapplications.

Following figure shows the relationship between APIs, services, and protocols.





Grid Computing Protocols

Grid Security Infrastructure

Grid Resource Allocation Management

Grid File Transfer Protocol

Grid Information Services



Security: Grid Security Infrastructure

Security is defined in the resource layer of the grid

architecture.

The security problem in grid computing is

complex:

- resources are located in different administrativedomains.

- each resource potential having its own policies and

procedures.- there are different requirements by users, resource

owners, and developers.



The user’s expectations are that a secure grid system

will be easy to use, provide single sign-on capability,

allow for delegation, and support all keyapplications.

The resource owners require that security shouldspecify local access control, have robust and detailed

auditing and accounting, and should be able to

integrate with local security infrastructure.



From a developer’s standpoint, the grid security

protocol should have a robust API/SDK .

GSI for grid has been defined by creating extension to

Secure Socket Layer/ Transport Layer Security

(SSL/TLS) and X.509. Following diagram shows the Grid Security

Infrastructure in action.

The request submitted is as follows: ―Create processes at

A and B that Communicate & Access Files at C.‖



R M t G id R



Resource Management: Grid Resource

Allocation Management Protocol

GRAM allows programs to be started on remoteresources.

Resource Specification Language (RSL): a common

notation for exchange of information between

applications, resource brokers, and local resourcemanagers.

RSL provides two types of information:

– Resource requirements: machine type, number of

nodes, memory, etc.

– Job configuration: directory, executable, arguments,

environment





GRAM

GRAM protocol is a simple, HTTP-based remote procedure call (RPC).

It sends messages such as job request, job cancel, status,

and signal.

Event notifications for state changes include pending,

active, done, failed, or suspended.

Data Transfer: Grid File Transfer



Data Transfer: Grid File Transfer

Protocol

Users who need access to the data are distributed across theglobe.

Key requirement for data-intensive grids is high-speed and

reliable access to remote data.

The standard FTP protocol has been extended while

preserving interoperability with existing servers to develop

GridFTP.

Information Services: Grid Information



Information Services: Grid Information

Services

A set of protocols and APIs defined in the resource layer,

provides key information about the grid infrastructure.

Grid Information Service (GIS) provides access to staticand dynamic information regarding a grid’s various

components,

that includes the type and state of available resources.

Th f G id I f i



There are two types of Grid Information

Services.

The Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS):

The GRIS supplies information about a specificresource.

Grid Index Information Service (GIIS):

GIIS provides a collection of information that has beengathered from multiple GRIS servers.







Conclusion

Grid Computing enables virtual organizations, toshare geographically distributed resources.

Resources can be supercomputers, clusters, desktopstorage systems, sensors, scientific instruments, etc.

Grid Computing is not a new concept. It leveragesknowledge acquired by high performance computing,cluster computing, peer to peering, and Internetcomputing communities.

Grid Computing protocols are based on protocols

developed and refined by the Internet community.Existing protocols have been extended to provide gridspecific functionality.

UNIT 1 Grid Computing

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