Unit 1: Construct the evidence for the cycling of matter and the flow of energy Sections tested Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6.

Unit 1: Construct the evidence for the cycling of matter and the flow of energy

Sections testedChapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6

4.1 KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.

• Molecules in food store chemical energy (ATP) in their bonds.

• Carbohydrates is also know as glucose. You must be able to draw a Glucose Molecule

Glucose molecule

phosphate removed

• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cells so they can function.– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.– Be able to label diagram: where phosphate is removed and where it enters

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.

• Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.

– up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule– You must know difference between ADP and

ATPtriphosphateadenosine

adenosine diphosphate

tri=3

di=2

• Fats store the most energy.– 80 percent of the energy in your body– about 146 ATP from a fat (lipid)

• Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.

– Proteins also form 36 ATP per molecule– You must be able to fill out this diagram below

A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.

• Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.

• In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.

• YOU MUST be able to define what chemosynthesis is.

Review of section 4.1• A question like this WILL be on UNIT 1 test– This is based on a 2015 AP Biology question

A item of food has 6 carbohydrates, 8 proteins, and 3 lipids. How many calories does the item have? How many ATPs will this item form?

• Unit 1: Construct the evidence for the cycling of matter and the flow of energy

• Sections tested Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6

KEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers produce food from light

Know these three things about PRODUCERS

• Producers make their own source of chemical energy.

• Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.

• Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

• Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.

chloroplast

leaf cell

leaf

• In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

KNOW how Photosynthesis happens

KNOW THIS!The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.

Reaction in order1) chlorophyll absorbs light energy2) oxygen is released3) carbon dioxide is taken in from atmosphere4) Sugar is produced

• Know this equation!• The equation for the overall process is:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6

granum (stack of thylakoids)

thylakoid

sunlight

1 six-carbon sugar

6H2

O

6CO2

6O2

chloroplastchloroplast1

2

43

energystroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

KNOW WHY WE HAVE THE 6 in front

• Class activity

• KNOW what each part is– CO2 Carbon Dioxide– H2O Water or dihydrogen monoxide– C6H12O6 Sugar, glucose, carbohydrate– O2 Oxygen

KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process which convert glucose to energy in animals

Equation for cellular respiration• KNOW cellular respiration equation– C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

• KNOW how to write equation in words– glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

+ energy• This is how we get energy to do anything

everything!

Step 1: Glycolysis – Breakdown of glucose

• Energy (ATP) is needed to break down glucose*This will eventually lead to more ATP being made– Two ATP molecules are used to split glucose– Four ATP molecules are produced– NADH produced– 2 Pyruvates produced (3 carbon molecules)

• The 2 three carbon pyruvates are broken

down to produce more NADH and FADH2

Step 2: Krebs cycle

Step 3: electron transport chain

• The Hydrogen's on the NADH and FADH2 carry energy into the cell via gradient– Water released as waste

• It is the cell in our body that needs energy!

• The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces 38 molecules of ATP.

• Why did we sat 1 glucose molecule makes 36 total ATP?

So we said glucose creates 35 ATP/molecule?

Unit 1 Section 4! Last notes for over a week!Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without aerobically (without oxygen)

This is also how alcohol is made• Fermentation is an anaerobic process.– occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular

respiration– Produces 2 ATP (compared to 38 when oxygen is

avaliable)

• In fermentation in the body, pyruvates are converted to lactic acid– Lactic acid slows your muscles! It causes cramps,

tightness– It is your body's way of telling you that you aren’t

getting enough oxygen! Which is good since you are producing less ATP (you have less energy)