Unit 1

Functional Group of Organic Chemistry

Niamat ullahPost Rn BSN

LIFE SAVING SON

Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbonand carbon-based compounds

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry in everyday life:Smells & tastes: fruits, chocolate, fish, mintMedications: Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, SedativesAddictive substances: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, NarcoticsHormones/Neurotransmitters: Adrenaline, EpinephrineFood/Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins

A part of a large molecule; composed of an atom or group of atom that has characteristics chemical behavior

Family Name Alkane Alkene Aromatic Alcohol Ether

Functional Group

Functional groups are attached to the carbon backbone of organic molecules. They determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of molecules. Functional groups are far less stable than the carbon backbone and are likely to participate in chemical reactions. Six common biological functional groups are

hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl

Functional group

❍ Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon❍ The hydrocarbon functional groups include

◦ Alkanes◦ Alkenes◦ Alkynes◦ Aromatics

Hydrocarbon Functional Groups

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS

HYDROCARBONS contain only C and H atoms

ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons

SATURATED hydrocarbons

contain C–C and C–H single bonds only

(ALKANES)

UNSATURATED hydrocarbons

contain at least 1 C–C multiple bond

ALKENE contains the

C=C functional

group

ALKYNE contains the

C≡C functional

group

AROMATIC Hydrocarbons must contain a

BENZENE ring

GROUP

12 Carbon needs FOUR bonds

14 Nitrogen needs THREE bonds

16 Oxygen needs TWO bonds

17 Fluorine needs ONE bond

Remember!

❍ Alkanes are the simplest functional group❍ An older name for alkanes is paraffin's❍ The functional group is the C-C single bond

❍ Example

CH4 (methane) Simplest Alkane

each Carbon (ethane) has TETRAHEDRAL

geometry

Alkanes

CH3—CH3

Normal (Straight Chain) Alkanesmethane

ethane

propane

butane

CH4

CH3CH3

CH3 -CH2 -CH3

pentane CH3 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH3

CH3 -CH2-CH2 -CH3 or CH3

-(CH2)2-CH3

hexane CH3 -CH2-CH2- CH2 -CH2 -CH3

bond-line structures (molecular graphs)

❍ If a hydrogen is removed from an alkane, it leaves an “alkyl group”

❍ Alkyl groups are “stick-on” groups that can be attached to larger molecules

❍ Alkyl groups are named by replacing “-ane” on thealkane name with “-yl”

Alkyl Groups (“stick-on” groups)

CH3 CH3CH2

CH3CH2CH2 R

ethyl

n-propyl generic carbon group

methyl

n-propyl isopropyl cyclopropyl

Examples

ethanean alkane

ethyl chloridean ethyl groupan alkyl group

Alkenes ❍ Functional Group C=C double bond

❍ Generic Formula

❍ Example

C

R1

R2

CR2

R4

CH2=CH2

ethene

❍ Functional Group C C triple bond

❍ Generic Formula R—C R’

R’ means that it can be a different alkyl group than R

❍ Example H —C C—Hethyne

acetylene

Alkynes

Aromatics (aka Arenes)

C

CC

C

CC

H

H

H

H

H

H

CH3

❍ Functional Group

benzene ring (C6H6)

❍ Example

toluene (methylbenzene)

❍ Functional Group a halogen (Cl, Br, I)generically, a halogen is “X”

❍ Generic Formula R-X

❍ Example CH3-I methyl iodide

Alkyl Halides (or Haloalkanes)

❍ Functional Group OH (hydroxyl group)

❍ Generic Formula R-OH

❍ Example CH3CH2-OH

ethanol

Alcohols

Amines ❍ Functional Group

N

N R3

R1

R2

❍ Generic Formula

❍Example CH3NH2

methylamine

Carbonyl Functional Groups

❍ A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen is a carbonyl group

❍ The carbonyl functional groups includeAldehydesKetones

Carboxylic AcidsEstersAmides

C

O

Ketones❍ Functional Group

carbonyl

❍ Generic Formula

❍ Example

propanone acetone

C CH3CH3

O

C R'R

O

C

O

AldehydesC H

O

C HR

O

CH3 C H

O

❍ Functional Group

terminal carbonyl

❍ Generic Formula

❍ Example ethanal acetaldehyde

Carboxylic Acids

❍ Functional Group carboxyl carbonyl + hydroxyl

C O H

O

C O HR

O

C O HC H3

O

❍ Generic Formula

❍ Example ethanoic acid acetic acid

❍ Functional Group oxygen bridge

❍ Generic Formula R-O-R′

❍ Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3

diethyl ether

“ether”

Ethers

AmidesC NR

1R

2

R3

H2

N C H2

C

O

N C H2

C

O

O H

H

❍ Generic Formula

❍ Example a small protein

O

Any Question?

www.wikipedia.com Organic chemistry and Experimental

Organic Chemistry lab , Freeman Own teaching experience

References

Thank you