Unit 1: Biology “Unity and Diversity”. WHAT YOU NEED Nelson Biology VCE Units 1&2 Student Resource and Activity Manual 2014 Biozone (leave in classroom)

Unit 1: Biology

“Unity and Diversity”

WHAT YOU NEED

Nelson Biology VCE Units 1&2

Student Resource and Activity Manual 2014 Biozone (leave in classroom)

Nelson Biology Unit 1&2 Practical Guide (leave in classroom)

Pens, Pencils, Highlighters, Ruler

Exercise Book

ASSESSMENT

• You will be examined against the following criteria in Unit 1&2;

• Knowledge of biological terms and conventions

• Understanding of key biological concepts, processes and principles

• Application of biological understanding to unfamiliar situations

• Evaluation of experimental procedures and results

• Analysis of information to solve problems, draw conclusions and/or make predictions

ALSO...

You MUST attend 85% of classes (10 approved, 3 unapproved)

You MUST participate in all practical activities

To achieve an “S” ALL aspects of the outcomes must be addressed

Topic tests will be conducted throughout the semester

It is YOUR responsibility to ensure that deadlines are met

ASSESSMENT

You will be assessed from A+ to E. If you hand your work in late you will receive an Ungraded mark.

You will be assessed through: practical reports, multimedia presentations, oral presentations and posters.

You will have a topic test at the conclusion of each chapter and you will have an examination at the end of each unit.

ASSESSMENT

Your report will contain the following:

- SAC 1: practical report average

- SAC 2: student designed practical

- SAC 3: PowerPoint presentation

Test average

Review questions

CANNOT STRESS THIS ENOUGH!If you are not going to make a deadline for what ever reason come and see me BEFORE the due date.

CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

Review Questions are required to be completed for each chapter of your book.

The answers for these questions must be well presented and well researched using your books to help you.

You will be graded A+ to UG

  Questions CHAPTER 1 

 ALL

 CHAPTER 2 

 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29 

 CHAPTER 3 

 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16

 CHAPTER 4 

 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 19, 23, 26

 CHAPTER 5 

 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 14, 20, 21, 27, 29, 37, 42, 44, 49, 54 

NEED HELP?

See me if you need help before due dates.

If you think you aren’t going to finish on time see me before the due date

Having trouble: see me in class, or come to my staffroom either at lunch or during a spare period (staffroom 1)

As we near examination times I will run lunchtime revision classes.

Ask questions

TIPS TO SUCCEED

PLAN!Learn glossary terms!Go over work in class!Start homework early!Revise your work – using different

methods!See me if you have any problems!!!

Your in VCE now!!!!!!

TOPIC 1: CELL STRUCTURE & ORGANISATIONBy the end of this topic, you should know and

understand:

Cell structure for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cell Organisation

Cell Functioning – organelle function

Biochemical processes – photosynthesis and cellular respiration

The role of enzymes

5 kingdoms of life

Monera

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

TYPES OF ORGANISMS

Single celled – made up of one cell

Multicellular – made up of many cells

Every organism (multicellular) is made up

of:1. Systems – a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

eg: Digestive system, reproductive system, root system.

2. Organs – a collection of tissues which work together to ensure a particular function is performed.

eg - Digestive System:

Stomach, Liver, small & large IntestinesStomach – made of tissues such as epithelium, smooth muscle cells and blood.

3. Tissues – made up of specialised cells that work together to perform a similar function

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Red Blood Cells

Nerve Cells

Plant Cells

Cells.• The basic structural & functional unit of any

organism. • Can survive on its own (or has the potential to do

so.)• Has a highly organised structure, and has many

chemical processes and reactions occurring within it.

• Senses and responds to changes in its environment.• Has the potential to reproduce itself. • Differ in shape, size and activities depending on

what their role is.

Life span of cells.

• The average life spans of some human cells:

- Stomach cells – 2 days- Mature sperm cells – 2 – 3 days- Skin cells – 20 – 35 days- Red blood cells – about 120 daysWhy this is possible … but these are generally not

replaced during a persons lifetime….

Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of one or more cells.

• The cell is the smallest form of life.• All cells come from pre-existing cells, via cell division.

There are two types of cells:1. Prokaryotic2. Eukaryotic.The structure of these cells provides the

groupings of all organisms into 5 ‘kingdoms’.

Cells of living things (ref: pg 6)

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Monera Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi

Common to all cells….

• Each cell is a small compartment with an outer boundary – cell membrane/ plasma membrane - controls entry of dissolved substances into and out of the cell.

• Inside each living cell is fluid – cytosol• Cells also all contain genetic material

that controls all metabolic activities- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

1. Prokaryotic Cells

• Organisms known as prokaryotes• Simple internal structure.• No membrane-bound organelles• No membrane-bound nucleus – circular DNA• Ribosomes• Non cellulose cell wall• Kingdoms – Monera (bacteria)

Generalised Prokaryotic Cell

2. Eukaryotic Cells

• Single celled and multi-celled organisms (eukaryotes).

• Complex internal structures• Membrane-bound organelles in the cytosol

(compartmentalise functions)• Membrane-bound nucleus (nuclear membrane)Kingdoms – Protista - Plantae - Animalia - Fungi

A eukaryotic

animal cell.

• A simple line drawing is the most common way to draw a cell and its organelles.

A eukaryotic PLANT cell.

Glossary:

Your glossary should be in the back of your notebook. Use the glossary in the text, and also the information within the text to write your definition of the following terms:

* System

* Organs

* Tissues

* Prokaryotic cells

* Eukaryotic cells

* Organelles

Units of measurement

• Metre m = 1m• Millimetre mm= 10-3 m• Micrometre um = 10-6m• Nanometre nm = 10-9m

The discovery of cells…

• Several key events occurred to construct our understanding of cells:

- Galileo Galilei (1609) put glass lenses in a cylinder and found they magnified objects, studying eyes of an insect.

- Robert Hooke (1665) used a microscope to observe thinly sliced cork cells.

- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) created improved microscopes so magnification was up to 300 times.

- Robert Brown (1831) used improve lenses to view plant cells. He noticed the cells contained a nucleus.

Microscopes• Light (optical) microscope

– Uses light rays to enlarge an image of a specimen through glass lenses

– Advantage: can be used to view living cells (provides magnification of up to 400 times), cheap

– Disadvantage: limited magnification; stains & dyes need to be used to enhance cell detail but these kill the cell, samples need to be very thin

• Electron microscope– Uses an electron beam and electromagnets (instead of glass

lenses)– Advantage: extremely clear resolution at a very large

magnification (up to 500,000 times)– Disadvantage: specimens must be dead, expensive, images

black and white

Compound Light Microscopes

The ocular lens is 10x magnification. If you use 4x magnification (objective) then the total magnification will be 40x (10 x 4 = 40)

Always write the magnification next to your diagram.

Dissecting Microscope

Laser Scanning

Microscope

Electron Scanning microscopes

• Magnification 80,000 - 500,000x

Transmission Electron Microscope

Magnification (up to 1500x)

The ocular lens is 10x magnification. If you use 4x magnification (objective) then the total magnification will be 40x (10 x 4 = 40)

Always write the magnification next to your diagram.

Drawing diagrams in Biology

• Use Pencil• Never colour-in diagrams (no

shading)• All diagrams should use proper titles

and labels• Labels should be written horizontally

Practical Activity 1.1

Purpose:• to revise and refine microscopic use.• To explore some of the structures of

unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Cell size & Specialisation

• Cell specialisation = cells that have taken on special features to enable them to carry out their task. (eg: nerve cell, red blood cell…)

• Size is an important factor in the functioning of cells – the cell’s volume to surface area ratio is crucial.

- The cell must be able to efficiently remove wastes and obtain its requirements.

The rate of outward movement of wastes and inward movement of requirements will influence the size to which the cell will grow.

Cell Size• Cells are measured in:

* microns – micrometer (μm = 10-6 of a metre (0.000001m = 0.001mm or 1mm = 1000μm)

* nanometres – nm = 10-9 of a metre (or 1μm = 1000nm)

Why are cells generally small?

• Rheanon’s answerCells are usually very small because as a cell

grows it generally increases more quickly in volume than in surface area, and it will eventually reach a point where the inward movement of requirements and the outward movement of wastes across the surface area are not fast enough to allow the cell to grow any more and still function efficiently.

Surface – Area – To – Volume Ratio

• The SA:V ratio of any object is obtained by dividing its area by its volume.

• Area refers to the coverage of a surface - cm²• Volume refers to the amount of space taken up by an

object - cm³• The SA:V ratio of a shape identifies how many units of

external surface area are available to ‘supply’ each unit of internal volume.

• In general, as a particular shape increases in size, the SA:V ratio of the shape decreases.

• Cells with outfoldings can exchange matter with their surroundings more rapidly than cells lacking this feature.

‘Taking on different jobs’

• Boundary – plasma membrane and cell wall• Power Supply – mitochondria • Building Cell Structures – ribosomes • Supporting Cell Structures – cytoskeleton • Transport with the Cell – endoplasmic

reticulum• Packaging & Distribution – golgi apparatus• Recycling & Reuse – lysosomes • Moving in & out – endocytosis & exocytosis• Coordinating cell activities – nucleus

Coordinating cell activities - Nucleus• Control centre of eukaryotes.• Coordinates all actions within the cell• Main physical feature of a eukaryotic cell –

usually seen as a dark organelle. • Separated from the rest of cell by nuclear

membrane/envelope (double membrane).• Contains DNA (Codes for the

production of proteins that carry out

different functions within a cell),

and the nucleolus • Mature RBC – no nuclei

Nucleolus

• Made of protein and ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid)

• Manufactures proteins in the cell.

‘Taking on different jobs’1a. Boundary - Plasma

membrane• Outermost barrier in animal cells• Found in all living cells

(prokaryotes and eukaryotes)• Seen using an electron

microscope• Made of lipid (fat) molecules

with tiny protein channels passing through it to allow movement of molecules (nutrients & wastes) in and out of cell.

1b. Boundary - Cell Wall• Outermost barrier in plant, fungi, bacterial and

most algae cells. (not present in animal cells)

• Provides extra support, shape & protection. (some larger plants have a double cell wall – ie. Cells in tree trunk)

• Cell wall is made from: * Plants = cellulose

* Fungi = chitin* Bacteria =

proteins & polysaccharides (peptidoglycan)• When a plant cell’s contents die, it leaves a hollow tube where nutrients and water can flow.

Cytoplasm

• The fluid, dissolved substances and organelles within the cell between the plasma membrane & the nuclear membrane, where all the activities are carried out.

• The fluid is called cytosol.

2. Power house- Mitochondria• Only in eukaryotes, seen with an electron microscope• Site of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)

releasing energy for the cell (form of ATP).Cellular respiration equation:• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + heat energy

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H2O

The inner membranes (cristae):* folded to provide a large

surface area for the reaction to occur.* contain an enzyme that

catalyses the reaction.

Energy production• The energy released by mitochondria is

called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

• ATP (chemical energy) powers all cell processes and therefore keeps us alive

• Where would mitochondria be highly prevalent?

3. Building cell structures -

Ribosomes• Present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(not membrane bound)• Very small organelles composed of

protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)• Manufacture proteins from amino acids

– helps cells grow, repair damage etc• Scattered throughout the cells

cytoplasm OR• Can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum • Seen using an electronmicroscope

4. Supporting cell structure -

Cytoskeleton• internal framework in cytoplasm- shape and structure

Microtubules • Hollow cylindrical tubes, scaffold• ‘rails’ for organelles to move on.• Constant mixing and movement of the cytoplasm = cytoplasmic

streaming• Can come apart and

Reassemble.

Microfilaments –

*Solid & contractile

*allow the cell to

change shape.

(eg: muscle cells)

• Intermediate filaments provide tensile strength for attachment of cells to each other to support long nerve cell extensions and maintain tissue shape.

Only in animal cells - Centrioles

• Replicate before division to produce two pairs• Give rise to spindle fibres which chromosomes

attach to• When spindle fibres contract, chromosomes are

moved around the cell

5. Transport within the cell -

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Only present in eukaryotes• An Intracellular (inside cell) transport system.• A system of membranous channels, allows

substances to move through the cell.• Small sacs (vesicles) can be pinched off, allowingmolecules to be transportedaround the cell to otherorganelles

* Two types – rough & smooth.

(i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

• Ribosomes are stuck to the ER making it look rough.• Proteins produced can move directly into ER and

move around the cell.• Membrane factory• Excretory proteins – hormones, enzymes – move to

other cells

(ii) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Has no ribosomes attached to its membranes.

• Syntheises fats, phospholipids, steroids…

• transports proteins – vesicles ‘break off’ ends.

6. Packing & Distribution - Golgi Apparatus

• Only in eukaryotes• Works closely with smooth

E.R.• ‘Packages’ and stores

molecules (proteins, such as digestive enzymes) for their release.

• Consists of a system of stacks of membranes. The ends ‘pinch off’ into vesicles, which can then move to the plasma membrane and fuse for release outside the cell.

7. Recycling & reuse –

Lysosomes(AKA – ‘suicide sacs’)

• Only found in eukaryotes• Formed by the Golgi Apparatus.• Contains digestive enzymes which split large

chemical compounds into simpler usable molecules. • Membrane breaks, enzymes released to destroy the

cell by digesting the contents.• ‘Apoptosis’ – programmed cell death when the cells

are old or no longer needed• Syndactyly – results if apoptosis doesn’t occur.

8a. Moving in – Endocytosis &8b. Moving out - Exocytosis.

• Molecules must be able to move into the cell (nutrients) and out of the cell (proteins/wastes).

• Exocytosis – a small membrane-bound vesicle joins to the plasma membrane, and releases its contents to the outside of the cell.

• Endocytosis – the plasma membrane sinks and forms a vesicle enclosing the material bringing it into the cell.

• When the material is a solid food = phagocytosis. When the material is in solution = pinocytosis.

Transportation within a cell.

Specialised structures in Plants.

1. Adding colour - Plastids• A group of organelles containing colour pigments.Chromoplasts • carotenoid pigments (red-yellow)• turn green as they mature (produce chlorophyll)• found in flowers and leaves.Leucoplasts• colourless.• amyplasts - store starch grains.• found in roots (also root vegetables)

Chloroplasts• only found in plant and algae cells• contain the green chlorophyll pigment. • absorbs light energy for use in photosynthesis.• Grana – folded membrane layers (lamellae) – provide large

surface area where chlorophylls are located.• Stroma – fluid between the grana.• Photosynthesis occurs in the stroma and thylakoid

membrane system.

Chlorophyll• Green part of plants (plastid). • internal membranes are folded - maximise surface

area.• Absorbs sunlight• Photosynthesises – the chemical reaction using sunenergy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Photosynthesis reaction:• Carbon dioxide + water Glucose + oxygen + water

• 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

2. Moving things about – Xylem & Phloem.

• move water and nutrients around a plant in vascular tissue• series of hollow tubes. • give strength to plant stems and tree trunks.

Xylem• Water & minerals• Roots to leaves (UP)• Tracheids and vessels• Dead & hollow cells• Strengthened with lignin rings

Phloem• sugars in solution (from photosynthesis)• sieve & companion cells• Sugar flows through sieve cells/tubes• Companion cells control sieve cells

Vascular tissue

3. Storage facility - Vacuoles

• Membrane bound fluid filled spaces• Storage facility for various substances – mainly

water and nutrients• expand - up to 90% of the cell’s volume.• cell wall prevents the plant cell from exploding.• Generally large in plants• In animals - food vacuoles are involved with intercellular digestion.

Moving from place to place -

Active Movement.

• Cilia – hair like structures that propel the cell forward. However, they are often found lining ducts, along which materials can be moved up or down by means of their rapid and rhythmical beating. (eg: lungs)

• Flagellum – a long whip-like tail that pushes cell forward. Attached to cell membrane. (eg: sperm)

• Corkscrew movement (prokaryote)• Wavy movement (eukaryote)• Both contain microtubules

Paramecium

Moving from place to place –Passive Movement.

• cells move by floating in something such as water or plasma (eg: red blood cells)

Glossary Terms:

Add these terms to your glossary.

* Cellular Respiration

* Vesicle

* Apoptosis

* Enzymes

* Spindle Fibres

* Intercellular

* Intracellular

* Stroma

* Thylakoid

* Lignin

* Cytoplasmic StreamingLast Slide