Unit 1 APUSH Exploration-Colonial Society 1492-1770 Chapters 1-3.

Unit 1APUSH

Exploration-Colonial Society

1492-1770

Chapters 1-3

Exploration, Discovery, and Settlement, 1492-1700

• 1st people 40,000 years ago

• 1st pre Columbian contact-L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Norse, AD 1000

• Land bridge-water formed glacial packs, connected Siberia to Alaska

Cultures of North America

• 1-10 million• Indian clans based on a kinship network• Lack dense population or highly developed

social life, 300• Some more nomadic than others• Navajo and Pueblo in the SW, Anasazi (cliff

dwellers)• Mound building- Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian• Wampum used by the Eastern Woodlands• Land use was temporary

Cultures of North America

• Mississippian- higher level of hierarchical political organization

• 3 sisters- Eastern seaboard Indians had sustainable techniques of growing maize, beans and squash

• Maize came from Mexico and Peru, spread as a staple in a slow, uneven pace

Central and South America

• Mesoamerica and central America had no large animals for transportation or agriculture

• 25 million• Complex civilizations, • Mayas-Guatemala, Belize, S. Mexico,

agriculture, calendar• Aztecs- Central Mexico, Tenochtitlan• Incas-Peru, organized

Europe Moves Toward Exploration

• Late 1400’s

• “GODS, GUNS, GLORY”

• Technology- altered the landscape, aggressive, gunpowder, compass, ships

• Religious Conflicts- Roman Catholic Church v. Ottomans (Islam), Protestant reformation, 1492 Moors out of Spain, power of church, spread new religions

Europe Moves Toward Exploration

• Expanding trade- Crusades brought spices, perfumes, fabrics, demand increased, end of feudal system=new middle class based in trade, Africa, India, China, land route blocked, needed water route

• Developing Nation-States- new states, depended on trade for revenue, Isabella & Ferdinand, Prince Henry the Navigator

Early Explorations

• Columbus- Bahamas, skilled navigator, permanent interaction

• Columbian Exchange-exchange of biological, ecological, and commodities from Europe and Americas

• Disease- 90% mortality rate

Dividing the New World

• Treaty of Tordesillas- Pope Alexander, 1494, East of meridian goes to Portugal (Brazil), West of meridian goes to Spain

Spanish Exploration and Conquest

• Balboa- 1513, 1st European to see Pacific• Magellan- 1st to circumnavigate• Pizzaro destroyed the Incas• Encomienda- Natives • Asiento- slavery of Africans• Father Las Casas• Pueblo in Mexico was a trading post• El Camino Real- linked trails on Pacific coast• Priests ordered to convert Natives

English Claims

• John Cabot- 1497, Newfoundland

• Preoccupied with other things in the 1500’s

• Henry VIII

• Queen Elizabeth I- Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh (Roanoke) 1587

French Claims

• 1524 began• Verrazano- NA east coast• Jacques Cartier- St. Lawrence River• Preoccupied in the 1500’s• Champlain- 1608, Quebec• De La Salle- 1682, Louisiana territory,

lower Mississippi• Fur trading

Dutch Claims

• Netherlands in 1600’s

• Henry Hudson, sailed river, New Amsterdam (New York)

• Dutch West India Company (joint stock company)

• Religious tolerance to entice more settlers

Early English Settlements

• Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588

• British economy depressed

• Economic opportunities in the Americas

• Joint stock companies

• proprietary colony- individual charter, create laws and appoint governor (Delaware, Maryland, Penn.)

Jamestown

• England, James I, Virginia Co., 1607

• Indian attacks, famine, disease

• “starving time” 1609-1610

• Captain John Smith, John Rolfe (Pocahontas) developed tobacco

• Indentured servants (free labor)

• Became a Royal colony 1624

Puritan Colonies

• Religious motivation

• Plymouth

• Massachusetts Bay

• Calvinist, predestination

• James I wanted “Puritans” out of England

Plymouth Colony

• Separatists • Pilgrims, 100, ½ were separatists• Holland then New World• North of Virginia• Mayflower• Harsh winter, friendly Natives, 1621

Thanksgiving• Captain Miles Standish and Governor William

Bradford• Fish, furs, lumber

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Royal Charter 1629

• Ability to elect governors, few slaves

• “city on the hill”, Winthrop, Christian virtue and charity

• 1630, Winthrop established Boston

• 1630’s, Civil War in England, 15,000 more to Massachusetts, “Great Migration”

Early Political Institutions

• Majority rule in Plymouth, Mayflower Compact, based on the Magna Carta

• Representative government at Jamestown, first representative assembly in America. The House of Burgesses

• Representative government in Mass., all free men (male Puritans) had the right to vote

Early Political Institutions

• Limited Nature of colonial democracy, colonies were partly democratic, large portion excluded from political process, women or landless had little rights, indentured and slaves had nearly none, Colonial governors were autocratic

Spanish Settlements in North America

• Strong resistance, limited mineral resources

• Florida-1565, St. Augustine

• New Mexico-Santa Fe. 1609, Pueblo revolt

• Texas-left New Mexico and went to Texas

• California- San Diego, 1769, missions, response to Russians

European Treatment of Native Americans

• Spanish- conquer, rule, intermarry

• English- occupied land and force to move inland

• French- economic and military allies

• Inferior people, exploit for gain

• Long term effects: destruction by disease and war, permanent legacy of subjugation

13 Colonies and the British Empire1607-1750

• Corporate colonies (Jamestown)

• Royal colonies (Va. After 1624)

• Proprietary colonies (Pa., Maryland)

• Started with indentured servants (poor people) and moved to slave

Chesapeake Colonies

• Maryland

• Virginia

• Major migration were indentured servants

Virginia

• England

• Sir Walter Raleigh

• Rice, indigo by late 17th c

• Economic problems

• 1660’s – tariff war

Va. Political Problems

• Sir Berkeley- favored large planters, dictator, backwoods farmers

• Nathaniel Bacon- 1676, Indians, Jamestown, won, died, defeated

• Lasting Problems: sharp class differences, colonial resistance to royal control

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Maryland

• England- proprietary colony 1634

• Lord Baltimore

• Protect Catholics

• Act of Toleration (1649)

• Protestant Revolt

New England

• Rhode Island-Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Religious freedom

• Connecticut-Hartford, Thomas Hooker, Puritans, representative, legislature choose governor, New Haven and Ct. join 1665

• New Hampshire- Charles II, 1679, Royal Colony

New England Confederation

• 1640’s-1684

• Plymouth, Mass. Bay, Ct., New Haven

• Military alliance

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Halfway Covenant

• 1660’s

• Material success

• Limited religious commitment

• Strict Puritanism weakened

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637CT river CT river

valley.valley.

16371637

Whites, withWhites, withIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked attacked

fire & shot fire & shot

tribe tribe virtually virtually annihilatedannihilated

UNITEUNITE

MetacomMetacom

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

New YorkNew York

The Dutch

• Henry Hudson

• New Amsterdam (Manhattan)

• New Netherlands (NY, NJ)

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColony

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColonythe Duke of York

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Renamed “New York”

strategic harbor

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersRefused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

No paid clergy

refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

1681 Quaker

advertised for settlers

Liberal land policy

many immigrants.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Bought land from Indians.

non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Representative assembly

Seperation of Church and State

“The Holy Experiment”

No tax-supported church.

Freedom of worship guaranteed to all except Catholics & Jews

Death penalty only for treason & murder.

Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society

Diverse

No slavery!!

“Blue Laws”

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

New JerseyNew

Jersey

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighboraristocratic

proprietors

New Englanders move there

1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ

DelawareDelaware

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Closely associated with Penn’s colony.

under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups

The Carolinas

The Carolinas

English farmers from the West Indies

King Charles II

8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Became the busiest port in the South.

Religious toleration

Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: Rice, IndigoRice, Indigo

Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: Rice, IndigoRice, Indigo

American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice

Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida

Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida

Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.

Anglo-Spanish Wars

By 1700 Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves.

Religious dissenters.

Distinctive traits of North Carolinians

Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.

Strong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

GeorgiaGeorgia

18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies

18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies

Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia

Founded in 1733.

Last of the 13 colonies.

Named in honor of King George II.

Founded by James Oglethorpe.

Penal debtors

Buffer colony

The Great Awakening

• Appreciation for the emotional experience of faith

• Religious revivals

• John William, Jonathon Edwards, George Whitefield, Gilbert Tennent

• “saved”

• Congregational, Presbyterians, evangelical

Cultural Life

• Architecture- Gregorian

• Painting- West, Copley

• Literature- Ben Franklin, John Adams, “Poor Richard’s Almanac”

• Science- Ben Franklin: bifocal, N. Atlantic ocean currents, conservation of change, flexible catheter

Education

• New England- religious NOT SECULAR, public elementary schools

• Middle Colonies- church or private

• Southern- home schooled, very little

• Harvard, Princeton, Columbia

Professions

• Clergy

• Physicians

• Lawyers

The Press

• Newspapers 5-40

• Peter Zenger- 1735, freedom of press

Politics of Colonial Era

• Reasons for Evolution: Rights of Englishmen/common law are not being protected post F and I War– Life, liberty and property– Writ of habeas corpus– Jury trial– Search warrant necessary– People have right to petition the govt

• Desire for a restoration of early 1700’s SN

Mercantilism

• Colonies are there to support the Mother Country (favorable balance of trade)

• Navigation Acts– Products finished in England, enumerated goods

must be sold only to England– Chesapeake saw greatest restrictions!!

• Triangular Trade• Does not allow colonial manufacturing to

develop in full– Lack of skilled workmen, capital, inland

transportation– Does produce furniture, beaver hats

Society in the Colonies

• Religion/tradition is the major factor that determines social roles– Women-subservient to the husband– Slave- subservient to the master– Father/Husband- protector of women and children– Children- subservient to the father– Family- large, used to work for the family

• Indentured Servants/Slaves• Unity throughout the Colonies (Albany Plan of

Union)- American: self-reliant, individualism, optimism

Education

• Must be educated in New England to read the Bible for salvation!

• Better educated than most of Europe– Varies from colony to colony

• High literacy rates

• Harvard- est. 1636

Big Picture of Society in Colonies

• Religion dictates social structure• Education is very important, especially

in the New England colonies• Population growth is rapid due to

immigration and natural increase• Unity grows in a sense of being

“American”, but does not extend to politics

Big Picture of Culture in Colonies

• Most colonies had a state supported church• Tolerance grew over the 1600’s • Great Awakening is attempt to regain Puritan

ideals from founding• Freedom of Press established with Zenger

Trial in 1735