UNGR 2 Ph 3 P In this st was deve was emp construct the influe sensor de involved predeterm develope commerc in the fie analyses Keywords: INTROD When rei necessary Problems can signi response, portion o essential displacem during co two wall accumula reinforce construct the maso demonstr developin ROUTED A. 1 PhD Cand hD, Assistant P PhD, Martini, M tudy, a new eloped. The loyed to de tion defects. ence of the s esign. To ex in concrete mined grout d sensors i cially availab eld for rapid usually requ concrete, bloc DUCTION inforcement y for bond s associated ificantly alte , or lower st or complete w especially i ment relation onstruction(S ls is signif ation of ment(Shedid tion of reinfo nry construc rated that s ng a proper D CELL IN A. Nassr 1 , didate, Departm Professor, Depa Mascarin and G technique f concept, ba sign coplana An analytic sensor geom xperimentally masonry w ted and un in a laborat ble portable inspection o uired by othe ck,grout; measu t is introduc developme with incom er the respo trength, and walls. The e n shear wall nship of a so Shedid et al. ficantly diff hardened d et al., 2 orced mason ction industr such constr technique t 15 th Internatio Mason Florianópoli NSPECTIO M.T. Shedi ment of Civil E Canada.nass artment of Civi shedidmm George Chair in eldak@ for detecting ased on dete ar capacitan cal model an metrical para y verify the walls were m ngrouted cel tory setting. capacitance of masonry er more expe urement; non-d ced in mason ent between mplete grout onse of mas d may requir engineering i ls designed ound wall an ., 2005). As ferent. Figu mortar dr 2005), whic nry block wa ry (CMDC, ruction erro to detect poo onal Brick and nry Conference is – Brazil – 2 ON TOOL id 2 , and W.W Engineering, M sraa@mcmaste il Engineering, m@mcmaster.c n Masonry Des @mcmaster.ca g ungrouted ecting the lo nce sensors w nd finite elem ameters on th model, diel measured. In lls was con . The propo e meter woul structures w ensive and ti destructive tes nry construc the steel ting, unfilled sonry walls re demolitio inspection a to resist sei nd a wall wit can be seen ure 2 shows ropping on h is a com alls. Test res 2007), and ors are not orly grouted d Block e 2012 L FOR MA W. El-Dakh McMaster Unive er.ca , Ain Shams Un ca sign, McMaste cells in con ocal dielectri with high se ment simula he sensor sig lectric prope addition, a nstructed, a osed sensor ld facilitate without the n ime consumi ts; sensors. ctions, grout reinforceme d cells, and and may re on and recon and detection smic forces. th accidenta n from the f s the ungro n the w mmon cons sults and fur masonry de t uncommo d and ungro ASONRY hakhni 3 ersity, Hamilto niversity, Cair er University, C ncrete block ic permittivi ensitivities t ations were u gnals and to erties of vari masonry w and inspecte design, co employing t eed for soph ing methods ting of the ent and mas unbonded r esult in an u nstruction of n of unfilled . Figure 1 sh ally unfilled igure, the re outed cells wall’s horiz struction mi rther commu sign and con on in North uted cells, i Y WALLS on, ro, Egypt. Canada. construction ity variation to detect suc used to asse o optimize th ious materia all containin ed using th oupled with this techniqu histicated da . block cells sonry block reinforceme unsatisfactor f a significa d walls cells hows the loa lower cours esponse of th attributed zontal she istake durin unication wi nsulting firm h America. it was kept ns ns, ch ess he als ng he a ue ata is ks. ent ry ant is ad es he to ear ng ith ms In in
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
UNGR
2Ph
3P
In this stwas devewas empconstructthe influesensor deinvolved predetermdevelopecommercin the fieanalyses
S OF MATEes of differen order to fasimulation reo sandwich awo 25 mm srodes. In or
ecimens wera). Dielectrimeasuremen
ill lead to b
mples with dionship betw
1520
5
S (mm)
ly spaced araces than the
by the propeetration depthation and des
(b)
e material laeometry
ERIALS ent materialacilitate corresults. A sima disk of thesquare copperder to ensurre placed betic permittivitnt. This is e isolated a
different thicween the thic
510
re capable e sensor wi
er selection h, T, with thsired detectio
ayers, (b)
ls of grouterelation of th
mple technique material ofer plates, (Are full contatween the twties cannot b
because thand subtracte
cknesses weckness, d, an
510
1520
2
g (mm)
of ith
of he on
ed he ue f a
= act wo be he ed
ere nd
2530
leadC C
Figure 7-thicknessfollowingmaterial’were foun
Figure 7determ
TEST SPA half-scfully groexpect foStyrofoamis equal tA coplanand an ecopper tagap betwestimatedUsing thesurface o0.10% aconnectio
Material s
o r
1A
d
-(b) shows ts, 1/d, for theg section. Fos dielectric nd to be 5.21
7: Evaluatinmination set
PECIMENcale square mouted columnor one cell m during theo that of air)
nar capacitanlectrode len
ape and mouween the coppd to be 25 mme coplanar seof the wall. ccuracy. Thon to the sen
Coaxial c
specimen
the capacitae concrete blor each matepermittivity1 and 5.14, r
(a)
ng the dielectup, and (b)
masonry walns, C-1, anin column Ce grouting pr). The rest of
nce sensor wngth, l = 50 unted togethper electrodem. ensor, the 29Measureme
he LCR mensor by coaxi
Cla
cable
15th Internatio Mason
Florianópoli
ance plotted lock and grorial, a linear. The dielecrespectively.
ctric properthe capacit
thi
llet, 4 block d C-7 (see C-5, and twrocess to simf the cells w
with an electrmm was faer on a thin es. The pene
9 grouted anents were coeter was prial wires.
Cap
acit
acne
(pF
)
amp
onal Brick andnry Conference
lis – Brazil – 2
as a functioout materialsr relationshipctric permitti.
rties of matetance as a fuickness
wide by 8 bFigure 8).
wo cells in cmulate air (th
were kept ungrode width sabricated. Th
plastic sheeetration dept
nd the 35 unollected usinrovided with
In30
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6Gro
Ma
d Block e
2012
on of the res used in thep was plottedivity of the
erials, (a) thunction of th
block high, wAnother twcolumn C-3he Styrofoamgrouted, as sh
= 25 mm, ahe sensor elet to maintaith, T, of the
ngrouted cellng an INSTEh a test fix
verse dielectri40 50
out, grout = 5.14
asorny, block = 5.2
eciprocal of e wall test did with a slopconcrete blo
(b)
he dielectriche inverse o
was construwo columns
, which wem’s dielectrihown in Fig
a gap spacinglectrodes wein the constasensor, from
ls were scanEK 816 LCxture that f
ic thickness , 160
21
(4)
the dielectrscussed in th
pe equal to thock and gro
permittivitof dielectric
ucted with twwere groute
ere filled wiic permittivi
gure 8. g, 2g = 8 mmere made of ant separatio
m Eq. (3), w
nned along thCR meter wifacilitated th
1/d, (1/m)70
d
V
ric he he
out
ty
wo ed ith ity
m, f a on as
he ith he
80
d
R-1
R-2
R-3
R-4
R-5
R-6
R-7
R-8
TEST REFigure 9-measuredcapacitanlow value
5.14. The1.52 pF ungroutedfrom the Figure 9-grouted cobtained the expertheoreticabetween FEM doelength. Insensor/wa
Table
GrouteUngrou
Sensor sesensitivitywith grou
C-1 C-2 C-3
ESULTS -(a) gives thed capacitancnce decreasee of the diel
e mean valuerespectively
d cells of 2.5measured ca
-(b). The vocells appear to verify thrimental datal results ovexperimenta
es not accounn addition, dall contact q
e 1. Compar
ed cells uted cells
ensitivity is y is an indicuted cells. Th
C-4 C-5 C-6
Figu
e capacitancces were afd in these relectric permi
es for the mey with aver56 %. The capacitance oids and ungas light reg
e experimenta, analyticaver-predictedal data and thnt for the fri
disturbance fquality had o
rison betwee
Experimenta
an importancation of hohe sensor sen
15th Internatio Mason
Florianópoli
C-7 C-8
ure 8: Maso
ce measuremffected by thegions. The ittivity of ai
easurementsrage coefficapacitance p
obtained fromrouted zone
gions. The antal results. Aal model, and the experimhe theoreticainging end efactors such ther contribu
en the exper
al Measurem2.63 1.50
nt factor usew much sennsitivity is d
onal Brick andnry Conference
lis – Brazil – 2
Grouted Cell
Ungrouted Cel
nry wallet s
ments for diffhe presencedecrease of r, air =1, c
s of grouted cient of variprofiles fromm the three ss can be ide
analytical anA comparisond FEM simmental valual results maeffect as elecas the stray ute to these d
rimental an
ments (pF) A
ed to investinsor signals defined as:
d Block e
2012
l
specimen
ferent cells oe of voids af the output sompared to
and ungroutiation (COV
m the measursensor configentified by thd FEM simuon between mulations isues by 9% oay be attribuctrodes werecapacitance deviations.
nd theoretica
Analytical M2.841.72
igate the senchange for u
of the inspecand unfilledsignals is attthat of the g
ted cells werV) for bothrements weregurations andhe dark regiulations resuthe results o
s shown in on average. Tuted to the fae assumed to
of the test l
al capacitan
Model (pF) F4 2
nsor performungrouted ce
ungro
cted wall. Thd cells as thtributed to thgrout, groutre 2.61 pF anh grouted ane extrapolated presented ions while thults were alsobtained froTable 1. ThThe deviatio
act that the 2o be of infinilead wires an
nce results
FEM (pF) 2.70 1.63
mance. Sensells compare
outed cells
he he he =
nd nd ed in he so
om he on 2D ite nd
or ed
Figure
% Senso
where grC
ungroutedfound to b The Signfollows(M
CSNR
where gwas foun CONCLThe desigwalls wadielectricto presenperformeresponseswall contidentifyinresults an
Cap
acit
ance
(pF
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
9: (a)Capac
or Sensitivity
routed and C
d cells. Thebe approxim
nal-to-NoiseMeola 2007)
grouted ungr
g
C C
is the stan
nd to be appr
USIONS gn of a copls presented.
c signatures once or absenced to examins. The devetaining groutng the ungrnd theoretica
C-1 C-2 C-
R-3
(a)
citance mea
y = grouted
gr
C
C
ungroutedC are
e sensitivity mately 40%.
e Ratio (SN):
routed
ndard deviat
roximately 2
lanar capacit The develoon different ce of the grone the influeloped modeted and ungrouted cells. al prediction
-3 C-4 C-5
R-4
15th Internatio Mason
Florianópoli
asurements profile for
ungrouted
routed
C
e the averag
of the cop
NR) is anoth
tion of senso
2.
tance sensoropment of th
points alongut. Both anance of differ
els were verirouted cells.There was
n data with e
C-6 C-7 C
R-4
onal Brick andnry Conference
lis – Brazil – 2
for differenr inspected w
100
ge capacitan
lanar sensor
her importa
or measurem
r for detectinhe sensor wag the wall sualytical moderent sensor gified using . The coplan excellent a
errors attribu
C-8
d Block e
2012
nt cells of thwall
nce measur
r in the stud
ant factor a
ments for the
ng ungroutedas based on urface and coel and finite geometrical measuremen
nar capacitanagreement buted to fring
(b)
e wall, (b) C
rements for
dy conducte
and can be
e grouted ce
d zones in cdetecting thorrelating thelement simparameters
nts performence sensor wbetween the ging end effe
Capacitance
(5
grouted an
ed herein w
estimated
(6)
ells. The SN
concrete bloche variation hese variationmulations we
on the sensed on a blocwas capable
experimentects, and stra
e
)
nd
as
as
NR
ck of ns
ere or ck of tal ay
capacitandifferent ACKNOFinancialof Structu(ORDCFCanada. PCanada MCanadian REFEREBois,J., Cdetection CMDC (2Technica Gevorgiawaveguidsuperstrat Li, X. B.,electric fSymposiu Maxwell Meola,C.vol. 49, p Nassr, Adetecting075702. Pieraccinmasonry Sadri,A. structures Shedid, Mand impaCalgary, Williams"NondestJournal, v
nce. The rematerials ca
OWLEDGEMl support hasures (CEDS)
F) as well asProvision ofMasonry D
n Concrete M
ENCES Campbell,H
n of grout in
2007) Canadal Advisor, C
an, S., Berg,des on multes," Microw
, Larson, S. field sensorum on Electr
2D, V.10, P
. "Infrared tpp. 228-233,
A. A., Ahmeg water intru
ni, M., Pisanwalls," NDT
"Applicatios," NDT & E
M., Hamid, Aact of incomBanff, Albe
s, T. J., Satructive evavol. 15, pp. 4
sults of thean be used to
MENTS s been provi) funded thros the Naturaf mason timeesign Centr
Masonry Prod
H.,Benally, Amasonry," T
da Masonry CMDC, Miss
, H., Jacobsltilayer dielwave Magaz
D., Zyuzin, s for imagirical Insulati
Pittsburgh, P
thermograph2007.
d, W. H., ausion in com
neschi, M., T & E Intern
n of impactE Internation
A., and Drysmplete grourta, Canada.
ansalone, Maluation of 45-57, June
15th Internatio Mason
Florianópoli
e study cleo detect unfil
ided by the Mough the Onal Sciences e by Ontariore is apprecducers Asso
A., Nowak,TMS Journal
Design Censissauga, On
sson, H., andlectric/semicine, IEEE, v
A. S., and Ming. Part I. ion, 2004, pp
PA: Ansoft C
hy of mason
and El-Dakhmposite struc
Noferini,L.,national, vol.
t-echo technnal, vol. 36, p
sdale, R. (20uting." 10th
M., Streett, Wmasonry str1997.
onal Brick andnry Conference
lis – Brazil – 2
arly demonlled cells in
McMaster Untario Researand Engineeo Masonry Cciated. The ciation (CCM
S., and Zl, vol. 16, pp
ntre, Personantario, Canad
d Lewin, T.conductor suvol. 4, pp. 59
Mamishev,AGeneral de
p. 406-409.
Corporation
nry structure
hakhni,W. Wctures," Mea
, and Atzen. 40, pp. 271
nique in diapp. 195-202
005). "DuctilCanadian M
W. B., Posructures usi
d Block e
2012
nstrated thatgrouted mas
University Cerch and Devering ResearContractors A
supply of MPA) is gra
Zoughi, R. p. 49-54, 199
al communicda May, 2007
. "Basic parubstrates. P
9-78, 2003.
A. V. "Designesign princip
2003.
es," Infrared
W. "Coplanaas. Sci. and
ni,C. "Polarim-274, 2007.
agnoses and , 2003.
lity of reinfoMasonry Sy
ston, R. W.ing the imp
t dielectric sonry constru
entre for Effelopment Chrch CouncilAssociation half-scale b