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projects consultant, experienced community capacity building agent and as an
international workshops conductor on peace, motivation, inspiration and Small Scale Enterprises
consultant
Languages
a. English- Fluent b. Kiswahili- Fluent c. Latin- Fluent d. German-Basic e. Luganda- Fluent f. Kikuyu- Fluent g. French-Basic h. Hindi-Basic i. Runyankole-Basic j. Acholi-Basic k. Kalenjin-Basic
Works by Francis Bukenya
a. Walking In the Pipeline of Success. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-0-0) b. The Tycoon from within the Peasants. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-1-7) c. The Entrepreneurs Mind. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-2-4) d. The African Ideal Dream. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-3-1) e. The Rainbow Woman. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-4-8) f. Cost Cutting Methods. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-5-5) g. Making Soap and Detergents. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2) h. Candle Making. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-7-9) i. Ink Making Tips. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-8-6) j. Making your Own Paint. (ISBN: 978-9966-7490-9-3)
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circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Printed in Uganda at Paroma Author House. The Author is not to be held responsible for the usage of the content of this book by its readers. The responsibility of taking up the advice and counselling in this manual as well as the usage of formulas and safety precautions where the practicing of the mentioned formulas are concerned is the sole responsibility of the practitioner. ISBN: 978-9966-7490-6-2
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Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME 7
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) 7 2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management 8 2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements 9 2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects 9 2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation 9 2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence 9 2.7 Environmental Protection and Development 10 2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME 10 2.9 Career Match 10 2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations 10 2.11 Legalities 10 2.12 Table on Industrial Possible Projects on Small and Medium Scale by PAROMA 23
3 SAFETY AND HEALTH 24 4 CLEANSING MATERIALS - Formulas and Procedures 25
4.1 Paroma Multi-purpose Liquid Detergent 25 4.2 Smiling Baby Jelly Moisturizer 25 4.3 Paroma Stripper Detergent 26 4.4 Paroma Bleach For white 26 4.5 Paroma Carpet Shampoo 26 4.6 Paroma Toilet Disinfectant 26 4.7 Paroma Super Disinfectant (Paromax Super) 27 4.8 Paroma Soft Disinfectant 27 4.9 Paroma Direct Distainer (Toilets/tiles) 27 4.10 Paroma Oxygen Bleach 27 4.11 Paroma Supa Degreaser 27 4.12 Paroma Tiles Shine 28 4.13 Paroma Germ x Hand Wash 28 4.14 Paroma Direct Germ x Sanitizer 28 4.15 Paroma Economy Powder soap 28 4.16 Paroma Moisturizer 28 4.17 Paroma Vim Powder soap 28 4.18 Paroma Beauty Soap Error! Bookmark not defined.
5 CANDLE MAKING 29 5.1 Some reference: 29 5.2 Materials needed 29 5.3 Tools 29 5.4 Formula 29 5.5 Procedure 29 5.6 Candle Making Equipment 30
5.6.1 Melting Pot 30 5.6.2 Thermometer 30 5.6.3 Wick 30 5.6.4 Moulds or Containers 31
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5.6.5 Kitchen Scale 31 5.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer 31 5.6.7 Work Surface Covering 31 5.6.8 Fire Extinguisher 32
5.7 In Summary 32 6 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS 33
6.1 Ingredients used in soap making 33 6.2 Basic Soap Instructions 33 6.3 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need? 34 6.4 Weights and Measures 35 6.5 Quality control measures 35 6.6 Paroma Metal Cleaners 35 6.7 Paroma Metal Shine 35 6.8 Paroma Liquid Metal cleaner 35 6.9 Naphthalene Balls / Paroma Rapic Toilet Balls 35
7 CREAMS AND LOTIONS 36 7.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions 36 7.2 General Lotion Formulations 37 7.3 Aloe Vera Lotion 37 7.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly 38 7.5 Body Cream 38
8 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF MUSHROOMS 39 8.1 Objectives of the training 39 8.2 General introduction to mushroom 39 8.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms. 39 8.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda 40 8.5 Overview of mushroom production 40 8.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom 40 8.7 Over view of value addition 40 8.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge 40
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1 INTRODUCTION
Uganda’s population is estimated at 33 million people. The population is predominately youthful with about 77%
aged below 30 year; Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world. The current global economic belt
down has grossly undermined youth opportunities to access job markets and has worsened unemployment. In
Uganda, Unemployment stands at 4.2% among the general population. However, youth share a disproportionate
burden of unemployment which stands at 4.7%.
The above challenge calls for changing of the mindset to ensure that youth take on enterprise development and
management as viable career path. This therefore necessitates investment in entrepreneurial education.
Entrepreneurial education promotes development of Positive skills, Attitudes and Behavioural practices that
enhance jobs creation, economic growth and improve human welfare.
The Uganda education system orients its graduates towards white collar jobs or wage employment. Rampant
unemployment therefore is a result of youth looking down upon self employment. There is worrying level of
idleness among young people that make them fall prey to several kinds of manipulations and as a result they are
the major combatants in violent situations.
Unemployed young people between the ages 15 to 24 has been recorded at 83 per cent in Uganda according to
the report of Africa Development Indicators (ADI) 2008/09, focusing on the youth and employment in Africa.
According to the report, Uganda’s population also has the highest dependency ratio in Africa — registered at
1:1. (Dependency ratio is the ratio of people younger than 15 or older than 64 to the working age population).
The report says youth unemployment is 68 per cent in Zimbabwe and 56 per cent in Burkina Faso, the other two countries that face challenges similar to Uganda.
According to the UNDP Resident Coordinator Theophane Nikyema Report Uganda managed to reduce poverty from 56 per cent in 1993 to 24.5 per cent in 2010 but unemployment has still remained a big challenge.
According to the World Bank Statistics of 2008/9, unemployed youth make up to 83 percent of the total unemployed people in Uganda.
There is still a lot to be done especially in line with Practical Entrepreneurship like Hands on skill/adaptable/Life skills, Resources utilization, Agricultural Value addition, Cottage Industries as means of creating more jobs for the
This project therefore seeks to: (a) equip the youth with entrepreneurial skills to enable them initiate, run and sustain their business. (b) To promote Entrepreneurship culture among the youth so that they are able to start and successfully manage their own businesses as a lifetime career option. (c) To promote access to finances for youth entrepreneurs. (d) to sensitize the young people on the need for self-employment, adaptable and practical entrepreneurship skills with an aim of starting small and medium scale enterprises.
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2 TOPICS COVERED DURING THE PROGRAMME During the programme, various topics will be covered by Paroma and its staff. This manual lays out the topics that
will be focussed throughout the entire programme and will further specifically focus on the process involved with
product production. Specific manuals will be provided in addition to this manual focussing on other subjects then
this manual here covers.
The primary objective of this manual is to provide the general scope of the programme to the reader and detailed
information on the formulas and procedures that this project proposes. It serves as the main framework of
training for those that take their potential career path in practical entrepreneurs serious. All participants can refer
to the relevant section or part of the manual for guidance when needed.
During this programme we shall cover a range of different topics to assist the participants achieving their goals. We shall convey the basic theory and practical demonstration provide information on resources and governmental requirements. In short this manual is written to enable the project’s participants with comprehensive knowledge and reference to practise their skills and get focussed on building up a business. Paroma works with staff each focussing on different topics. Topics that are not covered in this manual but are part of the programme will be covered in a separate specific manual on the topic. Topics during this Programme:
Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME management)
Import and Export trade – The market requirements
Introduction to all locally productive small and medium scale projects
Resources identification and possible utilization for jobs creation
Social responsibility and Co-existence
Environmental protection and development
Information on the current Uganda Government interventions/incentives for MSME
Guide on industrial possible projects on small and medium scale
Career match
Self-help groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
Legalities Entrepreneurship Development, Customer care, Entrepreneurial Competencies, Entrepreneurship
process, Legal Issues in Business, Formulating Business Plan
2.1 Introduction to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Capacity building and introducing basic methodology and information tools for strategic, financial, production planning, establishing of business targets, relevant performance monitoring and development of best continuous improvement practices to entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises is the goal of this programme. Youth needs to understand the possibilities, requirements, challenges and planning that is involved and grow the skills that allow them to live productive lives. Objectives for this topic are:
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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sit at the heart of the economic development of Uganda and indeed the
world at large. Spread across all the other sectors of the economy, they are the key drivers of job creation, innovation and
growth in many countries. Uganda has an extensive MSME sector which accounts for approximately 90% of the entire
Private Sector, over 80% of manufactured output and contributes about 75% to the gross domestic product (GDP).
Furthermore, the sector employs more than 2.5 million people, which makes it one of the largest employers in the country.
Despite the sector’s enormous size and contribution to the economy, the World Bank ranks Uganda’s business environment
129th out of 183 countries and therefore not sufficiently enabling. MSMEs are predominantly informal and young
enterprises, majority of which are aged between 1 and 5 years. For every business created nearly another is closed; hence
the high mortality rate, with less than 10% of the enterprises having operated for more than 20 years. Overly, Uganda’s
MSME sector in is not competitive enough.
Through the Agri business technical working group of the PIRT, Government identified the sector as one of the key areas to
achieve growth, employment and socio-economic transformation in the medium to long term. This Policy has been
formulated in cognizance of the need to create and strengthen MSMEs in Uganda.
From: MSME Policy from Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2011, DRAFT
Introducing basic knowledge, methodology and tools for enterprise strategic, financial and production planning,
Improving capacity for trade, exports, investments, access to markets
Providing relevant training of entrepreneurs and management in its applications for business performance management
Introduce best practices, and knowledge on capital and on how to set up business targets, monitoring of business results and continuous improvement,
Managing innovations and investments,
Uganda has rich resources, great business opportunities as well as challenges to utilize these opportunities effectively. Some of the challenges are lack of access to capital, inadequate business skills and knowledge, poor record keeping and accountability and low level of governance, limited access to relevant information. This topic aims to contribute to address these challenges.
2.2 Basics of Practical Entrepreneurship and MSME Management
Economic indicators are signalling tough times ahead, with the world global economy is a poor shape affecting trade all over the world. With these challenges ahead, it is important that the small and medium enterprise (SME) community focus on basics -- including profiling of customers, marketing strategies, budget and cash flow management, and advertising and promotional activities. Most SMEs fail to define their "target market" clearly, something which is important for achieving success. Often people persuade themselves to think that being appealing to the widest possible customer base would bring best results. So, what does a small business require to do to make marketing more effective?
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How to select a market segment, which you can serve well than your market competitors? How to build a good database of customers and keep track of your client relationship? What is needed to take care of cash flows, collect accounts receivables, and make the best use of the existing inventories, and review expenses? A tight grasp in cash management can help you determine your fortune at tough times.
2.3 Import and export Trade – Market Requirements
Import and export trading may feature in any medium and small scale business. Sales, marketing and relationships are crucial elements affecting success, as is paying attention to all local legal issues. A basic understanding of this topic will be provided during the programme. It covers subject such as required licenses and permits. Establishing foreign and domestic contacts and compile lists of all foreign and domestic businesses relevant to your chosen trade. A copy of the manual is available to participants of the programme.
2.4 Introduction to all Locally Productive Small and Medium Scale Projects
The entrepreneur needs to be aware of locally productive small and Medium Scale projects. It is important to be able to identify potential partners, but also potential competition. Handouts will be made available that are up to date to assist participants.
2.5 Resources Identification and Possible Utilization for Jobs Creation
This topic is approach in a practical hand on way during the training and focus on how the entrepreneur will be able to identify (locally) available resources and the possible use. Uganda’s economy is mainly – but not solely - agricultural based; Agriculture value addition is an important subject to address here.
2.6 Social Responsibility and Co-Existence
Definition of Social responsibility: the ideal that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual or organization has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystem. A trade-off always exists between economic development, in the material sense, and the welfare of the society and environment. Social responsibility means sustaining the balance between the two. It pertains not only to business organizations but also to everyone whose action impacts the environment. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advance social goals. If you want to build a business based on these values then you need to consider how. How do you deal with your staff? How do you protect the environment from damage it might have by the production on your product? Do you apply policies in your business that offer equal opportunity to men and women alike? Set goals. What do you want to achieve? What do you want your company to achieve? Do you want to enter a new market? Introduce a new product? Enhance your business's image? Paroma Enterprises itself works to contribute to Uganda Training of the Ugandan Youth and Women in Beginning small and medium scale industries. Funding permitting it sponsors capacity building programmes for youth and women such as on the 26tAug/2011 where the national Practical Entrepreneurship Training system was launched and attended by more than 600 youth sponsored by PAROMA. In addition, on 29th.-1st April-May 2012 a jobs creation practical Training conference was held at Bulange Sentema in Kampala Uganda that was free for all Ugandan Youth and Women sponsored by PAROMA. Bukedde news Paper of 1st May 2012 covered the event.
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2.7 Environmental Protection and Development
Depending upon the nature of your business entrepreneurs will need to make conscious decisions on how their works has on impact the environment. Proper systems need to be in place to ensure that possible damage is reduced to a minimum and the balance is made up positively by providing the best possible care. Chemicals need to be dealt with safely, plastics need to be recycled. Waste needs to be safely disposed of. Where possible; use biodegradable chemicals. All this requires study and investment from the entrepreneur. This topic will be covered in broad strokes during the programme.
2.8 Info on current Uganda Government Interventions/Incentives For MSME
Since the Youth are the most affected by unemployment in Uganda, H.E the president, in accordance with the NRM Manifesto 2011-2016 pledged to support the youth trough various means including the provision of financial resources to enable them engage in productive business enterprises for income generation and employment creation. This topic will introduce the participants to what interventions the government intends and how the participants can ensure they are up to date with the possibilities this offers to the entrepreneur.
2.9 Career Match
If you can’t play the violin then don’t try to be the violist in a concert This topic is approached very practical and aims to assist the participant identity what career choice to make, what they are or can become good at; and what that says they need to develop and learn. It is further handled in a separate manual. Come to our offices and grab yourself a copy.
2.10 Self-Help Groups formation/CSOs/NGOs/CBO/Societies/Foundations
How to set up an entrepreneur partnership individually or with others. What is required by law? What banking
system is needed? How to make policy? In a separate manual this topic will be addressed.
2.11 Legalities
CHAPTER ON BUSINESS LEGAL ISSUES
A basic understanding regarding legal issues will be required for all those entering into business life. Licenses,
Permits, Contract writing, Legal requirements on industrial production, tax law, these are some of the issues that
any business person will need to cover to be able to be successful. The topics covered during this training will be
handled in a separate manual.
Bio Sketch
Ms. Mutonyi Flavia the bearer of this Chapter is a young Ugandan woman, open minded,
focused, hard working, self motivated, achievement oriented and with an enterprising mind.
She is a professional lawyer currently working with Mungoma, Mabonga, Wakhakha & Co.
Advocates and also handling legal issues in M/s Paroma Enterprises Limited as well as other
companies like M/s Trans-Cargo Engineering & Contractors (U) Limited
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1. WHAT IS THE LAW GOVERNING BUSINESS LAW IN UGANDA?
a) The Companies Act Cap 110
b) The partnerships Act 2010
c) The Employment Act 2006
d) Contract Act Cap 73
2. WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW?
It refers to the laws that apply to business entities, such as partnerships and
corporations.
3. WHY DO WE STUDY BUSINESS LAW?
a) . To make a business men and women aware about law
b). Law is helpful in maintaining business in legal ways.
c). To have secured business.
d. To make us aware of the legal issues involving businesses and how to deal with them.
e). For Personal development
You will possess an understanding of values and attitudes consistent with your role as a citizen and member of your professional community. You will have the capacity:
To identify and deal with ethical issues. To interact effectively with and show sensitivity towards others. To exercise leadership in local, national, global and professional communities. To adapt to uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity.
f) To get Communication skills All employers want graduates who are able to communicate knowledge, ideas, recommendations and decisions effectively.
You will:
Develop sound oral and written communication skills, including the ability to make professional presentations.
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Develop coherent and justified arguments. Strengthen interpersonal communication skills, including the ability to work in
teams. Learn to effectively consult and negotiate. Use contemporary communication technologies effectively.
4. WHAT IS ENTALIED IN BUSINESS LAW?
Business law covers many aspects of the business world. Laws are in place to protect
business owners, individual companies, employers and consumers from the potential
risks of engaging in business transactions.
2.12 Description
o Business law constitutes the legal framework in which organizations conduct business. Business law outlines the rules organizations must adhere to in managing business relationships and determines how customer relations are regulated.
2.13 Components
o The different aspects of business law are wide-reaching. Business law covers organizational structures and the regulations that govern incorporated businesses. Business law also includes consumer credit and consumer protection legislation. Other areas of business law include employment law, contracts and taxes.
o
2.14 Significance
o Business laws are in place to protect the rights of those who engage in business and the customers they serve. Business law is designed to regulate commerce and discourage fraudulent activities within the business world.
5. AT WHAT POINT IS ONE REQUIRED TO SELLECT A BUSINESS NAME OR A COMPANY
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When one has a written proposal explaining a new business or business idea and usually
covering financial, marketing and operational
6. WHAT IS A COMPANY?
It is a corporation or, less commonly, an association, partnership, or union that carries
on a commercial or industrial enterprise.
OR
It is a legal entity separate from its members.
The pros and cons
Advantages of a company include :
it is a separate legal entity from the owners; you can own property in the name of the company; there is usually limited liability for the shareholders (unless they have given a personal
guarantee); you may be able to take advantage of tax minimization schemes (legal ones, of course!); it can be owned and operated by only one shareholder and director; it may make it easier to attract capital investment because of shareholders' limited
liability.
Possible disadvantages include:
they can be complicated and expensive to establish and administer if it is a "large company";
if you are not a sole shareholder, the shares may be difficult to sell; if you have only a minority shareholding you may be allowed little or no input into the
affairs of the company; you will only be able to leave the shares in the company to your beneficiaries under your
will, not the assets of the company separately; and they require expensive procedures to comply with reporting regulations.
7. WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE FOR REGISTERING A COMPANY AND /OR A BUSINESS
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You must:
choose a name for the company and ensure the name is acceptable for registration, e.g. it is not identical to another name or otherwise unacceptable (e.g. it cannot be the same as a pre-existing name). This can be checked with the Registrar of companies. Remember, this refers only to the corporate name - if the company operates in the public under a different business name, that name must be registered with the Office of Fair Trading;
reserve the company name. It will be reserved for 30 days. Otherwise you can apply to use the name at the time you register, but remember it may already have been taken;
decide on the names of members, directors and the secretary of the company - these people must agree to taking on these roles. A company must have at least one company secretary who may also be a director and member - the secretary has responsibility for record-keeping including registers required by Company Law and minutes of meetings. Changes to appointments and changes of addresses of directors must be supplied to the registrar of companies.
decide where the registered office will be; notify the registrar of companies of certain changes to the business practices of the
company e.g. changes to the registered office, operating hours, company name, substantial transfers of shareholdings;
lodge annual returns with the registrar of companies if this is needed (this is not always the case for a small private companies);
keep company books and records.
8. WHAT ARE TYPES OF COMPANIES?
There are four main types of company:
private company limited by shares private company limited by guarantee private unlimited company
It is important to distinguish between public and private sector organizations, as they will have very different characteristics and objectives.
The Public Sector These organisations are financed by the state and they do not operate in order to make a profit but to provide a public service. Examples of public sector organisations are schools, hospitals, libraries, police and the national defence.
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This type of company has a share capital and limits the liability of each member to the amount unpaid on their shares. PLCs:
can raise money by selling shares on the stock market must have at least two directors and a qualified company secretary
The Private Sector
This type of company may or may not have a share capital but there is no limit to the members' liability. There are relatively few unlimited companies.
These organisations operate in order to make a profit and are split into 2 categories:
Non-Limited Companies This type of company can be set up with relatively few formalities. It can be either a sole trader or partnership and the owner(s) will be personally liable for all of the debts if the business fails. There is no legal requirement for non-limited companies to make any of their financial information public. Non-limited companies are generally referred to as "businesses".
Limited Companies Limited companies can be either privately owned when they are referred to as Limited (often abbreviated to Ltd) or publicly owned (Plc). Some Plc's can sell shares to members of the public on the stock exchange, unlike Ltd's that cannot. The liability for both Ltd's and Plc is limited. This means that if the company fails, the liability of the company's shareholders is limited to the value of the shares and not their personal funds. Or, in the case of companies limited by guarantee (with no share capital) the liability of its members is limited to the amount their members wish to contribute to the assets of a company in the event of it being wound up This structure is often used by charities, Right to Manage, common hold companies and social enterprises to limit the personal liability of their directors and trustees. See our guide on how to set up a social enterprise.
Note that for limited companies, the term in the commercial world to use is "company". All Limited companies are legally required to submit Company Accounts and Annual Returns every year. These documents are filed at the registrar of companies called Amamu House George Street. This information is available to the public. A limited company has similar rights to a person; for example it can buy assets, own property, and it can sue or be sued independently of its directors. It can have detrimental information registered against it too.
9. WHAT IS THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC LIMITED AND LIMITED COMPANIES.
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PLC's share holdings are usually sold to the public, ie the public part own them.
While
Limited companies, the shares stay in the company with the directors holding them, they
cannot sell them to the public
3 What is the difference between limited liability and unlimited liability company?
A company can be a limited or unlimited. Limited liability company is one which limits the
liability of the members(shareholders) by (1) limited by shares or (2) limited by guarantee.
Therefore Company limited by guarantee is a type of limited company which means the liability
of the members' is limited by the guarantee given by them while becoming the member. The
members have agreed to be liable to the company at the time of liquidation of the company
upto an amount for which he is liable and does not have any other liability. Limited by shares
means the member (shareholder) is liable for the value of the shares only. Members of the
company with unlimited liability has unlimited liability for which they are liable even from their
personal property if required.
10. HOW DOES ONE ASCERTAIN THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY?
As a marketer or owner/operator of your own business, the importance of setting business goals and objectives cannot be understated. Particularly for owner-operated enterprises, objective setting is often done on an ad-hoc basis. (Sound familiar? That’s ok.)
Like all things in life, there is a first time for everything. You will find that setting goals for your business is the best way to measure your success.
Here’s how it works.
Strategic business objectives are the stated milestones that you want your business or organization to achieve. The benefit of developing defined, strategy objectives is that they provide a benchmark against which the small business owner (that’s you!) can gauge their progress.
Defining Strategic Business objectives
All successful organizations, from one-person home-based businesses to Fortune 500 companies, will define their objectives using these 3 rules.
1. Objectives must be measurable and quantifiable.
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Lets say for example that you are the owner of Uganda’s Best Pizza, a pizzeria offering take out and delivery services. (Watch out for that brand promise!) You set out to define your objective. You write it down:
“I want to increase my sales.”
Lets build from here. Successful organizations select a goal that can be easily measured and quantified – meaning you have to pick a number – and stick to it. This can be as simple as a sales, revenue or profit number, or it can be expressed as a %. (See section below, Measure what makes sense.)
By way of example, Uganda’s Best Pizza wants to increase sales of delivery pizza by 75% as measured by number of units sold. A good objective? Not really.
2. Objectives must have a timeframe.
You have to set a time horizon for your objectives. If Toronto’s Best Pizza wants to increase sales vs last year by 75%, that’s fine – but not so fine not if it takes 50 years to do so. Pick a time frame: a year, a month, a week, a day. Running with our example,
Uganda’s Best Pizza has decided to increase sales of delivery of pizza(as measured by number of units sold) from July to September by 75% versus the same period last year. Whew – hang on, there’s more.
3. Objectives must be attainable.
This seems intuitive but you would be surprised how frequently this rule is overlooked. Consider your knowledge of your industry and your competitors. Is it realistic to expect your sales to double versus last year? Perhaps. But set your goals at a level that can be obtained, or perhaps slightly above.
Our Pizzerial owner has considered this and realized that a 75% growth in sales is probably unlikely. After reviewing past performance and the actions of competitors, the owner wisely settles on an obtainable objective of 10% increase in sales.
11. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE TERM SHARE CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY?
3.1 Definition of 'Share Capital'
Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a
company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in
exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both
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Investopedia explains 'Share Capital'
The amount of share capital a company reports on its balance sheet only accounts for the initial
amount for which the original shareholders purchased the shares from the issuing company. Any price
differences arising from price appreciation/depreciation as a result of transactions in the secondary
market are not included.
How to Calculate Share Capital
Share Capital (or capital stock) is the fund raised by a listed company through the issuance of common
stock (ordinary shares) and preferred stock (preference shares).
There are different types of share capital such as the Authorized Share Capital, Issued Share Capital,
etc. The authorized capital of a company is the maximum value of securities that a limited company can
legally issue to its shareholders. Issued capital is the nominal value of the part of the share capital that
has been issued to shareholders.
Calculation:
Authorized capital = Number of permitted shares * par value
Issued capital = Number of shares actually issued * par value
3.1.1.1 How are shares transferred to new owners?
To transfer shares in a private company, a seller must complete and sign the appropriate section of a 'stock transfer form' and pass it, together with the share certificate, to the new owner. The new shareholder’s details should be recorded in the company’s Combined Register, along with the number of shares they own. The date the former shareholder transferred their shares should also be recorded. If you have opted for us to hold the first share upon incorporation, we will include the Stock Transfer form in your pack. The name and address of the new shareholder should be entered on the form, which should be filed with the limited company’s records. You should then update your Combined Register to reflect the change.
3.1.1.2 Can my company arrange different share classes?
It is possible for your ltd company’s shares to be issued in different classes. There are several reasons why companies choose to do this; your accountant will be able to help you decide if your company needs different share classes. The main reasons for issuing shares in different classes are:
The company may wish to issue shares to friends or family, but retain full voting rights for the main shareholder/s.
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A company may wish to have the power to distribute dividends at different rates. They therefore issue shares in different classes (e.g. A & B Class Shares) to enable different dividends to be agreed for each class.
12. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES HAVING THE HIGHEST SHARE CAPITAL TO THE
COMPANY
The higher the share capital in the company by a share holder, the higher his
responsibility for the liabilities of the company. Likewise, the higher his profit share.
It also calls for high tax charge by the respective government institutions
13. HOW MANY MEMBERS ARE REQUIRED WHEN STARTING UP A COMPANY?
Any seven or more persons, or, where the company to be formed will be a private company, any two or more persons, associated for any lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited liability as section 3 of the Companies Act Cap 110
14. WHO IS A COMPANY DIRECTOR?
An appointed or elected member of the board of directors of a company who, with other directors, has the responsibility for determining and implementing the company’s policy.
A company director does not have to be a stockholder (shareholder) or an employee of the firm, and may only hold the office of director (see qualifications for directors). Directors act on the basis of resolutions made at directors' meetings, and derive their powers from the corporate legislation and from the company’s articles of association.
As the company's agents, they can bind the company with valid contracts entered into with third-parties such as buyers, lenders, and suppliers (see powers of directors). Directors are the trustees for the firm and not for individual stockholders, but they may be sued by the stockholders as personally liable for the consequences of the acts that are fraudulent or beyond their vested powers. Also, whether appointed validly or not, they are individually and collectively liable for the acts and/or negligence of the firm. (see liabilities of directors).
Unlike stockholders, directors cannot vote by proxy and, unlike employees, cannot absolve themselves of their responsibility for the delegated duties
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7 SAFETY AND HEALTH Your health, the health of your co-workers and staff, the health of the environment is very important, as is the health of our mother planet. Make sure you inquire about the necessary safety measures whilst working with chemicals. As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and apply normal common sense you will be able to use the raw materials in a safe way. The products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to the African standards.
CAUTION: Think about the children!!! Make sure you close your workplace and that no children can get access to your chemicals. Keep all containers safely sealed and in cupboards where kids can’t reach them! Any reckless actions should be avoided while working with chemical To help your awareness of safety measures:
Only ever carry out authorized experiments.
Use the necessary chemical protection gadgets: gloves, protective clothing, boots, eye protection glasses, breathing protection.
Make sure your work place is well ventilated and always avoid inhalation of any chemical fumes.
Never eat or drink whilst working with chemicals.
Always keep water within your work place.
Follow all the instructions indicated on packages for any given chemical and manufacturing process.
Label all chemicals in your work place with their contents.
Make sure you clear up any chemical spills, using authorized chemical dumping cans.
All chemical waste has to be treated before dumping so that they are bio degradable. So you need to make sure you get the information from the appropriate office in your district or municipality about industrial chemical waste disposal!
Make sure the waste cans are sealed.
Put them in an authorized dumping ground for chemical waste as indicated by the proper authorities.
Clear up mercury spills with boric acid.
Clear up the acid spills with sodium bi-carbonate.
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9 CANDLE MAKING Candles offer light, warmth and create a pleasant atmosphere. Here is your guide on how to make candles and what you need for them
9.1 Some reference:
Length : Length of candle in inch Weight : Approximate weight of wax in one candle in grams M.R.P. : Maximum Retail Price of candle in the Market Cavities : Candle in the Mould for one cycle it takes approximately in 15 minute Regular Mould : Ordinary Rough finished mould. Mirror Polished : Smooth, Non stick metal & Best Finished to get Machine like Finish Candle. Diameter in mm is given for reference. It may not be exact as Drill Size & mm vary. Hence sizes are approximate size, subject to change as per changes in market size.
9.2 Materials needed Wax
Wicks
Stearic Acid
Cooking oil
Citronella
9.3 Tools Mould
Charcoal stove
2 sauce pans
Jar
Basin
Masks
9.4 Formula
5kg of wax
15 spoons of stearic acid
About 2 litres of water
9.5 Procedure
Get a bigger saucepan of 2 litres of water and then put it on the charcoal stove
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You also get the other smaller sauce pan with wax in it and put it in the sauce pan of water
Then heat from the water will melt down the wax and then apply Stearic acid in it as it melts
After the wax and acid has melted you put citronella the mosquito repellent in the solution.
After that u put the solution in your mould with wicks properly put in using a jar of cup.
Then you wait for 15 minutes for the solution to melt.
You can put the mould in a basin of cold water for the solution to cool down.
After that cut the wicks which are hanging on the top of the mould and then open the mould and remove
the candles carefully.
9.6 Candle Making Equipment
Like every other craft, candle making require some equipment. Fortunately, the candle making equipment required to get started is quite affordable. You can experiment making several different types of candles and gradually add equipment has your interest grows. Here are some
suggestions to get you started.
9.6.1 Melting Pot
The simplest and safest way to melt wax is in a double boiler. Most waxes have a melting point under 200°. The flashpoint, that is the temperature at which the wax will burst into flame, is usually over 300°. Since water boils at 212° using a double boiler insures that the wax temperature stays in a safe range.
Metal pot with a handle and spout used to pour wax is called a pouring pot. You can improvise a double boiler simply by placing the pour pot in a larger pan filled about halfway with water.
This is the way most hobbyist candle makers begin. However, there are dedicated wax melting pots that can handle 50, 75 or even 100 pounds of wax at the time. Many of these use circulating hot water in a metal jacket surrounding the melting pot to maintain a constant, safe temperature.
9.6.2 Thermometer Although some beginners try to get by without a thermometer, I think that is foolish. Use of the monitor not only ensures safety, it improves the quality of the finished candle. If you pour wax too hot, it tends to shrink as it cools and you may have to re-pour several times. On the other hand, if the wax is too cool when you pour it, you are more likely to have trapped air bubbles and blemishes both in the candle itself and on the surface. In addition, pouring at the wrong temperature will make it more difficult to get a candle out of the mould.
9.6.3 Wick There is as much art as science in selecting the proper wick. The general rule is that the larger the diameter candle, the larger the wick should be. Some wicks are braided. Others have a filament down the centre to make them more rigid. Since wicking is relatively inexpensive, it's a good idea to have several types of wick available so you have several options when producing the candle. As you gain more experience you wick selection will become better and better.
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To help this process, it's good idea to keep a notebook recording which wick you used in which candle. Even things such as the colouring or fragrance added will affect your wick selection.
9.6.4 Moulds or Containers
With a mould, melted wax is poured into a form, allowed to cool and harden and then removed. If you use a container, the candle is never removed - you burn it in the container in which it was formed. Moulds are generally plastic or metal. Plastic melds are usually less expensive, but metal melds are more durable. I suggest starting with aluminium melds in a
simple shape such as a square or cylinder. Containers should be heat resistant for the obvious reasons. Heat resistant glass or metal containers work well. Never use wood, baskets, coconut shells or any other flammable material. I also recommend against using non-heat resistant glass such as ordinary drinking glasses or wineglasses.
9.6.5 Kitchen Scale
You don't have to use a scale, but it will give you more consistent results. The recommended amounts of a fragrance or die are usually so much per pound of wax. You could "guesstimate" but you'll have a hard time re-creating the exact same result again in the future. If you use a scale and keep notes you can re-create a successful candle any time you choose.
9.6.6 Safety goggles and Hammer A hammer? For candle making? Well yes, but these are necessary only if you buy paraffin wax in large blocks. If you do, you'll need to break the wax into smaller pieces that you can add to your melting pot. The easiest way to do that is to strike it with a hammer, but that can cause shards of wax to break off. That's why you need the eye protection of safety goggles. As a neatness tip, put the large block of wax in an empty cardboard carton before you start
hitting it with a hammer. This will keep the smaller wax pieces from scattering all over the room and make them easier to collect. You can avoid all of this if you buy wax in flakes or pearls, which is the way many people start out.
9.6.7 Work Surface Covering
Making candles can get messy, particularly when you're starting out. You probably have had to clean candle wax off a surface at some point in time, so you realize that it can be a problem. In addition to the wax itself, the dyes and fragrances you'll probably be using have problems of their own. If a few flakes of dye are enough to stain a pound of wax, you can imagine what it might do to your clothing or kitchen table. Fragrances can be very irritating and many of the essential oils used in candle making would damage the finishes on furniture if spilled. For all these reasons, it's a good idea to cover your work surface. Most of us start out working in a kitchen. Kitchen surfaces are generally durable and we're going to use the stove to melt the wax. Our work surface will probably be a countertop or the kitchen table.
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Several layers of newspaper is a reason protective layer (be sure to keep it away from the stovetop though). I like to use inexpensive plasticized tablecloths. These are neater than newspaper and liquids won't soak through the plasticized surface.
9.6.8 Fire Extinguisher
I hope you never have to use this, but let's face it - when you're making candles you're working with flammable materials so fire is a definite possibility. It's a good idea to have a fire extinguisher readily available. At the very least, have a heavy pot lid handy that you could use to smother the fire in a pot.
9.7 In Summary
As you can see, candle making does not require an extensive collection of equipment. You can make wonderful candles with relatively little candle making equipment: a simple pour pot, a thermometer and a mould.
Most candle makers collection of equipment grows predominantly as they want to increase the number of candles they make at one time.
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10 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS Below we shall describe the difference between soaps and detergents and their different types, formulas and procedures, soap analysis and how to control the quality of soap or a detergent.
10.1 Ingredients used in soap making
OILS & FATS CHEMICALS
Coconut oil Alkali below (saponifying agents)
Palm oil Sodium hydroxide/caustic soda Potassium hydroxide/caustic potash
Castor oil Colours below ( For attracting customers)
Ground nut oil Blue, yellow, green, red. Etc.
Greases Perfumes/fragrances below
Soya bean oil Lavender, Rose, Jasmine, Lemon, Fauna, Baby Q, Pine, Aloe Vera. Etc.
Other vegetable Water (Aqua)
10.2 Paroma Beauty Soap
Palm Oil 20 kg Coconut oil 5 litres
Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide 1.5 /2kg
Sodium Silicate 1 kg
Lemon/Jasmine/Eagle perfume 200 ml
10.3 Basic Soap Instructions
Read directions for recipe to make sure you have the required ingredients and gear. 1. Use safety gloves and goggles or eyeglasses. 2. Weigh the required amount of water (distilled is best) into one of the pitchers. To do this places an empty
pitcher on the scale and set to zero. Now measure the amount of water. 3. Using the same method as above weigh the lye needed in the second pitcher. 4. Carefully pour the lye into the pitcher containing the water. You must avoid splashing-this is the most
dangerous step! Never add the water to the lye. 5. Stir solution gently with a wooden spoon until dissolved. Make sure you have sufficient ventilation. Resist the
temptation to lean over the pitcher to get a good look. You do not want to breathe anywhere near this container.
6. While the lye is cooling, melt the fats. The temperature of both must eventually be brought to 100 degrees simultaneously. If the lye solution cools too much, put the pitcher in a pan or bowl of hot water.
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7. Double-check the temperatures of the lye and fat solutions to be sure they are 100-110 degrees (equal temperature is desired).
8. While stirring the fats, pour the lye solution into the melted fat/oil in a thin stream. Stir continuously to ensure the lye mixes into the fat.
9. Continue stirring in a carefully manner to avoid splashing. The mixture should start thickening. You will eventually see "trailing" or lines on the surface. This could take 20 minutes to an hour, usually closer to one hour. Be careful using hand mixers as they can speed things up too much.
10. Pour this liquid soap into your large plastic container mould. Put the lid on and wrap with the towel. 11. Put the wrapped mould in a warm place and allow setting for 48 hours. 12. After 48 hours, un-wrap the mould. The soap should still be warm. If the surface is still very soft leave lid off
for a day. If soap looks abnormal refer to give us a call. When it is as firm it is ready to be removed from the mould.
13. Remove soap from mould. To do this, first pull the plastic mould away from the soap on all sides. Then, turn the mould over onto the needle point screen or plastic. If it doesn't fall out of the mould, push down on the upside down mould and it should pop out. You should have a nice clean block of soap ready to be cut into bars.
14. First, score the surface where the cuts will be made. Then, warm the knife to be used in water. Dry the knife and cut the block into bars of soap.
15. The hand cut bars still need to cure. They will become lighter in weight and slightly smaller. Place them on the plastic needlepoint screen for about three weeks.
16. After one to two weeks, depending on the type of basic soap.
10.4 Soap Making Equipment - What will you need?
1. Kitchen Scale
The scale need not be expensive, but you must be able to re-adjust it to zero each time it is used. This will allow you to weigh ingredients in a container (you first weigh empty and zero the scale - not counting the weight of the container when used). It should be large enough to weigh five pounds.
2. Soap Pot This must be either an enamel or stainless steel kettle. Lye can be corrosive to most other materials. Note that soap made in deeper posts requires less stirring. Pick up an old pot at a tag sale-it will look brand new when you are done!
3. Two plastic pitchers These will be used for mixing and pouring the lye solution. Make sure they have pouring spouts and lids that secure tightly. Each should hold two quarts. They should also be "dishwasher safe" to accommodate the solution that heats up to 200 degrees.
4. Plastic Spoons (the same size as wooden spoons, but plastic ones will not break down with usage) Reserve these spoons, and any other items used with lye, for soap use only!
5. Two Kitchen Thermometers Use only thermometers with glass or stainless steel probes. Aluminium will be destroyed by the lye. Make sure they have attached hooks to secure on the containers. A candy thermometer will be sufficient.
6. Safety Glasses and Rubber Gloves include picture here Always protect your eyes and skin from any contact with the lye or lye solution!
7. Wood or Stainless Steel Ladle You will need a ladle to transfer the soap into the mould(s).
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This will be a large mould to hold your liquid basic soap and should be about 12 quarts. The lid should be secure and the shape a nice rectangle or square. This will make it easy to cut into bars for use or milling.
9. Towel While the basic soap sets it must be kept from cooling too quickly. Wrap your container mould with a towel. This is called "putting the soap to bed".
10. Plastic Needlepoint Screen Once the basic soap is sliced it must cure-surrounded by air. The screen is a thin drying rack that doesn't leave marks behind. You can get this at any store that sells craft supplies.
11. Kitchen Grater You will need this to make milled soap which requires the cured basic soap to be grated before melting.
12. Soap Moulds If you are going to all the trouble to make milled soaps, you should get some nice melds. Special melds are made for soap making but those used for candy or candle-making will do just as well. You could also use tart pans, microwave containers, or even sardine cans! Moulds made for soap work best though when trying to remove the soap once it has set.
Quality control is determined by the National Bureau of Standards, which is also where you will need to apply for your operational license. For more information please contact: UNBS website for those in Uganda and KEBS website for those in Kenya. The following are the general quality control considerations. 1. Keep the fatty acid content to at most 73.33% 2. Keep the content of matters insoluble in soap to around 1.3%-2.6% 3. Caustic soda/caustic potash PH around 7.5-9 %
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Naphthalene 200kg
Camphor 20 kg
Phenol 30 kg
Ceresin 50 kg
Colour/Spirit
Dye
11 CREAMS AND LOTIONS We all know that beauty comes from the inside and shines through in the outside! But some creams and lotions
might help
11.1 Standard Requirements for Creams and Lotions
Creams and Lotions should meet certain Criteria. The quality of your product is important. Value for money is
what your customers will be looking for. If they have bought cream from you that is causing skin irritation once,
they will not buy from you again!
So some guidelines:
The preparation shall be clear or of uniform colour
The cream, lotion or gel shall be free from visible impurities.
All ingredients used, dyes, pigments and colours shall conform to all parts of the East Africa standard for cosmetic raw materials (KS 03-(474))
The cream, lotions or gel shall contain acceptable amounts of the ingredients necessary to affect the intended endues performance as stipulated on the label.
The manufacturer shall certify that all the ingredients used, e.g. mineral oils, extracts from natural herbs, dyes, and perfume etc. shall be in pure form and shall not be harmful or irritating to the skin, potentially harmful substances shall not exceed acceptable limits.
The total amounts of heavy metals shall not exceed 20 PPM
All creams, lotions and gels for skin care shall also comply with the requirements given in the table below when tested.
Standard Requirements for creams, lotions and gels for skin care:
NO CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENT METHOD OF TEST
1. Thermal stability To pass test 37% +1 o c for 48 hrs
2. PH range 4.5 to 8.5 10% solution (of product)
3. Total fatty substance content by mass minimum
5 Hydrolysis with an acid (HCL) 50% and extraction with petroleum spirit 40-60oC and evaporation of solvent
4. Microbiological examination micro-organism per gm. Maximum
Heat the conditioner base to fluid form plus all that is in solid form into one mass.
Add the mass into the hot water and stir continuously to a white solution.
Add the oils that are available and stir well
Add the preservatives and stir
Add colours if any like green, yellow, and pink & brown that are oil soluble. You will mix the colours with the any oil like mineral oil separately before adding to the lotion.
Add the perfume like Eagle, Lady J, Real, Baby Bucky, Lemon, Apple, Jasmine, Honey etc. Note: Lotions are given names according to Essential oils, Perfumes and Natural Herbal Extracts added to the above formulas
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Pour conditioner base into a clean pan and put on fire into fluid form. (Slow heat) Then stir as you add aloe Vera oil and other oils. Then add colours and perfume as you contribute stirring. Then remove from fire then cool and pack. Colours may be added after making the white lotion. Preservatives may be added.
11.4 Aloe Vera Petroleum jelly
Petroleum Jelly (white) 20 kg
Lanolin ¼ kg
Castor oil 50 ml
Mineral oil 4 litres
Olive oil 100 ml
Aloe Vera oil 25 ml
Colour & perfume as desired Procedure Melt the petroleum jelly on moderate heat and when it has melted then add Lanolin and all the oils as you stir. Remove from fire then add colours and perfume. Then pack in that liquid state.
11.5 Body Cream
Lanolin 28 g
Beeswax or other Soft wax 212 g
Petroleum jelly 57 g
White mineral oil 57 ml
Water 1 litre Procedure
Mix well and use Setting lotion for babies hair
Glycerine 198 g
Gum tragacanth 14 g
Water 1 kg Procedure
Dissolve the gum in the water by heating and then add the Glycerine mixing well.
N/B Rose perfume is quite suitable for all. For other formulas that involve use of Cetyl, Polar wax, Stearic Acid e.t.c please come to our offices for Training
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12 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE ADDITION OF MUSHROOMS
The overall purpose of the training is to equip the youth with appropriate knowledge and skills that will enhance
their ability to produce and process mushroom produced by them into mushroom soup and porridge.
12.1 Objectives of the training
To impart skills and knowledge to youth in adding value to mushrooms to make soups and porridge so that they can process the mushrooms produced by youth.
To help youth to form collective marketing groups within communities where they work which will be managed in a sustainable manner for easy processing of the mushrooms.
To improve mushroom production project though value addition for increased incomes amongst the community members and youth itself.
12.2 General introduction to mushroom
Mushroom are fungi belonging in the class of basidiomycetes which have been grown in Uganda since the 1990s on non-edible lingo cellulose waste material or agricultural wastes like cotton husks. Coffee husks, rice straws, sawdust and many more others. Mushrooms are very different from other crops in that they require very small space and are cultivated with a variety of agricultural and industrial wastes. They are also an excellent source of Vitamins B, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid; therefore they can be used to supplement human dietary requirements.
12.3 Economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms.
Nutritional
Mushrooms contain about 85-95% of water, 3% proteins, 4% carbohydrates, 0.1% fats, 1% minerals and vitamins (Tewari 1986).
They can be used as a supplement to diet therefore important to human health and they also have a high nutritive content.
They are important source of proteins comparable to maize, milk and legumes (Quimio 1976)Mushrooms protein is intermediate between that of animals and vegetables (Kurtzman 1976
They are also an excellent source of vitamin B, their carbohydrate ranges between 3-38% on fresh weight basis (Hakes 1981) and they contain appreciable amount of niacin, penetothenic acid and biotin (Subramanian 1986).
They also contain an appreciable amount of potassium, phosphorus, copper and iron but low levels of calcium (Anderson 1942)
They have immune stimulating chemicals and serum cholesterol reducing properties so they are beneficial to HIV Suffers. (Suzuki and ohshima 1974). Economic
Mushroom cultivation creates employment opportunities for many since it is done purely in doors therefore it booms women, children and landless individuals with limited land resource. (Peter oyei 1996).
It is an immense potential both in export and domestic market thus providing income both to the farmers and the country.
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Oyster mushroom production is labour-intensive because it involves different activities right away from production up to processing if to be consumed in a processed way and therefore creates employment opportunities to very many people.
The mushrooms have a short growth cycle of only 4 weeks and can be grown throughout the year and since their cultivation does not completely depend on rainfall therefore they can be grown any time of the year (Zadrazil 1978).
12.4 Factors affecting mushroom production and processing in Uganda
Brainstorm session in groups of two participants, two to brain on the
following:
Lack of enough knowledge on mushroom production and processing
Little production due to lack of spawn or expensive spawn, poor quality spawn.
Having one variety in Uganda apart from local mushrooms
Expensive packaging and processing machines
Limited research
Lack of guiding manuals
Limited knowledge on value addition especially on product formulation and development
12.5 Overview of mushroom production
Group exercise; on mushroom growing and what it takes to grow it > Practical session
12.6 Materials we shall use in the primary production of mushroom
Spawns
Substrate
Plastic containers
Strings
Poles
Drums
Cotton seed cake
Gloves
Paroma Bleach
Firewood
12.7 Over view of value addition
Group exercise; on meaning of value addition and what it takes to add value to a product > Practical session
12.8 Materials we shall use to develop mushroom soups and porridge
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12.8.2 Mushroom soup
starch
wheat flour
carrots
onions
pumpkins
tomatoes
garlic
spices like; cardamom, cinnamon, white pepper
sodium glutamate
12.8.3 Starch making > Procedure
Wash sweet potatoes thoroughly and peel them,
Rewash them again to remove any dirt.
Smash them with a knife as you put the smashed pieces in water,
Wash the smashed pieces in water and squeeze water out of them
Put aside the squeezed smashed potatoes and leave water alone to settle for about 45 minutes
When water settles drain off of the water and dry the starch that remains down and pack your starch or use it.
13 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Here are some of the most FAQ’s about this package and getting into this industry
Question: How do I know that I will be able to make these products? You see, I dropped out of school last
year and it all sounds too difficult and complicated for me. Answer: These manuals have been especially written with the complete beginner in mind. Everything is
explained in simple terms. If you can do 6th class mathematics and can follow step-by-step instructions, then you will have no problem whatsoever.
Question: Do I need any prior skills in chemistry? Answer: No, you do not need any skills, previous knowledge or experience to be able to manufacture these
products and operate this business. Question: Can an average person make money in this business? Answer: As I have said before, if you simply follow the instructions as laid out for you, you will have no
problem whatsoever. Anyone who will be able to commit to make the right products can make money in this business.
Question: Where will I get the raw materials from? Answer: The raw materials that you will need to make your products are very easy to source in the
chemical manufacturing industries that you will find in this very manual. The chemical mentioned are as common to chemical manufacturing as flour, eggs, milk and sugar are to baking. The manual contains information showing you where from and how to get your raw materials.
Question: What about packaging and labelling? Answer: You will also be able to find the details on sources packaging and product labelling in this
manufacturing manual. Question: Aren’t the formulas very expensive? And will the formulas allow for making top quality products?
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Answer: Our formulas are all made from scratch. Only raw materials are used, producing top quality products. In fact these very formulations have been bought and used by different Government Departments and institutions.
Question: What happens if I run into a manufacturing problem and need help or advice? Can I contact you? Answer: The author and the team of researchers are always eager for you to succeed. We are more than
willing to help you with technical assistance as well as other queries you might have. Question: I’m convinced about this business but if too many people get into it, won’t the market become
flooded? Answer: That is highly unlikely as these are necessary, consumable items used in every household and
industry worldwide. The market is absolutely enormous. The particular market you decide to focus on will determine which products you will manufacture. It is highly unlikely for any two readers to manufacture identical products to the same markets in the same region. Your product will be entirely unique as a result of your chosen colour; fragrance and the branding you give it. This can also be further enhanced by other specifics you decide for your product such as foaming, viscosity or thickness.
Question: This business sounds like an answer to my prayers, a dream come true. What is the catch? Answer: The catch is that you must be prepared to do something! Like any business, to make it work you
have to work at it. This is a serious business that demands your commitment as any other business. Do not expect to become a millionaire overnight as this is impossible in any business; only winning the lottery can do that for you. In this business, like in any other, you must be prepared to invest a certain amount of effort to reap its great rewards. If you are not prepared to do this then save your money and don’t buy start.
Question: How come you are prepared to share the Trade Secrets of the manufacturing industry? Aren’t you scared of competition?
Answer: The market is too enormous for anyone to be worrying about competition. Man can only succeed by helping others succeed.
Question: Is manufacturing these products safe? Answer: As long as you take the necessary safety precautions and use normal common sense as with any
activity it is safe. This manual contains further information and safety guidelines to follow. Question: I’m concerned about our environment, are these products biodegradable? Answer: These products are manufactured primarily from biodegradable ingredients that conform to the
African standards. Question: What equipment is necessary and will it cost a lot? Answer: As explained before you don’t need to invest in expensive machinery to start-up. You can get
everything you need to start for about 6, 500, - KES ($80). As your business begins to grow, you may wish to invest in mechanical mixers which will make mixing big quantities much easier.
Questions: I don’t want to quit my job. All I want is a bit of extra income. Is this possible? Answer: It is certainly possible, but it all depends on the amount of customers you decide to take on. You
can only accommodate a few small clients when working in you spare time or you can take on some larger clients and, if you don’t have the time, you can get someone to work for you on a temporary basis whenever a bigger order comes in.
Questions: How long does it take to get started? Answer: This depends on how much time you have available to spend on the business. You are strongly
recommended to read through all the material and fully acquaint yourself with the manufacturing process.
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14 TABLE OF AVAILABLE BOOKS PAROMA ENTERPRISES LIMITED. Walking in the Pipeline of Success MINDSET CHECK 1. P.O.OR 2. R.I.C.H 3. Y.E.S 4. N.OW 5. F.E.A.R 6. Fear blocks success 7. Connecting dreams to
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9. Water (cold) 20 liters 10. Preservatives like sodium benzoate/ formalin 5g/10-20 cc respectively.
Note: Total cost of products with Chemicals, plastics, labels and transport inclusive is 23,000/= Total cost 23,000/= Sales price: 30,000/= Gross profit: 7,000/= Other costs: 2,000/= Net profit: 5,000/=
PASH PASH Petroleum Jelly 20kg (240pcs @ equals to 100g)@2,500
You can easily make your moisturizers by using the following: 1. Petroleum jelly 20kg (white or yellow pure p.j) 2. White mineral oil/liquidum paraffinum 4 ltrs 3. Pure olive oil 1/4ltr 4. Pure castor oil 200ml 5. Glycerin 1 ltr 6. Color (Oil soluble) as desired 7. Perfume (Apple, Jasmine, Rose, Lemon, and lavender) as desired.
Total cost will include plastics, labels, promotion, sales and marketing below. Total cost: 400,000/= Sales @ 2500x240=600,000/= Gross Profit: 200,000/= Other costs: 50,000/= Net Profit: 150,000/=
Total cost with plastics, labels etc inclusive Total cost: 140,000/= Sales price: 200,000/= Gross profit: 60,000/= Other costs: 10,000/= Net Profit: 50,000/=
Total cost includes plastics, labels etc Total cost: 470,000/= Sales price: 800,000/= Gross profit: 330,000/= Other costs: 30,000/= Net profit: 300,000/=
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provide hands-on training in value addition in the following subsectors; Dairy (processing and
packaging of dairy products), Textile design (Tie and Dye), Motor cycle repair and servicing, Baking,
and soap manufacture, among others.
Development of Business Partnerships/Linkages The Business to Business (B2B) linkages programme is implemented in partnership with the private
sector actors and Diplomatic Missions in Uganda. The approach seeks for business opportunities
between MSMEs and the transnational or large domestic companies, as well as between the MSMEs
themselves. The initiative supports the creation of joint venture investments, improves access to
appropriate technologies and the transfer of technical and or managerial skills.
Implementation of Local Content in Oil and Gas Sector The project focuses on building the capacities of local entrepreneurs/ businesses to take advantage of
the emerging business opportunities in the sector while at the
same time building businesses and markets that go beyond the Oil
and Gas sector. In order to enhance implementation,Hoima
Enterprise Centre and Park was jointly set up in partnership with
Tullow Oil and Traidlinks at Bunjumbura in Hoima Municipality.
The operation of the Centre is currently being managed by
Traidlinks. The Centre has two broad initiatives:
i. Enterprise development from which MSMEs are able to access
a number of business related support services e.g. business
mentoring, market information, and shared office facilities etc.
ii. Agri-supply, which focuses on sustainable agricultural development where Small holder farmers’
have access to a number of support services which include among others; production planning, central
food handling and grading centre, shared storage and transport facilities etc.
Industrial Subcontracting and Partnership Exchanges Programme (SPX) SPX is a technical cooperation programme that links domestic MSMEs to the supply chains of large
domestic or international companies as well as among the MSMEs themselves. The aim of the SPX
programme is to develop the capacities of the MSMES to meet
buyer needs and identify profitable business opportunities along
the various value chains.
Cluster Development (Commodities and Service Clusters) The cluster based development approach enables domestic
entrepreneurs’ to integrate their business systems into global
value chains by providing economies of scale and recognizing the
role of multiple stakeholders in the system. The cluster based
development approach seeks to address the challenges of isolation in small firms by creating a critical
mass of mutually beneficial business relations. The programme is majorly focused on developing
sustainable clusters for the priority commodities identified by the Government of Uganda.
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Regional Exhibitions (access to Markets and networking) UIA in collaboration with Team Uganda members (e.g. Uganda Registration Services Bureau, Uganda
Revenue Authority, the Immigration Department, Private Sector Foundation Uganda, Uganda National
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Uganda Small Scale Industries Association, Uganda National
Bureau of Standards, Uganda Industrial Research Institute and other promoters of MSMEs) hosts
regional exhibitions that are fully paid for by the Government. Participating
in exhibitions is one of the strategies that firms and indeed MSMEs use to
access new markets, demonstrate product usage and obtain feedback from
their customers. Exhibitions give consumers a chance to meet as many
service providers as possible.
Provision of Business related Information, Business advisory and
Counseling UIA seeks to maximize the growth potential, prosperity and sustainability
of small businesses through enhanced access to information and business
advice. The SME Division provides firsthand business related information on investment opportunities.
About 250 business ideas are available on the UIA website to guide potential SME Investors.
Advocacy for and on behalf of SMEs UIA continues to engage with key stakeholders to improve the investment climate for MSMEs. This is
done through research and active participation in various activities that are geared towards improving
the business climate. A number of research findings and policy recommendations have been made.
These are accessible on the UIA website.
Creation of the District InvestmentCommittees The Division is facilitating and supporting the formation of District Investment Committees. There is
also a drive to revive the existing ones that have not been active. These will enable the private sector
and Local governments to actively participate in facilitating and
supporting MSMEs growth by taking the lead in attracting,
promoting, facilitating and retaining both domestic and Foreign
Direct investments in the districts.
Provision of Business Incubation Services Business Incubators help both start-ups and existing small
businesses to grow sustainably, hence lowering the mortality rate
through the use of good businesses practices and appropriate
technology. UIA is in the process of setting up a mixed-use business incubation centre at Kampala
Industrial Business Park (KIBP) in Namanve to Facilitate, support and nurture MSMEs.