UNFINISHED KOUROS IN THE MYTILENE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone

Proceedings of the IX ASMOSIA Conference (Tarragona 2009)

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone Proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marbles

and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference(Tarragona 2009)

Edited by Anna Gutiérrez Garcia-M.Pilar Lapuente Mercadal

Isabel Rodà de Llanza

INSTITUT CATALÀ D’ARQUEOLOGIA CLÀSSICA

Tarragona, 2012

23

Comitè editorialJuan Manuel Abascal (Universitat d’Alacant), José María Álvarez Martínez (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida), Carmen Aranegui (Universitat de València), Achim Arbeiter (Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen, Alemanya), Jean-Charles Balty (Universitat de París-Sorbona [París IV], França), Francesco D’Andria (Universitat del Salento, Itàlia), Pierre Gros (Universitat de Provença, França), Ella Hermon (Université Laval, Quebec, Canadà), Rosa Plana-Mallart (Universitat Paul-Valéry Montpeller 3, França), Lucrezia Ungaro (Sovraintendenza Capitolina, Direzione Musei, Itàlia) i Susan Walker (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Regne Unit).

© d’aquesta edició, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC) Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona Telèfon 977 249 133 – Fax 977 224 401 [email protected] – www.icac.net

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A partir del desè mes de publicació, aquest llibre està disponible en format PDF a la web de l’ICAC i s’autoritza el públic en general a reproduir, distribuir i comunicar l’obra sempre que se’n reconegui l’autoria i les entitats que la publiquen i no se’n faci un ús comercial, ni lucratiu, ni cap obra derivada.

© d’aquesta edició, les editores; i dels articles, els autors© de la fotografi a de la coberta: ICAC

Primera edició: maig del 2012Coordinació: Publicacions de l’ICACDisseny de la col·lecció: DièdricCoberta: Gerard Juan GiliFotografi a de la coberta: Placa de broccatello de la vil·la romana dels Munts, a Altafulla (Tarragona).

Maquetació i impressió: Indústries Gràfi ques Gabriel GibertDipòsit Legal: T-336-2012 ISBN: 978-84-939033-8-1

Biblioteca de Catalunya - Dades CIP

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity. International Symposium (9è : 2009 : Tarragona, Catalunya)

Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone : proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009). – (Documenta ; 23)Bibliografi aISBN 9788493903381I. Gutiérrez Garcia-Moreno, Anna, ed. II. Lapuente Mercadal, Pilar, ed. III. Rodà, Isabel, 1948- ed. IV. Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica V. Títol VI. Col·lecció: Documenta (Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica) ; 231. Escultura en marbre – Roma – Congressos 2. Construccions de marbre – Roma – Congressos 3. Marbre – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 4. Pedres de construcció – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 5. Pedreres – Roma – Història – Congressos904-03(37):552.46(061.3)

Aquesta obra recull les aportacions (comunicacions orals i pòsters) que es van presentar durant el IX Congrés Internacional de l’Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA), organitzat per l’ICAC en el marc del programa de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST, amb el suport del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementàries HAR2008-03181-E/HIST), i celebrat a Tarragona entre el 8 i el 13 de juny del 2009.

Aquesta publicació ha estat possible gràcies a l’ajut del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementaries HAR2008-03181-E/HIST), i també als projectes de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST (“Explotación, uso e intercambio de materias primas inor-gánicas entre el norte de Hispania, el sur de la Galia y los puertos de Roma”) i HAR2011-25011 (“La explotación y comercio de los recursos naturales en el N. de la Hispania romana: lapis, metalla, aqua”) del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació.

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Abbe, M. B., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA)

[email protected] Abramitis, D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New

York (USA) [email protected] Albiach, R., Servei d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Museu de

Prehistòria de València, València (Spain) [email protected] Àlvarez, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut

Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected] Andreu, J., Departamento de Historia Antigua, Univer-

sidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid (Spain)

[email protected] Antolinos, J. A., Universidad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain) [email protected] Antonelli, F., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An-

tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia (Italy)

[email protected] Apostolaki, C., Department of Mineral Resources En-

gineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania (Greece)

[email protected] Arana, R. † Passed away in June 2011; Departamento de

Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Universi-dad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain)

Arana, S., Escuela Ofi cial de Idiomas de Lorca, Exten-sión Mazarrón, Mazarrón (Spain)

[email protected] Arola, R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Attanasio, D., Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Con-

siglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Roma (Italy)

[email protected] Aulinas, M., Departament de Geoquímica, Petrologia i

Prospecció Geològica, Universitat de Barcelona, Bar-celona (Spain)

[email protected] Aylward, W., Department of Classics, University of Wis-

consin, Madison, WI (USA) [email protected] Barker, S. J., University of Oxford, Hertford College,

Oxford (UK) [email protected] Beltrán, J., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Blanc, A., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments

Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne (France)

Blanc, Ph., Laboratoire de Biominéralisations et Paléoen-vironnements, Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris (France)

[email protected] Blume, C., Courant Forschungszentrum Bildung und

Religion, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göt-tingen (Germany)

[email protected], G. E., Museum of Art, Rhode Island School

of Design, Providence, RI (USA) [email protected] Brilli, M., Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingeg-

neria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGAG-CNR), Roma (Italy)

[email protected] Bromblet, Ph., Centre Interrégional de Conservation et

de Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP), Marseille (France)

[email protected] Bruno, M., Roma (Italy) [email protected] Bugini, R., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione

Beni Culturali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy)

[email protected] Burrell, B., Department of Classics, Brock University, St.

Catharines, Ontario (Canada) [email protected] Buzov, M., Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb (Croatia) [email protected] Cancelliere, S., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An-

tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia (Italy)

[email protected] Carlson, D., Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas

A&M University, College Station, TX (USA) [email protected] Cau, M. A., Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis

Avançats (ICREA) / Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica de la Universitat de Barcelona (ER-AAUB), Departament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Cavari, F., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle

Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] Cebrián, R., Parque Arqueológico de Segóbriga, Saelices

(Spain) [email protected] Černiková, A., Institute of Applied Mathematics and

Information Technologies, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected]

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

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INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Chávez, M. E., Departamento de Prehistoria, Arque-ología, Antropología e Historia Antigua, Universidad de La Laguna, Islas Canarias (Spain)

[email protected] Cipriani, M., Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paes-

tum, Capaccio Scalo (Italy) [email protected] Corremans, M., Sagalassos Archaeological Research

Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni-versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium)

[email protected] Cox, J., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected] Cuchí, J. A., Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad

de Zaragoza, Huesca (Spain) [email protected] Davidović, J., Museum of Srem, Sremska Mitrovica (Ser-

bia) [email protected] De Dapper, M., Department of Geography, Ghent Uni-

versity, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Degryse, P., Centre for Archaeological Sciences, Division

of Geology, Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium)

[email protected] Del Pietro, L., Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche,

University of Pisa, Pisa (Italy) [email protected] De Paepe, P., Department of Geology and Soil Science,

Ghent University, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Dessandier, D., BRGM (French Geological Survey),

Marseille (France) [email protected] Djurić, B., Department of Archaeology, University of

Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Dobruna-Salihu, E., Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës,

Prishtinë (Kosovo) [email protected] Domènech, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut

Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / Deptartament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Domingo, J. Á., Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,

Roma (Italy) [email protected] Donelli, I., Arts Academy, University of Split, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Dotsika, E., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of

Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par-askevi (Greece)

[email protected] Droghini, F., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G.

Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected]

Džin, K., Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb / Centre for Archaeological Research, International Research Centre for Archaeology, Brijuni-Medulin, Pula (Croatia)

[email protected] Eguíluz, L., Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad

del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria/Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected]çi, H., Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational

School, Torbali-İzmir (Turkey) [email protected] Fachard, S., École Suisse d’Archéologie en Grèce,

Lausanne / Athína (Greece) [email protected] Fant, J. C., Department of Classical Studies, Anthropol-

ogy and Archaeology, University of Akron, Akron, OH (USA)

[email protected] Folli, L., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione Beni

Culturali (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy) [email protected] Friedland, E. A., Department of Classical and Near East-

ern Languages and Civilizations, The George Wash-ington University, Washington, DC (USA)

[email protected] Gaggadis-Robin, V., Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS,

Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence (France) [email protected] Gaied, M. E., Faculté des sciences de Sfax, Sfax (Tunisia) [email protected] Galán, E., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y

Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Gallala, W., Faculté des sciences de Gabès, Gabès (Tu-

nisia) [email protected] Gallego, A., Valencia (Spain) [email protected] Garcés, C., Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses (IEA),

Huesca (Spain) [email protected] García-Prósper, E., Valencia (Spain) [email protected] Garcia-Valles, M., Departament de Cristal·lografi a, Mi-

neralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barce-lona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Gasull, N., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Gazda, E., Department of the History of Art and Kel-

sey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (USA)

[email protected] Genera, M., Departament de Cultura, Generalitat de

Catalunya, Barcelona / SEDPGYM, Madrid (Spain) [email protected] Giamello, M., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G.

Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected]

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Girardi Jurkic, V., Department of Latin Studies, Univer-sity of Zagreb, Zagreb (Croatia)

[email protected] Grillo, S. M., Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tec-

nologie Ambientali, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari (Italy)

[email protected] Gromet, L. P., Brown University, Providence, RI (USA) [email protected] Gutiérrez Deza, M. I., Convenio Ayuntamiento de

Córdoba - Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba (Spain)

[email protected] Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics,

Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tar-ragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], M., University M’Bougara of Boumerdès,

Bourmedes (Algeria) [email protected] Herrmann, J. J. Jr., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA

(USA) [email protected] Hipol, S., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected] Jovanović, D., Geological Institute of Serbia, Beograd

(Serbia) [email protected] Khalfallah, C., National Archaeological Museum, Setif

(Algeria) [email protected] Kidd, B., Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of

Missouri, Columbia, MISS (USA) [email protected] Kozelj, T., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos (Greece) [email protected] Lapuente, P., Área de Petrología y Geoquímica, Depar-

tamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain)

[email protected] Laroche, D., École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture

de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (France) [email protected] Lazzarini, L., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi

(LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venenzia (Italy) [email protected] Leka, E., Direction of Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui-

ties, Ministry of Culture, Athína (Greece) [email protected] León, P., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected], L., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments

Historiques (LRMH), Champs-sur-Marne (France) [email protected] López Aldana, P., Sevilla (Spain) [email protected]

López Melción, J. B., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòri-ca, Departament d’Història, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida (Spain)

[email protected] López Vilar, J., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica

(ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Loza Azuaga, M. L., Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio

Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Uriarte, M., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] Macias, J. M., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica

(ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Maniatis, Y., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of

Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par-askevi (Greece)

[email protected] Mañas, I., Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales

(CCHS-CSIC) / Departamento de Historia Anti-gua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid (Spain)

[email protected], R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Marcopoulos, T., Department of Mineral Resources Engi-

neering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, (Greece) [email protected] Mariottini, M., Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione

ed il Restauro, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Martínez-Torres, L. M., Departamento de Geodinámi-

ca, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain)

[email protected] Mas, C., Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètri-

ca de la Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB), Depar-tament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Mascione, C., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle

Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] Matijaca, M., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Matsas, D., Archaeological Museum, Komotini (Greece) [email protected] Maver, A., Department of Archaeology, University of

Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Menchon, J. J., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajunta-

ment de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Miras, A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía

y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain)

[email protected]


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Miró, C., ICUB- Servei d’Arqueologia, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Molist, N., Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Olèrdo-

la, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Moretti, J. C., IRAA du CNRS, MOM, Université de

Lyon 2, Lyon (France) [email protected] Moya, A., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Departa-

ment d’Història, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida (Spain)

[email protected] Muñoz, A., Museu Bíblic Tarraconense, Tarragona

(Spain) [email protected] Niso, J., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] Nogales, T., Museo Nacional de Arte Romano de Mérida

(MNAR) / Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], J. M., Área de Arqueología, Universidad de

Murcia, Murcia (Spain) [email protected] Ontiveros, E., Laboratorio de Geología, Instituto Anda-

luz del Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Orfi la, M., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain) orfi [email protected] Otiña, P., Salou (Spain) [email protected] Ovadiah, A., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (Israel) [email protected] Paduan, I., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Pensabene, P., Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità,

Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Pérez, C., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Segovia

(Spain) [email protected] Perna, S., Department of Classics Royal Holloway, Uni-

versity of London, London (UK) [email protected]; [email protected], S., Department of Earth and Environmental Sci-

ence, Willamette University, Salem, OR (USA) [email protected] Pitarch, A., Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications

(LARX), Institut de Ciències de la Terra “Jaume Alm-era” (ICTJA-CSIC), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], D., Department of Geology and Paleontology,

Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava (Slovakia)

[email protected] Pojani, I., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) [email protected]

Polikreti, K., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) [email protected] Pollini, J., Department of Art History, University of

Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (USA) [email protected] Preite-Martinez, M., Dipartimento di Scienze della Ter-

ra, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Přikryl, R., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and

Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected] Prochaska, W., Department of Applied Geological Sci-

ences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Leoben (Austria)

[email protected] Rébé, I., Centre Archéologique de Ruscino, Perpignan

(France) [email protected] Revilla, E., Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA),

Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Reyes, O., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Sego-

via (Spain) [email protected] Riache, C., National Archaeological Museum of Setif,

Setif (Algeria) [email protected] Riera Rullan, M., Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears (Spain) [email protected] Rižnar, I., Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Rodà, I., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC),

Tarragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Rodríguez, O., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arque-

ología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Romano, I.B., American School of Classical Studies at

Athens, Princeton, NJ (USA) [email protected], M., Servicio de Arqueología, Ayuntamiento de

Antequera, Málaga (Spain)Royo, H., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut Cat-

alà d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / De-partamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain)

[email protected] Russell, B., Classics Department, King’s College Lon-

don, London (UK) [email protected] Salán, M., Madrid (Spain) [email protected] Scardozzi, G., Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monu-

mentali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBAM-CNR), Lecce (Italy)

[email protected]

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Soler, B., Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (IAM-CSIC), Mérida (Spain)

[email protected]Šťastná, A., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and

Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected] Storage, W., Offi ce for History of Science and Technol-

ogy, University of California, Berkeley (USA) [email protected]; [email protected], T., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Univer-

sity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) [email protected] Stoyanova, D., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Uni-

versity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) [email protected] Sturgeon, M., Department of Art, University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (USA) [email protected] Taelman, D., Department of Archaeology, Ghent Uni-

versity, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Tambakopoulos, D., Laboratory of Archaeometry, In-

stitute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi (Greece)

[email protected] Taylor, R., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Teixell, I., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajuntament

de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Toma, N., Institut für Klassische Archäologie, Christian-

Albrechts-Universität, Kiel (Germany) [email protected] Tykot, R. H., Department of Anthropology, University

of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL (USA) [email protected] Ungaro, L., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di

Roma, Roma (Italy) [email protected] van den Hoek, A., Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge,

MA (USA) [email protected] Van Keuren, F., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of

Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected]

Varti-Matarangas, M., Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), Athína (Greece)

[email protected] Vázquez, M. A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Min-

eralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain)

[email protected] Vermeulen, F., Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Cultu-

ras e Sociedades (CIDEHUS), Universidade de Évora, Évora (Portugal)

[email protected] Villa, I., Isotopengeologie, Mineralogisch-Petrographi-

sches Institut, Universität Bern, Bern (Switzerland) [email protected] Visona, D., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Univer-

sità di Padova, Padova (Italy) [email protected] Vitti, M., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di

Roma, Roma (Italy) [email protected], M., Sagalassos Archaeological Research

Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni-versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium)

[email protected] Wescoat, B. D., Art History Department, Emory Uni-

versity, Atlanta, GA (USA) [email protected] Wielgosz, D., Institute of Archaeology, University of

Warsaw, Warszawa (Poland) [email protected] Wurch-Kozelj, M., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos

(Greece) [email protected] Yavuz, A. B., Geological Engineering Department,

D.E.Ü. Engineering Faculty, İzmir (Turkey) [email protected] Younès, A., Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de

Tunis, Tunis (Tunisia) [email protected] Zachos, G. A., Research Centre for Antiquity, Academy

of Athens, Athína (Greece) [email protected]


Nota bene

The quality of the texts and images relies on the quality of the originals provided by the authors.

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Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

In Memoriam Rafael Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1. APPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. USE OF MARBLE

Roman marble salvaging, S. J. Barker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Computer technology and three-dimensional models in determining the recuttingof Roman portraits: the Getty Augustus, J. Pollini and W. Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

The import and the use of white marble and coloured stone for wall and fl oorrevetment at Sagalassos, M. Corremans, P. Degryse, D. Wielgosz and M. Waelkens . . . . . 38

Quarry origins, commission, and import of the marble sculptures from the Roman Theater in Philadelphia/Amman, Jordan, E. A. Friedland and R. H. Tykot . . . . . . . . 52

The “peopled” scroll motif in the Land of Israel in the Roman period: the case of themarble friezes in the Roman theatre at Beth Shean/Scythopolis, A. Ovadiah . . . . . . . 61

An introductory study to the ornamental and building stones of the Djemila (Algeria) archaeological site, D. Dessandier, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini, M. Varti-Matarangas,L. Leroux, M. Hamiane, C. Riache and C. Khalfallah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Unfi nished kouros in the Mytilene Archaeological Museum: marble sculpture in Lesbosin the Archaic period, E. Leka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Ancient sculptures of imported marble in the central part of Dardania (present dayKosovo), E. Dobruna-Salihu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Two incomplete sculptures from Cavae Romanae quarries (Istria, Croatia), K. Džin . . . 89

Late Roman sarcophagi in central Italy made from scavenged blocks, J. J. Herrmann Jr. . 93

Archaeometric analyses of white marbles from Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli, Italy) and theuse of Pentelic and Dokymaean marbles in the statuary of the so-called Canopus, P. Pensabene, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Ancient coloured marbles and their surrogates in the Milan cathedral (late 16th century), R. Bugini and L. Folli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

The marmora from the Forum of Ruscino (Château-Roussillon, France), P. Pensabene, I. Rébé and I. Rodà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

The stones of Ammaia (Portugal): use and provenance, D. Taelman, F. Vermeulen, M. De Dapper and P. De Paepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

The opus sectile of the curia of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, Seville). Considerations on the use of stone in public architecture from Roman Baetica, O. Rodríguez, I. Mañas and E. Ontiveros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Suitability criteria for the selection of marble to be used for restoration: application tothe Alhambra Palace (Granada, Spain), A. Miras, M. A. Vázquez, E. Galán, C. Apostolaki and T. Marcopoulos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Almándoz marble from Navarra in the Arcaya Roman thermae in Álava (Northern Spain), L. M. Martínez-Torres, L. Eguíluz, M. Loza Uriarte and J. Niso . . . . . . . . . . 142

Espejón marmor and its use in Roman Hispania, M. Salán. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Use of marmora in the ornamental program of Las Pizarras Roman site (ancient Cauca, Segovia, Spain), C. Pérez, O. Reyes, I. Rodà, A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Funding of public buildings and calculation of the costs of the stone materials. The case of the Forum of Segobriga (Cuenca, Spain). P. Pensabene, R. Mar and R. Cebrián. . 161

The marble repertoire of the Roman villa of Cornelius (Valencia, Spain), R. Albiach,E. García-Prósper and A. Gallego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

CONTENTS

12


Petrographic study of the tumular cist with carved steles of Reguers de Seró (Artesa de Segre, Lleida, Catalonia), M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J. B. López Melción and A. Moya 183

The imported marmora from the Jaume I School: an assemblage from the Provincial Forum of Tarraco, R. Arola, J. Á. Domingo and N. Gasull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

The marmora used in the imperial cult area of Tarraco (Hispania Citerior), A. Àlvarez, J. M. Macias, A. Muñoz, À. Pitarch, I. Teixell and J. J. Menchon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Marmora at the Tarraco of the Antonines: the assemblage of Sant Pau and Santa TeclaHospital (Tarragona, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. and J. López Vilar . . . . . . . . . 204

Columns and rotae in Tarraco made with granite from the Troad, I. Rodà, P. Pensabene and J. Á. Domingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

2. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION I. MARBLES

Tracing the origin of marbles by inclusion fl uid chemistry, W. Prochaska and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Determining white marble provenance of Greek and Roman sculpture in the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri, B. Kidd, D. Attanasio and R. H. Tykot . 238

On the Ephesian origin of greco scritto marble, D. Attanasio, A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno, J. J. Herrmann Jr., R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

A new source of bigio antico marble: the ancient quarries of Iznik (Turkey), A. B. Yavuz,M. Bruno and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

The Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace, Greece: an extended marble provenance study, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos, E. Dotsika, B. D. Wescoat and D. Matsas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Provenance investigation of two marble artefacts from ancient Stymphalos, Greece, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos and M. Sturgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

The search for the Prehistoric marble sources in the Cyclades, D. Tambakopoulos and Y. Maniatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Characterization and distribution of marble from Cap de Garde and Mt. Filfi la, Algeria, J. J. Herrmann Jr., D. Attanasio, R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek . . . . . . . . 300

Provenance investigation of marble sculptures from Butrint, Albania, V. Gaggadis-Robin, I. Pojani, K. Polikreti and Y. Maniatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Provenance study of Czech marbles based on a comparison of mineralogical-petrographic, cathodoluminescence, plus C and O isotopic characteristics, A. Šťastná, R. Přikryl and A. Černíková. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Rome: white marbles in the Fora of Caesar, Augustus, and Trajan, D. Attanasio,M. Brilli, M. Bruno, L. Ungaro and M. Vitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Three fragments of a Marsyas sarcophagus: multimethod marble analyses, F. VanKeuren, D. Attanasio, J. J. Herrmann Jr., S. Hipol, J. Cox, L. P. Gromet and D. Abramitis . 344

Investigations on the white marbles of architectural elements in Salento (Southern Italy), L. Del Pietro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

White sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, P. León, T. Nogales, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez and Ph. Blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Black sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, T. Nogales, P. León, H. Royo and M. Preite-Martinez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

The importation of white marble into Paestum during the Republic and at the beginning of the Empire, M. Cipriani, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere . . . . . . . . . . 384

The white marble quarries of Campiglia Marittima (Livorno, Italy) and the provenance of marble artefacts from Populonia, F. Cavari, F. Droghini, M. Giamello, L. Lazzarini and C. Mascione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

White marbles provenance study of Caesar’s head and other major sculptures found in the Rhône River at Arles (France), Ph. Blanc, Ph. Bromblet and L. Leroux . . . . . . . 401

13

Petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Roman quarries of Los Castillejos and Los Covachos (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain). Outcrops and semi-elaborated products, E. Ontiveros, J. Beltrán, R. Taylor, O. Rodriguez and P. López Aldana . . . . . . 407

Study of provenance of the Roman sarcophagus known today as the tomb of King Ramiro II of Aragon, P. Lapuente, J. A. Cuchí, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez, Ph. Blancand C. Garcés. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Provenance of some ancient marbles from El Pla de Ses Figueres (Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain), A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, M. Riera Rullan, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

3. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION II. OTHER STONES

Archaeometric characterisation of one Tunisian and two Italian calcareous alabasters used in antiquity, L. Lazzarini, D. Visonà, M. Giamello and I. Villa . . . . . . . . . . . 436

A fi rst study of some lumachelle (fossiliferous stones) used in Roman antiquity, L. Lazzarini and M. Mariottini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Stone blocks used for the building of the Thysdrus and Thapsus amphitheatres in Tunisia, A. Younes, M. E. Gaied and W. Gallala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Alabastro a pecorella, Aïn Tekbalet, and Bou Hanifi a, Algeria: a preliminary report, J. J. Herrmann Jr., A. van den Hoek and R. H. Tykot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Sirmium’s main limestone quarry at Dardagani (Bosnia and Herzegovina), B. Djurić, A. Maver, I. Rižnar, D. Jovanović and J. Davidović . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Miocene limestone as dressed stone for Carnuntum Roman town and surrounding settlements in Upper Pannonia (Austria, Slovakia, Hungary), D. Pivko. . . . . . . . . . 480

Ancient uses of the Roman breccia (brèche des Romains) in Gaul, A. Blanc and Ph. Blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Notes on local stone use in Colonia Patricia Corduba (Córdoba, Spain), M. I. GutiérrezDeza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Roman use, petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Surco Intrabético limestones (western region of Málaga province, Spain), J. Beltrán, E. Ontiveros Ortega, M. L. Loza Azuaga and M. Romero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Local stone used on the Roman bridge of Martorell (Barcelona, Spain), A. Àlvarez and À. Pitarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Petrographic characterisation of an opus sectile found in the Roman town of Pollentia (Alcudia, Majorca, Spain), M. E. Chávez, C. Mas, M. Orfi la, A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and M. Á. Cau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

4. TRANSPORT AND TRADE OF STONE

Contracts and costs for shipping marble in the Roman Empire, J. C. Fant . . . . . . . . 528

Shipwrecks and stone cargoes: some observations, B. Russell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

The Temple of Apollo at Claros and the Kizilburun shipwreck: preliminary analysis of isotopic data, W. Aylward, D. Carlson, D. Laroche, J. C. Moretti and S. Pike . . . . . . 540

Marble trade in Moesia Inferior. The case of Tomis and Odessos. Its origin and its characteristics, N. Toma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

5. QUARRIES

Unknown ancient marble quarries of Western Asia Minor, M. Bruno, H. Elçi, A. B. Yavuz and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Ancient marble and alabaster quarries near Hierapolis in Phrygia (Turkey): new data from archaeological surveys, G. Scardozzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

The marble quarries of the metropolis of Ephesos and some examples of the use for marbles in Ephesian architecture and sculpturing, W. Prochaska and S. M. Grillo. . . . . 584

The ancient quarry at Pagani-Alyfanta, Lesbos, Greece, G. A. Zachos and E. Leka . . . . 592

CONTENTS

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Cipollino marble quarries south of Karystos at Aghii (Euboea, Greece), M. Bruno and M. Vitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

New work on quarrying in the territory of Eretria, Euboea, B. Russell and S. Fachard . . 612

Grey limestone quarries of Byllis (Albania), T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj. . . . . . . . 619

The ancient quarries in Croatia. The technology of extracting stone, M. Buzov . . . . . 628

Ancient quarries on the Eastern Adriatic Coast with specifi c reference to the island of Brač (Croatia), I. Donelli, M. Matijaca and I. Paduan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

The Cavae Romanae quarry. Properties and use of the stone for the amphitheatre in Pula (Croatia), V. Girardi Jurkić . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

The quarries of Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain): new data from the recent archaeological interventions, O. Rodríguez, J. Beltán, P. López Aldana, E. Ontiveros and R. Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

The Roman quarries of the town and territory of Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M, H. Royo and J. Andreu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Quarrying, use and scope of Cabezo Gordo and Rambla de Trujillo marbles (Murcia, Spain) in the Roman era, R. Arana †, J. A. Antolinos, J. M. Noguera, B. Soler and S. Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Roman quarries in the northeast of Hispania (modern Catalonia, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

The Roman quarry at Montjuïc (Barcelona, Spain), C. Miró and E. Revilla . . . . . . . 680

The Roman Republican and medieval quarry of Sant Miquel d’Olèrdola (Olèrdola, Barcelona), N. Molist and P. Otiña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Stone quarrying on the fi nal stretch of the Ebro (Spain), M. Genera and A. Àlvarez . . . 696

6. QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, ORGANIZATION AND STONE MANUFACTURING

Quarry blocks in marmor Iassense from the Balik Pazari at Iasos (Turkey), M. Bruno . . . 706

Use of a saw in Roman and proto-Byzantine period on the island of Thassos, T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

Stone-cutting workshops at the Getic capital Helis (NE Bulgaria) – tools and techniques, T. Stoyanov and D. Stoyanova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

The quarries at Luni in the 1st century AD: fi nal considerations on some aspects of production, diffusion and costs, P. Pensabene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

The red travertine of Mula (Murcia, Spain): management and administration of quarries in the Roman period, B. Soler, J. M. Noguera, R. Arana † and J. A. Antolinos . . 744

7. PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

The role of the stone in the polychrome treatment of Hellenistic sculptures, C. Blume. . 754

A Hellenistic greek marble statue with ancient polychromy reported to be from Knidos, M. B. Abbe, G. E. Borromeo and S. Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

8. SYMBOLISM OF STONES. LOCAL AND IMPORTED MATERIALS

The use and symbolism of Pentelic marble in Domitianic Rome, I. B. Romano, S. Pike and E. Gazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

Phrygian for Phrygians: semiotics of “exotic” local marble, B. Burrell . . . . . . . . . . 780

The colours of death. Roman cinerary urns in coloured stone, S. Perna . . . . . . . . . 787

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unfInIShed KOUROS In The MyTILene ArChAeOLOgICAL MuSeuM: MArbLe SCuLpTure In LeSbOS In The ArChAIC perIOd

E. Leka

Abstract The fragment of the legs of a marble kouros in the Mytilene Archaeological Museum (inv. 186) is one of the very few pieces of large-scale Archaic sculptures known to be from Lesbos. This fact related to its unfinished state as well as to the lack of known statuary marble quarry on the island raises interesting questions about the place of its manufacture and the origin of the marble. The paper constitutes the first presentation of the aforementioned fragment found in the 1960s in Skala Eresou, reused in a later context. It deals as well with two other Archaic sculptures from Eresos: a fragment of the left leg of an-other marble kouros and a primitive Kybele relief carved out of a local coarse stone.

KeywordsGreece, Lesbos, Eresos, Archaic period, marble sculpture, carving technique, kouros.

Introduction - Provenance

The fragment of the upper legs of a marble kouros in the Mytilene Archaeological Museum is one of the very few pieces of monumental Archaic sculpture known to come from Lesbos. It was found in Skala Eresou in 1962 by the late Ephor of Antiquities Serapheim Charitonidis during conservation work in the Early Christian basilica of Aghios Andreas and has since then remained unstud-ied. While the excavator does not specify the exact loca-tion of the discovery, one can suppose that it was reused as building material either in the basilica itself or in a Late Classic/Early Hellenistic building unearthed at the time to the south of the basilica1.

The modern beach village of Skala Eresou, situated in the south-western part of the northeast Aegean island, overlies the ancient city of Eresos, one of the six inde-pendent city-states of Lesbos in the Archaic period and birthplace of Sappho, Theophrastos, and Phanias. Aside from the acropolis, known since the 19th century but yet to be excavated, and a harbor mole at his southern foot, parts of the asty, city-wall and necropolis are coming presently to light, to the west and north of the acropolis, through salvage excavation work conducted by the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. The Early Christian basilica of Aghios Andreas, the discovery location of our kouros, is situated to the northwest of the

acropolis within the limits of the ancient asty in the same district where the agora of the Classical Period onwards can be located (Figs. 1 and 2) (Schaus and Spencer 1994).

More specifically, as far as Archaic Eresos is con-cerned, a gate and a stretch of polygonal wall on the north slope of the acropolis are probably the only re-maining traces of the Archaic enclosure. On the lower slopes of the acropolis, scanty remains of houses built on terraces retained by walls of Lesbian masonry sug-gest that in the Archaic period the city, or at least part of it, was located on the hill itself. It is quite certain also that temples were located on the acropolis; an Ar-chaic capital found on the beach probably made its way downhill from there (Spencer 1995, 30, note 135) and a second one was found in 1940 in secondary use in a modern house (Kontis 1946-8). Both capitals were carved from the local tracheitis and have been dated to the 6th century BC. Were it not left unfinished, our kouros would have been dedicated in one of the city’s sanctuaries, most probably Apollo’s, attested to by a 3rd century BC votive inscription (IG XII, 2, 534). An-other kouros fragment found to the north-west of the acropolis probably originates from the same sanctuary. Earlier evidence for a cult place in Eresos is provided by a primitive Kybele relief dated to the 7th century BC2. These pieces represent the only Archaic sculptures known to be from Eresos and grosso modo from Lesbos in general and will occupy us further below. The city’s cemeteries were located to the north / northeast and west of the asty. The west cemetery was discovered in 2005 in Ag. Andreas Str., a few meters to the west of the homonymous church. An impressive group of urns, cist graves, burial pithoi, stone sarcophagi and a Clazome-nian clay sarcophagus, dated from Late Archaic to Early Classical, was excavated3.

A new rescue excavation conducted in 2006-2007 on the plain immediately below the acropolis hill un-covered an extended building complex of the Archaic period, constructed probably in the early 6th century and destroyed at the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 5th century. A small segment of Lesbian masonry that came to light just underneath the aforementioned complex can be dated to the second half of the 7th or beginning of the 6th century. Several finds indicate that this area situated outside the city’s enclosure had an in-dustrial use. Moreover, the quality of specific finds and in particular the imports shows a flourishing commu-nity that had relations not only with neighbouring Asia

1. ArchDelt 18, 1963, Chronicles, 269, pl. 311d.2. ArchDelt 41, 1986, Chronicles, 205; 42, 1987, 482, pl. 290b; Archontidou-Argyri and Archeliara, 1999, 93.3. ArchDelt, property of Chachalas, in press.

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InTerdISCIpLInAry STudIeS On AnCIenT STOne. prOCeedIngS Of The IX ASMOSIA COnferenCe (TArrAgOnA 2009)

Minor but also with commercial centers of the Greek mainland (Athens, Corinth)4.

Condition and material

Originally exposed in the local Archaeological Col-lection at Skala Eresou (inv. 186), the kouros fragment was moved to Mytilene in 1990 and has since then been

presented in the Epigraphic section of the Old Archaeo-logical Museum (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6).

The piece is carved out of a white, coarse-grained marble whose original epidermis is very well preserved to judge by the abundant tool marks that are still visible. The marble surface presents a natural, quite uniform and warm, brown-yellow coloured patina. It has undergone a thorough cleaning though, on the occasion of its pres-entation at the Mytilene Museum, which resulted in the removal of the soil concretions visible on ancient photos.

The fragment preserves the upper left leg of an over life-size kouros, from above knee to about middle of thigh, at a height of 0.40m, and a smaller part of the right leg, connected to each other by a quite substantial marble reserve. The diameter of the left leg reaches 0.25m. An almost horizontal fracture surface runs along the top of the left leg while a diagonal one is responsible for the loss of the knee whose right side only is preserved. Two in-clined and almost joining fracture plans have taken away most of the front part of the right leg. They align with the upper and lower limits of the marble reserve which does not, however, present any fracture surface.

Technique

The carving of the left leg appears to be quite ad-vanced and of a high calibre, showing only marks of the claw and flat chisels at the rear and front side, respec-tively. On the opposite, the right leg exhibits a much ear-

4. The study and publication of the material coming from the excavation on the property of Giorgos Tzinieris, as well as an overall reconsideration of the old and new evidence on the topography of ancient Eresos, have been prepared by G.A. Zachos, in press. From this study are borrowed the observations on the topography of Archaic Eresos presented here.

Fig. 1. Ancient cities of Lesbos. Design: E. Leka.

Fig. 2. Plan of ancient Eresos. Design: E. Leka.


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lier stage of carving, that of the point work, itself more advanced at the front than at the back where an almost initial stage of stone carving is represented, still preserv-ing the cubic form of the marble block. The same kind of point work is visible also on the marble reserve which still connects the two thighs and at the same time indi-cates a stage of stone carving where the two legs, quite fragile elements, were not detached yet from each other. An attempt to do so can be seen in the guide lines incised with the point along both thighs as well as in the series of holes drilled along the left leg in order to remove the marble reserve. It seems that the top and bottom of the latter have been already cut away in order to facilitate the finishing of the left leg.

It is obvious that the carving work stopped and the piece was left unfinished due to a marble defect that ap-pears in the form of “worm holes” over the entire back side of the fragment as well as at other isolated points. These are gaps in the rock structure, a quite common statuary marble defect which can often compromise the success of the carving work (Baudry et al. 1990, 218, 617). In the case of the left leg, the sculptor seems to have overcome it quite successfully, though, and proceeded to the next stage of his work. That is the use of the claw chisel, then that of the flat one which represents an al-most final stage of treatment. In the case of the right leg, however, the marble faults detected during point work proved to have been fatal. Furthermore, they are cou-pled with a lack of uniformity in terms of proceeding, to judge by other unfinished sculptures of the Archaic period (Adam 1966): instead of working uniformly on each side of the sculpture, our sculptor first finished the left leg all over then proceeded to the carving of the right one. Certainly, the marble flaws may have played a sig-nificant part in the choice of this seemingly tentative way of processing.

Typology and date

The nude youth figure stands erect in the typical frontal pose of the kouros type, the left leg advanced, the weight evenly distributed and the arms hanging once by the sides. The carving of the right leg, which appears more slender and wide apart in regard to the left one and whose inner contour adjacent to the marble reserve has been designed curved instead of straight, such as that of the left leg, is faithful to the general kouros scheme. On the other hand, the pronounced curve presented by the outer contour of the left thigh is quite exceptional.

This leg preserves also two depressions for vasti muscles, one on each side of the knee, with the internal vastus descending slightly lower than the external one and the bulge above the inner side of the knee slightly increased. The forms are carved in the round and almost true to nature. The contours are flowing and the general struc-ture of the leg is simple, long and slender, though quite athletic.

These anatomical features find similarities with some kouroi of Richter’s “Melos group” and help, therefore, to place the kouros round the middle of the 6th century BC, a little before rather than after 550 (Richter 1970, 90-96).

Style and origin

Our kouros has not the soft, fleshy modelling which we traditionally associate with Eastern workmanship, es-pecially Asia Minor and Samos. The general characteris-tics described above associate the work with the Cyclades and, more specifically, with the Parian school5. It is obvi-ous, though - the unfinished state of the fragment leaves us with no other conclusion - that the statue was at least meant to be finished where it was found, that is, in Eresos.

This is the only kouros so far found in Lesbos, along with another unpublished fragment, carved out of the same white, coarse-grained marble. This fragment is kept in the Archaeological Collection at Skala Eresou (inv. 306) and reported to have come from the area to the north-west of the acropolis, called Xokastro (this infor-mation is contained in the inventory catalogue of the Collection). The piece is finished, though badly weath-ered, and preserves the upper left leg of a life-size kouros, from above knee to about middle of thigh, at a height of 0.19m. The diameter of the thigh reaches 0.13m. It is of fine workmanship and presents the same typological and stylistic characteristics as the unfinished kouros, with which it might be contemporary (Figs. 7-8).

Except for these two kouroi from Eresos and a horse head recently found in Mytilene6 the use of white marble either in architecture or in sculpture in Archaic Lesbos is otherwise unknown. Moreover, no white marble quarry has been located yet on the island. To tell the truth, our knowledge of the Archaic plastic of Lesbos is very lim-ited7. Nevertheless, a primitive relief representing Kybele seated in a naiskos, also from Eresos and dated to the 7th century is carved out of the local grey-brown, coarse vol-canic stone called tracheitis (Fig. 9) (Mytilene, Archaeo-logical Museum, inv. 296). This stone was used in the

5. See for example the kouros from Paros in the Louvre Museum, inv. MA 3101: Richter 1970, no. 116. On the characteristics of the Parian kouroi, see Rolley 1994, 254-255.

6. I. Kourtzellis, in Kokkorou-Alewras and Niemeier in press. This head is carved out of the same white, coarse-grained marble as the kouroi and presents also similarities with works associated with the Parian school.

7. A limestone relief of Kybele, once found in Mytilene, is now lost: ArchDelt 28, 1973, Chronicles, 517. A primitive human head carved out of the same coarse stone was found also in Mytilene, along with the marble horse head mentioned above. Late Archaic terracotta figurines and protomae come from Mytilene and Antissa (Acheilara 2005, nos. 1-9) and terracotta relief plaques were found in Klopedi: Mytilene, Archaeological Museum, inv. 410, 411, 414, 2861, 3833; Åkerström 1966, I, 27-33, II, pl. 11.

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famous Aeolian architecture of the island (Betancourt 1977; Williams 1993) as well as in the relief frieze and metopes of the Assos Temple on the opposite Asia Minor coast (on these sculptures, see Finster-Hotz 1984; Rolley 1994, 231-232). To judge by these obviously local prod-ucts, the marble kouroi from Eresos, and the horse head from Mytilene, cannot be related to the local Aeolian ar-tistic tradition. In any case, these works are marked by a distinctive coherence in style that matches with a rather long tradition in marble carving, in which Lesbos does not seem to have partaken at least for the Archaic Period. This picture changed radically in later periods when mar-ble architecture and sculpture abounded on the island.

On the other hand, Pliny the Elder mentions in his Natural History (Book 36, par. 13) that there were works of the famous Chian school of Archaic sculp-ture in Lesbos and, speaking of white marble suitable for sculpture (par. 44), he specifies that “apart from the marble of the Cyclades, sculptors worked in that of Thasos, which rivals it, and of Lesbos, which has a slightly more bluish tinge”. The logical assignment of

our kouroi to the Chian school, further supported by the geographical proximity of the two islands, encounters two major difficulties, though: a) the stylistic features of the monumental kouroi recently discovered at Em-porio and of the kouros from Nagos (on these kouroi, see Rouggou in press) which the Eresos kouroi do not seem to share and b) the type of marble of the Chian sculptures, a grey-white rather than white marble. To the contrary, the marble of the Eresos kouroi is totally white and does not bear any “bluish tinge” like that mentioned by Pliny nor any similarity to the grey marble extracted from the numerous Roman quarries in south-eastern Lesbos, which certainly is not suitable for sculpture (on this local grey marble, see Zachos and Leka 2012). One cannot exclude, of course, the possibility that the white marble quarries of Lesbos have been exhausted or not yet discovered. Nevertheless, the marble of the Eresos kouroi – a white, coarse-grained marble with an abun-dant presence of mica – appears to be an Island mar-ble. It is tempting to suppose, therefore, that the blocks out of which the kouroi are carved have been imported,

Fig. 3. Unfinished kouros fragment, Mytilene, Old Archaeological Museum, inv. 186; ht. 40cm. Front-view. Photo: E. Leka.


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along with the craftsmen. The Island marbles were pop-ular during the whole of the Archaic period throughout the Greek world – especially the Parian marble – and sculptors during the 6th century traveled extensively, re-ceiving orders from near and distant places. The marble defects, being responsible for the one kouros to be left unfinished, suggest also a block of marble shipped to Lesbos unworked rather than worked. In that case, the flaws would have been detected soon enough to pick up another block. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed, though, through marble analyses.

Conclusion

Quite apart from the question of origin, the fact alone that these monumental kouroi were found in Eresos reflects on the artistic importance of that city, known mainly as the birthplace of the lyric poetess Sap-pho. For in days when transport was difficult and costly, the importation of large marble blocks, worked or un-worked, presupposes a certain amount of wealth and cul-ture. These statues are, therefore, precious relics. They shed new light on the activities of Archaic Eresos and its relations to other Greek states. Due to its location on the

south-western coast of Lesbos, Eresos is in fact closer to mainland Greece than to Asia Minor.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Olga Philaniotou, Director of the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui-ties, who provided the permission to study and publish the kouroi fragments, as well as Aglaia Archontidou, Honorary Ephor of Antiquities, who pointed out the im-portance of the unfinished one.

References

IG = Inscriptiones GraecaeArchDelt = Αρχαιολογικòν Δελτíον

Acheilara, L. 2005: Η κοροπλαστική της Λέσβου, Mytilene.

Adam, S. 1966: The Technique of Greek Sculpture in Archaic and Classical periods, Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplement 3, Oxford.

Fig. 4. Unfinished kouros fragment, back-view. Photo: E. Leka.

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Fig. 5. Unfinished kouros fragment, left side-view. Photo: E. Leka.

Fig. 7. Kouros fragment, Skala Eresou, Archaeological Collec-tion, inv. 306; ht. 19cm. Right side-view. Photo: E. Leka.

Fig. 6. Unfinished kouros fragment, right side-view. Photo: E. Leka.

Fig. 8. Kouros fragment, inv. 306, left side-view. Photo: E. Leka.


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Åkerström, A. 1966: Die architektonischen Terrakotten Kleinasiens, I-II, Lund.

Archontidou-Argyri, A.; Acheliara. L. 1999: Ar-chaeological Museum of Mytilene, Mytilene.

Baudry, M.-Th., Bozo, D., Chastel, A., 1990: Princi-pes d’analyse scientifique, La sculpture, Méthode et vo-cabulaire, 3rd ed., Paris.

Betancourt, P. 1977: The Aeolic Style in Architecture, Princeton.

Finster-hotz, U. 1984: Der Bauschmuck des Athenatem-pels von Assos. Studien zur Ikonographie, Archaeologica 34, Rome.

Kokkorou-Alewras, G.; Niemeier, W.-D.: Neue Funde archaischer Plastik aus Griechischen Heiligtümern und Nekropolen, Internationales Symposion, Athen, 2.-3. November 2007. [In press]

Kontis, G. 1946-8: “Capitello Eolico di Eresso”, Annu-ario della Schola Archeologica di Atene 24-26, 25-36.

Richter, G.M.A. 1970: Kouroi. Archaic Greek Youths, 3rd ed., London.

Rouggou, K.: “Έργα αρχαϊκής πλαστικής από το Ιερό του Λιμανιού στο Εμποριό της Χίου”, in: Kokko-rou-Alewras, G., Niemeier, W.-D., Neue Funde archaischer Plastik aus Griechischen Heiligtümern und Nekropolen, Internationales Symposion, Athen, 2.-3. November 2007. [In press]

Rolley, cl. 1994: La sculpture grecque, I. Des origines au milieu du Ve siècle, Paris.

Schaus, G.P.; Spencer, N. 1994: “Notes on the Topog-raphy of Eresos”, American Journal of Archaeology 98, 411-430.

Spencer, N. 1995: A Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites in Lesbos, Oxford.

Williams, H. 1993: “Archaic Architectural Frag-ments from Ancient Mytilene”, in: de Courtils, J., Moretti, J.-C. (eds.), Les grands ateliers d’architecture dans le monde Egéen du VIe siècle av. J.-C., Actes du colloque d’Istanbul, 23-25 mai 1991, Varia Anatolica 3, Paris, 83-87.

Zachos, G.A.: “New evidence on the topography of ancient Eresos: bridging the gap”, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. [In press]

Zachos, G.A.; Leka, E. 2012: “The ancient quarry at Pagani-Alyfanta, Lesbos Island, Greece”, in this vol-ume.

Fig. 9. Kybele relief, Mytilene, Old Archaeological Museum, inv. 296. Photo: E. Leka.

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