UNIQUE FUNCTION PHOTOSYNTESIS ABSORPTION CELL WALL PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE INGESTION TURGOR PRESSURE METABOLISM & GROWTH FIVE KINGDOM WHITTAKER FORMED.

UNIQUE FUNCTIONPHOTOSYNTESIS

ABSORPTION

CELL WALLPROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE

INGESTION

TURGOR PRESSURE

METABOLISM & GROWTH

FIVE KINGDOM WHITTAKERFORMED ON THE BASES OF TROPHIC

RELATIONSHIP (BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)

CELL WALL

PROKARYOTE

EUKARYOTE

?

1

2

CELL WALL EVOLUTION

•ACCORDING TO FOSSILRECORD 3-5 BILLION YEAR

•THE EVOLUTION FASTERAFTER CELL FORMATION3.5 - 4 BILLION YEAR

• FURTHER EVOLUTION TODIFFERENTIATION

THE HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION OFTHE CELL WALL (BARTNICKI-GARCIA,1987)

EVOLUTION SCHEME FROM PROKARYOTE TO FUNGI

MICROFIBRIL OF CYST WALL OFROUXII (BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)

FUNGAL WALL

KITOSOME YEAST CELL OF MUCOR

PHYTHOPTHORA PALMIVORA

(BARTNICKI-GARCIA, 1987)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PHYLOGEETIC AND THE CELL WALL

CHITIN

BIFLAGELLATE

ANCESTOR

CHITIN

1,3-1,6 -GLUCAN

CHITRYDIOMYCETES

EUASCOMYCETES

HOMOBASIDIO-

MYCETES

CELlULOSE

BIFLAGELLATE

ANCESTOR

CELLULOSE

CHITIN

HYPHO-

CHYTRIDS

CELLULOSE

-1,3-1,6 GLUcAN

OOMYCETESCHITIN

CHITOSAN

ZYGOMYCETES

1,3-1,6 –GLUCAN

–MANAN

HEMIASKOMYCETES

CHITIN

–MANAN

HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES

3

4

LOST LYSINE

?

?DOLIPORE SEPTUM

MYCELIA WITH REGULAR SEPTUM

DIKARYOTIC PHASE

LOST OF FLAGELLA AND CENTRIOLE

SPINDLE POLE BODY

FUNGAL PHYLOGENETIC TREE

ASCOSPOREBASIDIOSPORE

COLLAGEN MATRIX

SEPTUM CONNECTIONLOST OF PHAGOTROPIC

LYSINE SYNTHESIS: AAA

CHITIN? mtDNA UGA=TRYPTOPHAN

GLYCOGEN: STORED ENERGYPOSTERIOR FLAGELUM, WHIPLASH

EVOLUTION OF FUNGI THROUGH PARASITISM

Assumption 1: parasitism requires a degree ofspecialization greater than for saprotrophy

Assumption 2: defence mechanisms in autrotrophs pre--date themove of plants to land and have always beendeterrent against parasitism

Parasitism needs the ability of:

1. respond to the plant surface

2. penetrating the host tissue

3. colonise and sporulate

System that controlled this ability exist in prokaryotes

5

PHYLOGENETICRELATIONSHIP OF THEFUNGI (CAVALIER-SMITH, 1987)

HYPOTHESIS:PROTOCTIS FUNGI:POLYPHYLETIC GROUP1) Acrasid slime mold diverged early in eukaryotic lineage along with certain

amoeba. Discoidal cristae2) Other slime molds (myxomycetes and diyctiostelid) diverge independently.

tubular cristae3) Plasmodiophora have infection apparatus similar to ciliate protozoa

PSEUDOFUNGIStramenophila/ Chromista: having a heterokont flagela

TRUE FUNGI1) Eufungi is a monophyletic group and having a relationship with animal

through choanoflagela ancestor2) Ascomycetes not evolved from red algae

FUNGI

DISCOIDAL

EVOLUTION FROM CHOANOCILIA TO CHYTRID

METAZOA• CRISTAE MITOCHODRIA

CHYTRID

• ZOOSPORA WITH A SINGLEPOSTERIOR FLAGELLUM

FUNGI RELATED TO ANIMAL AS :1. CHITIN FOR EXOSKELETON2. GLICOGEN AS ENERGY

RESERVE3. ACHLOROPHYLOUS4. UGA : CODE TRYPTOPHAN

NOT TERMINATION

SPIZOMYCETES

1. RESEMBLE PROTOZOA:• Ribosome: disperse in

cytoplasm (primitive)• Fan shape array of micro-

tubules diverge from arc-likedense body beside kinetosomeand the end of the fan is crossstriated

2. More amoeboid3. Non flagelate centriole

6

RUMPOMYCETES (CHYTIDIALESDAN MONOBLEPHARIDALES)

1. Flagelar root not surrounding the nucleus(derived)

2. Ribosome are packed (derived)

3. Having rumposome (ER attach to lipid,microbodies, mitochondrial complex)

ALLOMYCETES (BLASTOCLADIALES)

1. Flagelar root cone shaped (derived)

2. Ribosom packed formed nuclear cap (derived)

3. Cristernae not stacked

4. Having complex structure: lipid drop, microbodiesand mitochondria

ZYGOMYCOTAAncestor: Allomycetes asCentrosome smilar to that ofzygomycetesEVOLUTION:••

Loss of flagelaClosed mitosis with centriole outside thenucleus

ENTHOMOPHORALES-----KICKXELLALES-Allomyces

TRICHOMYCETES???????

MUCORALES(SPORANGIOSPORA)

ENDOGONALES (SPOROKARP)

7

ALLOMYCES

Lost of flagela.

Procentriole from degenerated kinetosome

Procentriol (11-12 singlet microtubule)

Formed spora

Formed zigospore (resembling restingspore)

Coenocytic

No dictyosome

Basidiobolus ranarum(A-C) spore formation and release,(D) spore on insect(E) zigospore with clamp

(BASIDIOBOLUS, ENTOMOPHORALES)

ASCOMYCOTA Ancestor Endogonales

Evolution plectomycetes• Formation of ascogenous hyphae• Sporocarp evolved towards cleistothecium• Zygospore evolved towards endospora

(karyogamy delayed for multiplication ofzygote, and meiosis does occur)

Endogone

Ascocarp variation as

• Spore dispersal efficiency(Pyrenomycetes,Discomycetes,Loculoascomycetes)

• Trophic adaptation(Laboulbeniomycetes)

ascocarp evolution

8

9

ENDOMYCOTA

• No ascocarp• No ascogenous hyphae• No chitin

Ancestor ????????? ------ Zygomycotina?????Parasite----- Completoria (Enthomophorales)----- Limited mycelia- Ascus development (Dipodascus)

Saccharomycetes (budding, chitin only in bud scar )

Taphrinomycetes (chitin absent)

Different from Ascomycota in 2 aspects:1. Basidiospora is exospora not endospora2. Heterokaryon as hyphae

Basidiospora evolved from Enthomophora spores probably not fromascospore. Spore of Enthomophora formed bud and disconnected to formmetabasidium with septum or sterigma. This zygomycetes is the parasiteof fern.

Enthomophora actively release the spores

In this evolution, 2 aspects should be change :1) Spore release mechanism

2) Nuclear fusion zigosporangium delayed and form dikaryotic hypha

Basidiomycota

globular centrosome Centrosome with many layers

HOLOBASIDIUM

UREDOMYCETES

ORTHOMYCOTA

UREDOMYCOTA

SEPTOBASIDIALES

UREDINALES

Somatic simplificationDOLIPOREATTRACIELLALES

TILETIALES

EXOBASIDIALES

BRACHYBASIDIALES

USTILAGINALES

SEPTOMYCETES

Saprothrophy and lost of teliospores

SPORIDIALESUSTOMYCETES

basidiocarp not jelly-like and

parentosome with many pores

HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES

Basidiokcarp jelly-like and parentosomevesicular and pores less

HOLOBASIDIA AURICULARIALES

Septum reoriantation

HOLOBASIDIUM

TREMELLALESfurcate basidia

TULASNELALES

DACRYMYCETALES

sterigmata swollen

GELIMYCETES

Basidimycetes ancestor

EVOLUTION OF PSEUDOFUNGI- SPORANGIA

10

Primary

zoospores

cyst

Secondary zoospores

cyst

Monomorphic withmany swarm cell

11

Dimorphic