Underwater Archaeological Heritage and Tourism

Tajanstveni svijet koji skrivaju morske du-bine oduvijek je hranio ljudsku maštu,

ulijevao strahopoštovanje, budio znatiželju i poticao želju za otkrivanjem. U 5. stoljeću prije Krista grčki povjesničar Herodot zapisao nam je kako su se o pothvatima ronioca Skilije u Grčkoj njegova vremena pričale nevjerojat-ne priče, a legendarni je junak Tezej tražeći po morskom dnu odbačeni prsten kralja Minosa dokazao svoje božansko podrijetlo. Ronjenje je odavno preraslo legende i priče, a u novije vrijeme podmorski je svijet postao dostupan gotovo svima. Stoga uzbuđenje i užitak pri ot-krivanju podmorja danas više nije privilegija male skupine profesionalnih ronilaca, već ih mogu dijeliti mnogi koji to požele. Svaki je uron poseban doživljaj koji nam dopušta da na kratko vrijeme temeljito iskočimo iz svakodne-vice, prepušteni isključivo vlastitim osjećajima i mislima. Svijet koji nas čeka drugačiji je, ne-običan, zanimljiv i privlačan, ponekad zastra-šujući pa čak i opasan, no uvijek dostojan naše pozornosti i truda. Ponekad je sam odmak od stvarnosti koji nam ronjenje nudi dovoljan poticaj za opuštanje i užitak. Pridodamo li k tome prirodne i kulturne podmorske zanimlji-vosti i ljepote, još ćemo više u njemu uživati, a aktivnim sudjelovanjem u njihovom istraži-vanju, zaštiti i očuvanju pridonijeti kako vla-stitom zadovoljstvu tako i dobrobiti društvene zajednice. Otkriti na dnu mora tragove naših prethodnika ne znači samo roneći do njih sti-ći, već i uroniti u prošlost u potrazi za davno

Irena Radić RossiPodvodna arheološka baština i turizamUnderwater Archaeological Heritageand Tourism

zaboravljenim događajima i pričama. Arheo-lošku baštinu moguće je dosegnuti na raznim dubinama, od plitkoga zaljeva do dubokoga otvorenog mora. U većini slučajeva riječ je o nalazištima i nalazima koji nam svjedoče o ja-dranskom pomorstvu tijekom proteklih tisuć-ljeća tj. o mnogim aspektima života koje ono obuhvaća. Podsjetimo li se na čas kako riječ pomorstvo predstavlja ustvari vrlo širok termin koji obuhvaća sve djelatnosti, vještine i odnose na moru ili u vezi s morem, shvatit ćemo koli-ko nas informacija očekuje u podmorju.

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ARHEOLOGIJA I TURIZAM 000 ARCHAEOLOGY & TOURISMARHEOLOGIJA I TURIZAM 456 ARCHAEOLOGY & TOURISM

The mysterious world concealed by the sea depths has nurtured human imagination

from times immemorial, inspired awe, stirred curi-osity and inspired desire for discoveries. Greek his-torian Herodotus wrote in the 5th century before Christ that incredible stories were told about the exploits of diver Scyllis in the Greece of his time, and legendary hero Theseus proved his divine descent searching on the sea bed for a discarded ring of king Minos. The diving has long ago out-grown legends and stories, and in the recent times the underwater world has become available for al-most everyone. The excitement and pleasure in the discovery of the submarine world have therefore ceased to be the privilege of a small group of profes-sional divers; instead, they can be shared by many of those who want it. Each dive is a unique experi-ence that allows us to briefly but thoroughly leave everyday life, left exclusively to our own feelings and thoughts. The world that awaits us is different, strange, interesting and attractive, sometimes awe-inspiring and even dangerous, but always worthy of our attention and endeavour. At times the very disengagement from reality that diving offers is stimulation enough for relaxation and pleasure. If we add to this natural and cultural underwater features of interest and beauties, we shall relish it even more, and through active participation in their exploration, protection and preservation we shall contribute to our own pleasure as well as the well-being of social community. To discover traces of our predecessors at the bottom of the sea does not merely mean to reach them by diving, but also

to immerse ourselves into the past in the search of long forgotten events and stories.

Archaeological heritage can be reached at various depths, from a shallow cove to deep open sea. In most cases these are sites and finds that bear testi-mony to the Adriatic seafaring during past millen-nia, i.e. to many aspects of life that it covers. If we remember for a moment that the word seafaring is in fact a fairly wide term that covers all activities, skills and relationships at sea or in connection with the sea, we shall understand the amount of infor-mation that awaits us under water.

Arheološka nalazišta na malim dubinama uz pomoć maske i disalice dostupna su svim ku-pačima; ona na dubini do 40 m dostupna su sportskim roniocima koji za ronjenje najčešće koriste zrak i uobičajenu sportsku ronilačku opremu, dok do nalazišta na većim dubinama za sada stižu samo tehnički opremljeni i obu-čeni ronioci koji za ronjenje koriste plinske mješavine. Osim samoga ronjenja napredak tehnike omogućio je otkrivanje, pregled, a u nekim slučajevima i djelomično istraživanje nalazišta uz pomoć daljinski upravljanih ka-mera (ROV), sonara i podmornica.

U današnje vrijeme niti jedan od nabrojenih načina pristupanja podmorskoj arheološkoj baštini nije nedostupan široj javnosti te sto-ga možemo znatno konkretnije razmišljati o njezinoj prezentaciji na morskom dnu ili o ak-tivnom uključivanju ljudi kojima arheologija nije struka u proces njenoga dokumentiranja, istraživanja i zaštite. Istovremeno, sve kvalitet-nija oprema za fotografiranje, snimanje i obra-du fotografskih i video zapisa omogućuje nam kvalitetno predstaviti podmorska arheološka nalazišta u prostorijama lokalnih muzeja ili drugih javnih prostora i učiniti ih dostupnima svima onima koji iz raznih razloga nisu u mo-gućnosti drugačije do njih stići.

U plitkome moru najčešće se pronalaze ostatci sidrišta, pristaništa i luka, dije-

lovi gospodarskih kompleksa, ladanjskih vila ili čak tragovi nekadašnjih naselja. Podizanje razine mora i poniranje obale složen je geološ-ki proces koji i danas traje. Njegovo odvijanje tijekom prošlosti predmet je mnogih geološ-kih i geomorfoloških proučavanja, a većina objašnjenja još uvijek je na razini pretpostav-ke. No, neovisno o dinamici promjena koje su se zbivale nakon posljednjega ledenog doba tj. tijekom proteklih deset tisuća godina, arheo-loški nalazi zorno nam svjedoče kako se razina mora znatno promijenila. Velika većina po-znatih priobalnih nalazišta potječe iz antičkog, naročito rimskoga doba. U to se vrijeme duž hrvatske obale i otoka grade mnogi ladanjski i gospodarski kompleksi koji obilato koriste morske blagodati, a svojim strukturama dije-lom zadiru i u samo more. Upravo zbog tako bliskog kontakta s morem veliki su se njiho-vi dijelovi do danas našli pod morskom razi-nom i pretvorili se u podmorsku arheološku baštinu. Nije stoga čudo kako se i prve vijesti o podmorskim nalazima, zabilježene tijekom 16. stoljeća, odnose upravo na takve slučajeve. Pietro Coppo, kartograf rodom iz Izole, prvi je spomenuo potonule zidove duž obala Istre, a na njegov su se rad nadovezali mnogi znan-stvenici. Svaki je spomenuti kompleks imao u svome sastavu i manje pristanište ili luku, čija se kamena ili drvena konstrukcija dijelom očuvala do naših dana.

Arheološka baština na malim dubinamaArchaeological heritage at small depths

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Archaeological sites at small depths are accessi-ble to all swimmers with a mask and snorkel; those at depths of up to 40 m are accessible to sports divers who mostly dive with air and usual sports diving equipment, while the sites at greater depths can presently be reached only by technically equipped and trained divers that use gas mixtures for diving. In addition to diving itself, the development of the technique enabled discovery, survey, and in certain cases also par-tial investigation of sites with help of remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), sonnars and submarines.

Today none of the mentioned methods of ap-proaching underwater heritage is inaccessible to the wider public and we can therefore be much more specific in our considerations about its pres-entation on the sea bed, as well as about letting those who are not professional archaeologists to actively participate in the process of its documen-tation, investigation and protection. At the same time, the steadily improving quality of the equip-ment for photographing, recording and processing photographic and video recordings enables a high-quality presentation of underwater archaeological sites in local museums or other public spaces and makes them accessible to all those who cannot reach them in another way for whatever reason.

Shallow sea frequently yields remains of anchor-ages, berths and harbours, parts of economic com-plexes, country villas or even traces of previous settlements. Elevation of the sea level and sinking of the coast is a complex geological process still in progress today. Its unfolding in the past is the subject of a number of geological and geomorpho-logical studies, and the majority of explanations are still at the level of conjecture. Nevertheless, irrespective of the dynamics of the changes that took place after the end of the last Ice Age, i.e. during the last ten thousand years, archaeological finds clearly testify that the sea level has changed considerably. By far the greatest number of the known coastal sites belong to Antiquity, primarily the Roman period. Many country and economic complexes were built along the Croatian coast and the islands at that time, which profusely exploited the sea riches, and whose structures partially en-tered the sea itself. It was precisely due to such close contact with the sea that large parts of the sites found themselves under the sea level, thereby transforming into underwater archaeological her-itage. It therefore comes as no surprise that the first information about underwater finds, recorded in the 16th century, refers precisely to such cases. Pietro Coppo, a cartographer from Izola, was the first to mention the sunken walls along the coasts of Istria, and numerous scholars have subsequently built on his work. Each of the mentioned com-plexes contained a small berth or a harbour, whose stone or timber construction remained partly pre-served to this day.

Na takvim prostorima prisutni su slojevi bogati sitnim arheološkim materijalom koji svjedoči o vremenu i načinu njihovoga korištenja. Po-jedina su područja bila namijenjena isključivo privrednoj djelatnosti, pa tako u priobalnom podmorju pronalazimo i impozantne ostatke antičkih ribnjaka i solana.

Više ili manje zaštićenu luku imalo je i svako urbano ili ruralno naselje u priobalju. Trago-vi takvih luka često su nestali pod kasnijim gradnjama, a tisućljetno korištenje istih pro-stora izbrisalo je njihove ostatke. Suvremeni građevinski radovi ponekad nam pružaju mo-gućnost otkriti zaštitnim istraživanjima što se krije pod današnjim obalama, lukobranima i molovima te rekonstruirati njihov nekadašnji izgled. Kako luke predstavljaju najvitalniji, a često i najvažniji sastavni dio priobalnih na-selja tijekom prošlosti, razumijevanje njihovog nekadašnjeg izgleda i organizacije svakog će posjetitelja zasigurno zainteresirati.

Zanimljivu cjelinu čija se podmorska arheo-loška slika znatno promijenila tijekom posljed-njih nekoliko godina, a koja odlično odražava prethodno opisanu situaciju, predstavlja

Kaštelanski zaljev. To je jasno geografski odre-đen prostor između Trogira na zapadu i Splita na istoku tj. u antičko vrijeme prostor između Tragurija i Salone.

Ulaz u Kaštelanski zaljev između rta Čiova i rta Marjana širok je tek jednu nautičku milju, što predstavlja relativno uzak prolaz u odnosu na gotovo deset milja njegove sveukupne širine. Na sjevernoj strani uzdiže se planina Kozjak (779 m), preko koje nekoliko prijevoja veže kaštelanski prostor sa zaleđem. Sa zapadne strane omeđuje ju prijevoj Malačka, a s istočne Klis, najlakši put prema unutrašnjosti Dalma-cije, Hercegovini i Bosni. Obronci Kozjaka, „pitome planine koja život znači“, spuštaju se blago prema sjevernoj obali zaljeva prelazeći u plodno Kaštelansko polje koje se nekada pro-stiralo na više od 5500 ha površine, dok ga nije zahvatila suvremena nezasitna izgradnja.

Morsko prostranstvo zaljeva poticalo je na ribarenje, a plitko more uz njegove položene obale također je pogodovalo razvoju morskoga gospodarstva. U izvorima se najčešće spominje i u arheološkim nalazima naslućuje proizvod-nja soli, ali nam poneki toponim ili podmor-sko nalazište sugerira također uzgoj i preradu ribe i školjaka.

Uzmemo li u obzir nabrojene okolnosti, ne čudi nas da se upravo na tome mjestu razvi-la slavna Salona, prijestolnica rimske provin-cije Dalmacije. Čitava zapadna strana zaljeva predstavljala je u to vrijeme prostranu luku zvanu Portus Salonitanus, dok je plići istočni dio bio intenzivno gospodarski iskorišten. Su-deći prema arheološkim nalazima u plitkome moru, čini se kako su se duž prometnice koja je vodeći uz obalu spajala Salonu i Tragurij ni-zali gospodarski kompleksi koji su vjerojatno snabdijevali oba grada. Sličnu situaciju može-mo zamisliti i na prostoru koji je vezao Salonu i Spalatum na mjestu današnjeg Splita.

Iako je Kaštelanski zaljev bio desetljećima izložen nemilosrdnoj devastaciji koja nije po-štedjela ni mnoga arheološka nalazišta u nje-govom priobalju, tijekom posljednjih godina


Such zones contain rich layers of small archaeo-logical material that bears witness to the time and method of their use. Certain areas were used ex-clusively for economic activities, and the offshore zone often yields imposing remains of ancient fish-ponds and salt pans.

A more or less sheltered harbour was a feature of every urban or rural settlement along the coast. Traces of such harbours have frequently disappeared under subsequent buildings, and millennia-long use of the same spaces has erased their remains. Contemporary building works sometimes enable us to reveal through salvage excavations what is concealed beneath present coasts, breakwaters and piers and to reconstruct their former appearance. Considering that harbours are the most vital and often the most important element of coastal settle-ments during history, the understanding of their former appearance and layout will certainly cap-ture the interest of every visitor.

We find in the Kaštela Bay an interesting entity whose underwater archaeological picture has pro-foundly changed during the last several years, and which excellently reflects the previously described situation. In terms of geography, this is a clearly

defined area between Trogir in the west and Split in the east, or in the world of Antiquity, the area between Tragurium and Salona.

The Kaštela Bay is entered through a passage between the Čiovo and Marjan capes that has a width of only one nautical mile, which makes it look rather narrow when compared with the al-most ten miles of the Bay’s total width. The Kozjak mountain (779 m) rises in the north, connecting the Kaštela area with its hinterland over several mountain passes. Its limit is defined in the west by the Malačka mountain pass, and in the east by Klis, the easiest way toward the hinterland of Dal-matia, Herzegovina and Bosnia. The slopes of Koz-jak, ‘’a gentle life-giving mountain’’ descend gently to the northern coast of the bay, meeting the fer-tile Kaštelansko Plain, which at one time extended over more than 5500 hectares, until modern-day insatiable building took over.

The marine expanse of the bay stimulated fish-ing, while the shallows along its low-lying coasts were likewise favourable for the development of maritime economy. Production of salt is most fre-quently mentioned in the sources and hinted at by archaeological finds, but occasional toponym or underwater site indicate also cultivation and processing of fish and shells.

All the mentioned circumstances considered, it is not surprising that the capital of the Roman prov-ince of Dalmatia, the renowned Salona, should develop precisely at that place. An extensive har-bour called Portus Salonitanus occupied the entire western part of the bay at that time, while the shallower eastern part was intensely exploited for the economy. Judging by the archaeological finds in the shallow sea, it appears that the coastal road that connected Salona and Tragurium was fringed by a chain of economic complexes that probably supplied both cities. We can construe a similar situation in the zone that connected Salona and Spalatum on the location of present-day Split.

Even though the Kaštela Bay has for decades been exposed to merciless devastation that did not spare a number of archaeological sites in its littoral zone, the recent years have shown that the shallow sea

pokazalo se kako plitko more skriva odlično očuvane antičke konstrukcije izrađene od dr-vene građe, ponekad u kombinaciji s reciklira-nim amforama ili čak namjerno potopljenim brodom. Nalazišta su do sada potvrđena na sljedećim područjima: Kopilice – Brigi istoč-no od Trogira, mediteranska močvara Pantan, Divulje, Turističko naselje Resnik u Kaštel Štafiliću, Kaštel Gomilica, Kaštel Sućurac (dva nalazišta), Solin – ušće Jadra, Vranjic te Poljud i Spinut u Splitu. Na dva su mjesta potvrđeni i prapovijesni nalazi (Vranjic, Resnik), a u Ka-štel Starome nalaze se u moru ostatci kaštela Andreis.

Sva su nabrojena nalazišta vrlo lako dostupna i izrazito ugrožena dinamikom suvremenoga života. Ona sjajno nadopunjuju sliku zaljeva koju dobivamo gledajući ga s kopna i revalori-ziraju morski prostor koji je u prošlosti pred-stavljao važan izvor života, glavnu prometnicu i izravnu vezu s ostatkom Sredozemlja. Prostra-ne površine koje je potrebno istražiti kako bi se dobila slika bez koje nije moguće interpretirati cjelinu nalazišta sugerira nam veliki potencijal koji se nudi na korištenje u svrhe aktivnog ar-heološkog turizma koji pretpostavlja arheološ-ke škole, boravak turista na nalazištu i sudje-lovanje u svim njima primjerenim poslovima. Naravno, poput ostalih sličnih slučajeva, pod-morska se arheološka baština nužno isprepliće s onom na kopnu i čini dio jedne te iste priče. Pa ipak, posebnost nalaza i ambijenta u ko-jemu se istražuje čini ju dodatno privlačnom određenim skupinama posjetitelja, a svaka or-ganizirana aktivnost u tome smjeru pridonosi jačanju svijesti o vrijednosti podmorske bašti-ne i potrebi njezine zaštite i očuvanja.

Primjer dobro očuvane antičke obale, također lako dostupne, ali za sada još neiskorištene u turističke svrhe, nalazi se u uvali Sv. Jurja, po-znatijoj kao Luka Vis. Početkom 4. stoljeća pr. Kr. na položaju zvanom Gradina nad poluo-točićem Prirovom u sjeverozapadnom dijelu uvale osnovana je kolonija Issa, najstarija po-znata nam grčka kolonija na hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana. Strateško i trgovačko uporište Grka iz

Sirakuze na Siciliji proslavilo se tijekom neko-liko narednih stoljeća, ali je u rimsko vrijeme izgubilo ugled i moć. No život se u Isi nasta-vio, a mnogi nam ostatci naselja i pripadajućih nekropola o tome zorno svjedoče.

Isejska se trgovina i daljnja kolonizatorska dje-latnost odvijala, naravno, morskim putem, za što je zaštićena viška luka predstavljala važnu ishodišnu točku. Oko poluotočića Prirova, a potom dalje uz obalu pod današnjim hotelom Issa pa sve do u uvalu Stonca, na dubini od oko dva metara mogu se razgledati tragovi ne-kadašnje obalne linije. Stara je obala bila mje-stimično izrađena od kamenih blokova koji su se očuvali u dva reda i u dužini od par desetaka metara, u blizini maloga mola i svjetionika na vrhu poluotoka. Na padini obale koja se strmo obrušava prema nešto većoj dubini nalazi se mnoštvo ulomaka amfora i keramičkog posu-đa, čvrsto sraslih za morsko dno.

Iako je dio obale oštećen nasipavanjem, iz-gradnjom hotelske plaže i infrastrukture, na području pred hotelom i u uvali Stonca oču-vali su nam se dijelovi velikih keramičkih po-suda (grč. pithos, lat. dolium) čije su stjenke bile pokrivene nizovima šupljina, a koje su do polovice svoje visine bile ukopane u tlo. Riječ je o posudama kapaciteta oko 1.000 l, koje su u antičko vrijeme bile korištene za skladištenje poljoprivrednih proizvoda i proizvoda mor-skoga gospodarstva. Za sada nije sa sigurnošću potvrđena njihova funkcija u sklopu obale an-tičkog naselja, ali je riječ o jedinstvenom slu-čaju gdje su nam se takve prošupljene posude očuvale na svom originalnome mjestu.

Luka antičke Ise, kao i ranije spomenuta nala-zišta na području Kaštelanskoga zaljeva, pru-žaju nam mnogo podataka o promjeni morske razine tijekom posljednja dva tisućljeća, što i u smislu predviđanja budućih zbivanja u prio-balju predstavlja zanimljivo pitanje. S obzirom na put koji su isejski Grci prošli u svome na-predovanju prema istočnojadranskom kopnu, područje Kaštelanskoga zaljeva i otoka Visa moglo bi se povezati u jednu cjelinu i činiti dio podmorskog arheološkog itinerera.


hides excellently preserved timber constructions from Antiquity, sometimes in combination with recycled amphorae or even a deliberately sunken ship. Sites have so far been confirmed in the fol-lowing areas: Kopilice – Brigi east of Trogir, the Mediterranean swamp Pantan, Divulje, The Res-nik tourist resort in Kaštel Štafilić, Kaštel Gomi-lica, Kaštel Sućurac (2 sites), Solin – the mouth of the Jadro, Poljud and Spinut in Split. Prehistoric finds have been confirmed at two sites (Vranjic, Resnik), while the remains of the Andreis castle lie in the sea off Kaštel Stari.

All the mentioned sites are very easily accessed and highly threatened by the dynamics of contempo-rary life. They splendidly complement the picture of the bay that we gain by looking at it from the land and evaluate the sea space that in the past represented an important sourcce of life, the main communication and direct connection with the rest of the Mediterranean. The extensive surfaces that are necessary to investigate in order to acquire a picture without which it would be impossible to interpret the site as a whole, are indicative of the great potential on offer for the uses of active archaeological tourism, which envisages archaeo-logical schools, the residence of tourists at a site and participation in all work adequate to them. Naturally, like other similar cases, the underwa-ter archaeological heritage necessarily intertwines with that on land and forms part of one and the same story. Still, the special quality of the finds and ambience in which the investigation takes place is what makes it additionally attractive to certain groups of visitors, and every organized activity in that direction contributes to raising awareness about the value of the underwater heritage and the need to protect and preserve it.

An example of a well-preserved ancient coast, like-wise easily accessible, but presently still unadapted for tourist purposes, lies in the St. George’s Bay, better known as the Vis Harbour. At the begin-ning of the 4th cent. B.C. the colony of Issa – the oldest known Greek colony in the Croatian part of the Adriatic – was founded at the position known as Gradina above the Prirovo promontory in the northwestern part of the bay. A strategic and com-

mercial stronghold of Syracusan Greeks on Sic-ily, Issa made a name for itsef during the follow-ing couple of centuries but lost its reputation and power in the Roman period. Still, life in Issa con-tinued its course, and many settlement remains as well as those from corresponding necropolises, are a clear witness to this.

Issaean trade and further colonial activity naturally unfolded by sea, for which the sheltered harbour on Vis was an important point of origin. Traces of the former coastline can be seen at a depth of around two metres around the Prirovo promonto-ry and along the coast below the present-day hotel Issa all the way to the Stonca cove. The old coast-line was partly formed of stone blocks that have remained preserved in two rows and in the lengths of a couple of dozen metres, near a small pier and a lighthouse on top of the promontory. The coast slope that descends steeply to a somewhat greater depth is home to a multitude of fragments of am-phorae and ceramic vessels, firmly fused to the sea bed.

Even though a part of the coast was damaged by adding new layers and by building hotel beach and the infrastructure, the area in front of the hotel and the Stonca cove still preserve pieces of large ceramic vessels (Gr. pithos, Lat. dolium) with walls covered with a series of hollows, buried into the soil up to half its height. Those vessels, with a 1000-litre capacity were used in Antiquity for stor-ing agricultural products and seafood. Their func-tion within the coast of the ancient settlement has not been ascertained yet, but this is a unique case where such perforated vessels have been preserved in their original position.

The harbour of ancient Issa, as well as previously mentioned sites in the area of the Kaštela Bay, provide a wealth of data regarding the changes in the sea level during the last two millennia, which forms an interesting question also in the sense of anticipating future events in the coastal zone. Considering the route travelled by the the Greeks from Issa in their advance towards eastern Adriatic coast, the area of the Kaštela Bay and the Vis island could be connected into a whole and form part of an underwater archaeological itinerary.

Kao što je već uzgred spomenuto u slučaju nalazišta Kaštelanskoga zaljeva, događa se

da se u plitkome moru otkrije i potonuli brod. U antičko i srednjovjekovno doba odbačena su brodska korita mogla biti iskorištena za učvršće-nje terena, kao sastavni dio gospodarskih struk-tura ili u još poneku svrhu. Kao što je i danas slučaj, neki su brodovi napušteni na plaži ili na podmorskoj pličini, a ukoliko ih je u kratkome vremenu pokrio pijesak uspjeli su se očuvati do naših dana. Osim toga, na malim se dubinama nalaze i brodovi koji su namjerno potapani na ulazima u luke kako bi se neprijateljima zaprije-čio pristup s morske strane. Dva srednjovjekovna broda pronađena pred Ninom vjerojatno nam ilustriraju upravo takvu situaciju.

Šezdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća spomenu-ti su brodovi pronađeni i dokumentirani na maloj dubini, u uskom prolazu zvanom Usta koji „vanjsko more“ Ninskoga zaljeva povezuje s „unutrašnjim morem“ oko samoga naselja. Na mjestu današnjega Nina nekada se nalazilo liburnsko naselje, a potom i antički grad Ae-nona. U srednjovjekovno doba hrvatski su ga kraljevi odabrali kao jedno od svojih sjedišta, a impresivni tragovi bogate ninske prošlosti intenzivno se koriste u svrhu turističke prezen-tacije, kulturnog i povijesnog identiteta grada. Godine 1974. oba su broda izvađena iz mora.

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Takva je odluka podrazumijevala složen i du-gotrajan konzervatorski postupak, proveden tijekom narednih godina. Po njegovom za-vršetku brodovi su rekomponirani u Muzeju ninskih starina (Arheološki muzej Zadar), a veći je brod u cijelosti rekonstruiran.

Starosne analize drvene brodske građe pokaza-le su kako je riječ o brodovima koji vjerojatno pripadaju kraju 11. stoljeća, a povijesna inter-pretacija sugerirala je njihovo potapanje povo-dom dramatičnog napada Normana na hrvat-sku obalu 1074. godine. Oko stotinu godina ranije bizantski je car Konstantin Porfirogenet u svome djelu O upravljanju carstvom više puta spomenuo hrvatsku flotu i naveo nazive pod kojima su u tadašnjem svijetu bili poznati hr-vatski brodovi. One manjih dimenzija car je imenovao kondurama što je navelo istraživače da i srednjovjekovnim brodovima iz Nina pri-dijele isto ime.

Jedan je konstruktivni detalj privukao pozor-nost stručnjaka. Riječ je o nepostojanju cen-tralne kobilice, umjesto koje se na dnu broda nalazi tek deblja daska, a izvana s njezinih stra-na pričvršćene su dvije paralelne tzv. uzvojne kobilice. One omogućuju da brod bude izvu-čen na pješčanu plažu ili da prilikom oseke ostane na suhom bez straha od naginjanja ili oštećenja donjega dijela trupa.

Uspješna realizacija projekta od podmorskog nalaza do rekonstruiranog izloška u muzeju inspirirala je i izradu dviju plovećih replika. Brodovi su izrađeni krajem devedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća. Dinamika njihovoga korište-nja imala je, doduše, svoje uspone i padove, ali vrijedi spomenuti kako je jedan od njih u srpnju 2008. činio sastavni dio male flote tra-dicijskih plovila koja je zastupala Hrvatsku na slavnom pomorskom festivalu u Brestu, naj-značajnijoj manifestaciji te vrste u Europi i svakako jednoj od značajnijih u svijetu.

Još prilikom istraživanja brodova u ninskom su podmorju primijećeni i drugi zanimlji-vi nalazi poput na primjer konstrukcija koje podsjećaju na palisade, pa u budućnosti mo-


It sometimes happens that a sunken ship is dis-covered in shallow sea, as mentioned briefly

in the case of the Kaštela Bay sites. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, the abandoned ship hulls could be used for reinforcing the terrain, as a composite part of economic structures as well as for other purposes. Similar to today, some ships were abandoned on the beach or in shallow wa-ter, and in those cases when sand quickly cov-ered them, they remained preserved to our days. Besides, shallow depths conceal also ships that were deliberately sunk at the entrances to the ports in order to block the access to the enemy from the sea. Two mediaeval boats discovered in front of Nin probably illustrate just such a situ-ation.

These boats were discovered and documented in a shallow sea in the 1960s, in a narrow passage called Usta (Mouth) that links the ‘’outer sea’’ of the Nin Bay with the ‘’inner sea’’ around the settlement itself. The site of present-day Nin had previously been the spot of a Liburnian settlement, and later also of ancient town of Aenona. In the Middle Ages the Croatian kings chose it for one of their seats, and the impressive traces of rich past of Nin are

intensely used for purposes of tourist presentation, cultural and historical identity of the town.

In 1974 both boats were taken out of the sea. Such decision implied a complex and long-lasting conservation procedure, which was carried out in subsequent years. After it had been completed, the boats were reassembled in the Museum of the Antiquities of Nin (the Zadar Archaeological Museum), and the larger boat was entirely recon-structed.

The age analyses of boat timber have shown that the boats probably belong to the end of the 11th century, and the historical interpretation indicated that they were sunken during the dramatic Norman attack on the Croatian coast in 1074. A hundred or so years earlier Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentioned the Croatian fleet sev-eral times in his work De administrando Imperio (On the Administration of the Empire) and he also mentioned the names under which the world of the time knew Croatian boats. For the smaller-sized ones the emperor used the name ‘’condura’’, which prompted the investigators to attribute the same name to the mediaeval boats from Nin.

One construction detail attracted the attention of the experts: the lack of the central keel, instead of which there is only a thicker plank at the bottom of the boat, while two parallel keel are attached on the exterior, on the lateral sides. They make it pos-sible to drag the boat to a sandy beach or to leave it out of the sea at low tide without fear that it would list or that the lower part of the hull would suffer damage.

The successful accomplishment of the project from an underwater find to a reconstructed exhibit in a museum inspired a creation of two seaworthy rep-licas. The boats were made at the end of the 1990s. It is true that the dynamics of their use had its ups and downs, but it should be mentioned that one of them formed part of a small fleet of traditional vessels that represented Croatia in July 2008 in the famous sea festival in Brest, the most important event of that kind in Europe and certainly one of the most important in the world.

žemo očekivati još zanimljivih otkrića. Na području Zatona, luke antičke Enone, svo-jevremeno su otkrivena i dva šivana liburn-ska broda, a u samome Ninu još se uvijek mogu vidjeti tzv. ninske batele ili plazulje, karakteristične upravo za plitko područje ninske lagune. Sveukupnost tih osebujnih svjedočanstava o plovidbi na području Nina od antičkih vremena do naših dana sugerira nam mogućnost jedinstvene prezentacije po-morstva ninske regije s naglaskom na dvije tisuće godina pomorske tradicije. Po pitanju tradicijske brodogradnje otvaraju se sjajne mogućnosti prikazivanja starih alata i zana-ta te njihove praktične primjene, a izradom replika zagarantirano je izravno sudjelovanje posjetitelja u mnogim iskustvima života na moru. Istovremeno, arheološka se baština izravno povezuje s tradicijom i tako doseže do naših dana, postajući jasnom, opipljivom i privlačnom.

Proučavanje starih brodskih konstrukcija, u svijetu nazvano nautička arheologija, poka-zalo se vrlo složenim arheološkim zadatkom. O njemu ovise odgovori na mnoga pitanja o nekadašnjoj brodogradnji, brodarenju i bro-darstvu, pri čemu terminom brodarenje obu-hvaćamo ustvari samu plovidbu te sredstva i vještine koje se koriste za njenu realizaciju, a terminom brodarstvo privrednu djelatnost pri-jevoza ljudi i robe. Brodske konstrukcije koje se pronalaze na kopnu ili u plitkome moru znatno su zahvalnije za arheološko istraživanje, jer je dokumentiranju svih pojedinosti mogu-će posvetiti znatno više vremena negoli u slu-čaju brodskih konstrukcija koje leže na većoj dubini. One ujedno predstavljaju i idealno po-tencijalno mjesto za aktivno sudjelovanje zain-teresiranih pripadnika šire javnosti u složenom i strpljivom postupku njihovoga otkrivanja i proučavanja. Osim toga, ninski slučaj najbo-lji je primjer tijeka aktivnosti koje od otkrića arheološkog nalazišta mogu dovesti do reali-zacije originalnog turističkog proizvoda koji čini važan dio hrvatskog kulturno-povijesnog identiteta.

Plitko nam more krije i tragove prapovije-snih naselja. Nije ih lako otkriti u mulju

i pijesku, jer se njihove drvene konstrukcije, neugledni keramički ulomci i kameni noži-ći teško zapažaju na morskome dnu. Oni se često pronalaze u blizini antičkih naselja i zdanja te svjedoče o kontinuitetu korištenja određenih prostora. Na takvim se nalazištima gotovo sama po sebi nameće potreba prouča-vanja drevnih krajolika, jer se prostor tijekom prošlosti znatno izmijenio ne samo po pitanju obalne linije već i po pitanju svojega izgleda, sastava i kvalitete. Močvarna područja daleko od mora pretvarala su se u plaže na morskoj obali, a potvrđen je i obrnut proces pa čak i njegovo višestruko ponavljanje. Sve to prido-nosi raznolikostima koje se nude svima onima koji o kraju u kojem se nalaze žele saznati nešto više te svojim znanjem i iskustvom pridonijeti njegovom proučavanju.

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Already during the investigation work on the boats other interesting finds were observed in the Nin un-derwater zone, for instance structures reminiscent of palisades, so we can expect other interesting discov-eries in the future. The area of Zaton, the harbour of ancient Enona, yielded two sewn Liburnian boats, and in Nin today one can still see the so-called Nin batela or plazulja, characteristic precisely for the shal-low zone of the Nin lagoon. The entirety of those idiosyncratic testimonies about navigation in the area of Nin from the ancient times to our days suggest a possibility of a unique presentation of seafaring of the Nin region with emphasis on two thousand years of its maritime tradition. Regarding the traditional boatbuiling splendid opportunities open for presen-tation of old tools and crafts as well as their practical application, while making of replicas guarantees di-rect participation of visitors in numerous experiences of the life at the sea. At the same time, the archaeo-logical heritage is directly connected with tradition, reaching thus to our days, becoming clear, tangible and attractive.

Research of old ship constructions, called nautical archaeology in the world, has proven to be a very complex archaeological task. Answers to many questions about ancient shipbuilding, sailing and about shipping industry depend on it. In this, we use the term brodarenje (sailing) for navigation it-self and the means and skills used for its realiza-tion, while the term brodarstvo (shipping industry) is applied to the economic activity of transport-ing people and goods. Ships’ frames discovered on land or in shallow sea are much more rewarding for archaeological investigation, as one can dedi-cate much more time to detailed documentation than in the cases of ship constructions that lie at greater depths. They represent at the same time an ideal potential place for active participation of interested members of wider public in a complex and patient process of their discovery and study. Besides, the case of Nin is the best example of the course of activities that can lead from a discovery of an archaeological site to the realization of an original tourist product that forms an important part of Croatian cultural-historical identity.

Shallow sea hides also traces of prehistoric settlements. They are not easily discovered

in mud and sand, as their timber constructions, plain ceramic shards and stone knives are not readily visible at the sea bottom. They are fre-quently found near ancient settlements and structures and bear witness to the continuity of use of certain zones. At such sites the necessity of studying ancient landscape all but imposes itself, as the space has changed in the course of history not only when it comes to the coastline but also in terms of its appearance, composition and quality. Marshy areas away from the sea transformed into beaches on the sea coast, but reverse processes have likewise been ascertained, in fact, even repeatedly. All this adds to varieties on offer to all those wishing to find out a little more about the area where they are and to con-tribute with their knowledge and experience to its research.

Osim već spomenutog Kaštelanskog zaljeva, gdje nam nalazišta Resnik i Vranjic nude pre-gršt podataka za rekonstrukcije nekadašnjeg izgleda zaljeva i promjena krajolika koje su se tijekom prošlosti u njemu zbivale, vrlo je slikovit primjer Pakoštana na južnome kraju Pašmanskoga kanala. Dio je nalazišta poznat već dugi niz godina, ali se tek u novije vrije-me pokazalo kolika je ustvari njegova vrijed-nost. Zahvaljujući razumijevanju iskazanom od strane Turističke zajednice, na području Pakoštana u tijeku su višegodišnja istraživanja koja neprekidno iznose na svjetlost dana nove i zanimljive rezultate. Godine 2004. obnovlje-no je istraživanje antičke luke koja je korištena tijekom 1. i 2. st. po Kr., dijelom su istražene drvene konstrukcije gospodarske prirode koje možda predstavljaju tragove antičkih solana i detaljno proučeni ostatci kasnoantičkog poto-pljenog broda. Sva su nalazišta otkrivena na ši-rem području pakoštanske luke koja s otočići-ma Babuljašem, Velim školjem i Sv. Justinom čini ustvari jedinstvenu cjelinu.

Posebnu zanimljivost predstavljaju ostatci utvrde na otočiću Velom školju, koji su za sada, uglavnom po sličnosti s drugim nalazi-štima, pripisani liburnskom vremenu tj. bron-čanom i željeznom dobu. Nedaleko otočića Sv. Justine otkriveni su u podmorju i tragovi mo-gućeg eneolitičkog naselja, a nastanak impo-zantne linearne prirodne barijere koja otočić gotovo veže s kopnom datiran je otprilike u isto vrijeme (oko 3.500 g. pr. Kr.). Kako naj-stariji površinski prapovijesni nalazi leže na dubini od oko pet metara, već je na prvi po-gled očigledno kako je znatno niža razina mora uzrokovala i bitno različit krajolik u kojemu su pakoštanski otočići bili povezani s kopnom. Kako je i kada prodiralo more i kako se ustvari oblikovala današnja pakoštanska luka pokazat će nam rezultati arheoloških, geoloških i ge-omorfoloških istraživanja. Položaj na ulazu u Pakoštanski kanal koji predstavlja važan, ali i vrlo zahtjevan dio plovnoga puta duž istočne jadranske obale i Vransko jezero u neposred-nom zaleđu zasigurno su pridonijeli značaju Pakoštana tijekom prošlosti.

Kako se na opisanom prostoru planira prošire-nje luke i izgradnja novih nautičkih sadržaja, rezultati podmorskih arheoloških istraživanja jednoga će dana, nadajmo se, predstavlja-ti značajan dio kulturne turističke ponude u Pakoštanima i zajedno s okolnim muzejima i nalazištima na kopnu bogato ilustrirati proš-lost čitave regije. Za sada se u gradskoj vijeć-nici može razgledati manja zbirka podmorskih arheoloških nalaza.

Iako su nalazišta u plitkome moru, naročito ona antička, naizgled jednostavna za pronaći i istražiti, mnoga su od njih tek nedavno uoče-na, a zaštitna istraživanja pokazala su se nedo-voljnima za njihovu zadovoljavajuću interpre-taciju. Istovremeno, ona su izrazito ugrožena suvremenom izgradnjom pa nam pred očima nestaju strukture koje su tijekom mnogih sto-ljeća odolijevale prirodnim silama i ljudskim aktivnostima. Time se zauvijek isključuje mo-gućnost njihovoga proučavanja i korištenja velikih potencijala u svrhu kulturnog turizma.


In addition to already mentioned Kaštela Bay, where the sites of Resnik and Vranjic offer plenty of data for a reconstructions of former appearance of the bay and the changes of the landscape tak-ing place in the past, there is a highly picturesque case of Pakoštane, on the southern end of the Pašman Channel. Part of the site has been known for a number of years, but its true value has only recently been realized. Thanks to the understand-ing shown by the Tourist Board, a many-year-long investigation is in progress in the Pakoštane area, which incessantly brings to the light of day new and interesting results.

In 2004 the investigation was resumed of the an-cient harbour used during the 1st and 2nd cent. A.D., part of the timber structures of economic nature was investigated, which perhaps represent traces of salt pans from antiquity, and remains of a sunken boat from late antiquity have been studied in detail. All the sites were discovered in the wider zone of the Pakoštane harbour, which in fact forms a whole with the isles of Babuljaš, Veli Školj and Sv. Justina.

The remains of a fort on the Veli Školj isle, ten-tatively attributed to the Liburnian period, i.e. Bronze and Iron Ages due to similarities with oth-er sites, are a particularly interesting feature. The underwater zone near the Sv. Justina isle yielded also traces of a possible eneolithic settlement, and the creation of an imposing linear natural barrier that all but links the isle with the land is dated ap-proximately to the same time (around 3500 B.C.). considering that the oldest surface prehistoric finds lie at the depth of around 5 m, it was obvious from the first glance that the substantially lower level of the sea resulted in a considerably different land-scape, in which the Pakoštane isles were connected with the land. As to how and when the sea ad-vanced and how in fact the present-day Pakoštane harbour acquired its shape will be shown by the re-sults of archaeological, geological and geomorpho-logical research. The position at the entrance to the Pakoštane channel, an important but also highly demanding part of the navigation route along the eastern Adriatic coast, as well as the Vransko lake in the immediate hinterland, certainly contributed to the importance of Pakoštane during the past.

As the plans for the described zone include enlarg-ing the harbour and building new nautical facili-ties the results of underwater archaeological inves-tigations will hopefully one day form an important part of the cultural tourist offer in Pakoštane, and together with the surrounding museums and sites on land will richly illustrate the past of the entire region. For the time being, one can see a small col-lection of underwater archaeological finds in the town hall.

Even though the sites in the shallow sea, particu-lary those from antiquity, are seemingly easy to find and investigate, many of them have been no-ticed only recently, and salvage investigations have proved insufficient for adequate interpretation. At the same time, they are extremely threatened by contemporary building, which means that we are losing before our eyes structures that resisted natu-ral forces and human action during many centu-ries. This also means that possibility is lost forever to study them and to use great potentials for pur-poses of cultural tourism.

Na većim dubinama, kao jasne tragove po-morstva prošlih vremena, pronalazimo

brodolome, skupine predmeta iz brodskoga tereta ili pojedinačne nalaze. Prvi je antički brodolom zabilježio krajem 18. stoljeća tali-janski opat Alberto Fortis nedaleko Sućurja na otoku Hvaru. Dio se tereta amfora očigledno rasuo po padini morskoga dna i bio uočljiv s obale, jer je Fortis opisao stare „žare“ koje se lako moglo nazrijeti s površine. Krajem 19. stoljeća na otočić Krapanj u jugoistočnom di-jelu Šibenskoga kanala, čije se stanovništvo tra-dicionalno bavilo spužvarstvom, stigla je teška ronilačka oprema. Tako su Krapljani postali prvi gospodari hrvatskoga podmorja i jedni od rijetkih očevidaca bogate arheološke baštine koja je ondje stoljećima netaknuta ležala. Ra-zvitak sportskoga ronjenja, uz aktivnost spu-žvara i koraljara, uzrokovao je nenadoknadive štete. No, nije lako u današnje vrijeme suditi onima koji su u tome sudjelovali, jer se o zašti-ti arheološke baštine u podmorju počelo javno govoriti tek mnoga desetljeća kasnije.

Iako je teret brojnih brodoloma tada zauvi-jek nestao ili je teškim ronilačkim cipelama smrskan u sitne komade, mnogi su se nalazi očuvali u privatnim i samostanskim zbirkama. Oni nam danas možda i ne znače mnogo jer su nasilnim izdvajanjem iz cjeline lišeni svoje

Arheološka baština na većim dubinamaArchaeological heritage at greater depths

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znanstvene vrijednosti, ali nam ipak svjedoče o postojanju nalazišta od kojih se nekima do danas zameo svaki trag.

U arheološkoj je znanosti cjelina brodoloma od iznimnog značenja, jer u njoj svi predmeti, materijali, ideje i praktična rješenja zasigur-no pripadaju istom vremenu. Osim toga, va-lja imati na umu kako brodolom predstavlja kompleksnu cjelinu unutar koje se razlikuje drvena brodska konstrukcija, oprema broda i brodski teret, koji svaki za sebe predstavljaju neiscrpan izvor podataka. Želja je svakog bro-dovlasnika i kapetana da njihov brod i teret stignu u sigurnu luku. Pozorno istražujući po-tonule brodove, vraćajući ih tako među ljude, kao da nakon mnogih stoljeća ostvarujemo davno zaboravljeni cilj.


At greater depths, as clear traces of seafaring of past times, we find shipwrecks, groups of ob-

jects from a ship’s cargo or individual finds. The first ancient shipwreck was documented at the end of the 18th century by the Italian abbot Alberto Fortis near Sućuraj on the Hvar island. A part of the cargo consisting of amphorae obviously scat-tered over the slope of the sea bed and it must have been visible from the coast, as Fortis described old ‘’urns’’ that were easily discerned from the surface.

At the end of the 19th century heavy diving equip-ment arrived on the Krapanj isle in the southeast-ern part of the Šibenik channel, whose residents traditionally engaged in sponge-diving. That way the residents of Krapanj became the first masters of the Croatian underwater world and one of the few witnesses to the rich archaeological heritage that had lain there intact for centuries. The develop-ment of sports diving, coupled with the activity of sponge- and coral-divers, caused irrepairable damages. However, it is not easy today to judge those that took part in it, because the protection of underwater archaeological heritage started to be discussed in public only many decades later.

Even though the cargo from many shipwrecks dis-appeared forever at that time, or was broken into tiny pieces by heavy diving boots, many finds re-mained preserved in private and monastery collec-

tions. They perhaps do not mean much to us today, because of the fact that by having been forcibly removed from their context they were deprived of their scientific value. Nevertheless, they bear wit-ness to the existence of sites, of some of which all traces have been lost today.

The shipwreck as an assemblage has exceptional importance in the archaeological science, because all objects, materials, ideas and practical solutions within it certainly belong to the same time. Besides, we must keep in mind that a shipwreck is a com-plex unit consisting of distinct elements, such as a wooden ship construction, equipment and cargo, each of which represents an inexhaustible source of information in its own right. Every shipowner and captain wish that their ship and cargo arrive in a safe harbour. By carefully investigating sunken ships, bringing them in that way back among peo-ple, it is as if after many centuries we reach that long-forgotten goal.

Kao što nam ponekad uzbuđenost raste s povećanjem dubine urona u more, tako

u mnogim slučajevima sličan učinak postiže i dubina urona u prošlost. Nažalost, o prapovi-jesnim brodovima vrlo malo znamo, a ostatke brodoloma za sada uopće ne poznajemo. Naj-stariji brodolom zabilježen u hrvatskom pod-morju pripada grčkom dobu (4. st. pr. Kr.), a njegovi ostatci leže kod hridi Krave pred ula-zom u višku luku.

Trgovački brodovi iz rimskoga doba dale-ko su najbrojniji. Zahvaljujući transportnim amforama, prapovijesnom izumu s najširom primjenom u doba antike, relativno ih je lako uočiti na morskom dnu. Roba prevožena u najslavnijim ambalažnim posudama Staroga vijeka često je predstavljala dio ili čak jedini teret broda, a otporni keramički materijal koji se do danas očuvao najčešće nas upozorava na prisutnost brodoloma. Zbog velike količi-ne cjelovitih primjeraka koji se pronalaze na podmorskim nalazištima, amfore su postale svojevrsnim simbolom podmorske arheološke baštine, ali ujedno i njezine devastacije.

Zbog nedostatka brodskog tereta na ratnim brodovima, njihovi se ostatci vrlo rijetko pro-nalaze, pa ih sve do vremena metalnih olupina poznajemo uglavnom na osnovi pisanih izvora i slikovnih prikaza.

Iako se godinama držalo kako su sva nalazišta do dubine dostupne sportskim roniocima te-meljito opljačkana u površinskom sloju, krajem osamdesetih godina ronioci su prijavili dva od-lično očuvana antička brodoloma u podmorju otoka Lastova. Iako tada u Sredozemlju ideja zaštite i prezentacije podmorskih nalazišta na mjestu nalaza još nije uzela maha, lastovska su nalazišta dokumentirana i pokrivena zaštitnim mrežama kako bi ih ronioci mogli razgledati i stručnjaci proučavati, bez straha da će stotine istovrsnih amfora jednoga dana ležati zaborav-ljene u zabitom kutu nekog skladišta.

Spomenuti brodolomi u podmorju Lastova pripadaju vremenu 2. i 1. stoljeća pr. Kr., a mogu se vjerojatno vezati uz grčku navigaciju Jadranom. U oba slučaja bila je riječ o skupini

od stotinjak amfora koje su ležale na kamenitom dnu čvrsto međusobno srasle i prirasle za stijenu. Prisutnost olovne prečke sidra na oba je nalazišta potvrdila kako je riječ o brodolomu, a ne tek o dijelu brodskoga tereta. Zaštitno istraživanje ma-njega obima, provedeno na rubovima jednog od nalazišta rezultiralo je otkrićem dviju keramičkih posuda i velikog keramičkog pladnja na cilin-dričnoj nozi (grč. louterion, lat. labrum) koji je korišten kao posuda za ritualna pranja. Nažalost, za sada su brodolomi u podmorju Lastova ne-dovoljno iskorišteni u turističke svrhe, ali razvo-jem ronilačkog turizma na otoku vjerojatno će se uskoro situacija promijeniti.

Do 2004. godine broj površinski neopljač-kanih nalazišta brodoloma s teretom amfora popeo se na sedam, a zaštitne mreže koje su se pokazale nedostatnima zamijenjene su že-ljeznim kavezima. U svim se slučajevima raz-mišljalo na isti način, uz pretpostavku kako će zaštitni kavezi omogućiti jedinstvenu turistič-ku prezentaciju antičkih brodoloma, a njiho-vo eventualno istraživanje biti odgođeno do trenutka kad se za njega postignu optimalni uvjeti. Nije riječ tek o financijskim sredstvima potrebnim za kvalitetno sustavno istraživanje i konzerviranje izvađenih predmeta, već i o od-govarajućim prostorima i uvjetima potrebnim za trajnu pohranu i prezentaciju nalaza.

Svaki je zaštitni kavez prilagođen veličinom i oblikom izgledu nalazišta i morskoga dna. Neki su od njih obilježeni natpisnim ploča-ma koje na sebi nose oznaku kulturne baštine Ministarstva kulture RH i podatak o datiranju brodoloma, a u većini slučajeva pristup nalazi-ma omogućen je putem posebnog otvora.

Jedno od kavezom zaštićenih nalazišta leži u blizini otočića Supetra pred Cavtatom. Riječ je o brodu s teretom amfora iz 3./4. st. po Kr., čija je dužina procijenjena na oko 30 metara, a količina amfora na par tisuća. U površinskom je sloju vidljivo nešto više od šest stotina pri-mjeraka, ali je zaštitnim istraživanjem potvr-đeno kako nalazi leže i u dubljim slojevima pijeska.

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Similar to the sensation that grows more intense in proportion with the depth of our dive into the sea,

in many cases the corresponding effect is achieved by the depth of the dive into the past. Unfortunately, we know very little about prehistoric ships, and we know nothing whatsoever about the remains of shipwrecks. The oldest documented shipwreck in the Croatian underwater world belongs to the Greek period (4th cent. B.C.), and its remains lie near the Krava rock in front of the entrance to the Vis harbour.

The most numerous group consists of the Roman-age shipwrecks. Thanks to transport amphorae, a prehistoric invention that was most widely ap-plied during antiquity, they are relatively easy to spot on the sea bed. The merchandize transported in the most famous containers of the Old Age of-ten formed part of the cargo or was even the only cargo of a ship, and the resistant ceramic material that has remained preserved to this day most often informs us of the presence of a shipwreck. Due to the large quantity of integral pieces found on un-derwater sites, amphorae became a symbol of sorts of underwater archaeological heritage, but also of its devastation.

Due to the lack of ship’s cargo on war ships, their remains are very rarely discovered, which is why up until the time of the metal wrecks we know them mostly only on the basis of written sources and il-lustrations.

Even though it had been considered for years that all the sites at the depths accessible to sports divers were thoroughly plundered in their surface layer, at the end of the 1980s divers reported two excellently preserved ancient shipwrecks in the underwater zone of the Lastovo island. Although at that time in the Mediterranean the idea of the protection and pres-entation of underwater sites in situ had not yet been in full swing, the Lastovo sites were documented and covered with protective nets to make them available for divers to see and experts to study, without fearing that hundreds of identical amphorae would one day lie forgotten in a distant corner of a warehouse.

The mentioned shipwrecks in the underwater zone of Lastovo belong to the time of the 2nd and 1st century B.C., and they can in all likelihood be at-tributed to the Greek navigation in the Adriatic. In

both cases there were around hundred amphorae that lay on the stony sea bed, firmly merged to-gether and fused to a rock. The presence of a lead anchor stock on both sites corroborated that it was a shipwreck and not merely a part of a ship’s cargo. A small-scale salvage investigation at the edge of one of the sites yielded two ceramic ves-sels and a large ceramic platter on a cylindrical leg (Gr. louterion, Lat. labrum), which was used as a vessel for ritual washing. Unfortunately, the shipwrecks in the Lastovo offshore zone are insufficiently used for tourist purposes, but the situation will probably change with the develop-ment of diving tourism on the island.

Until 2004 the number of unplundered surface shipwreck sites with a cargo of amphorae rose to seven, and protective nets, which proved insuf-ficient, were replaced by iron cages. In all cases the rationale was the same, with the supposition that protective cages will enable a uniform tour-ist presentation of ancient shipwrecks, and their possible investigation would be postponed un-til the time that optimal conditions have been achieved. This implies not only financial means necessary for a quality systematic investigation and conservation of the objects that were taken out, but also adequate facilities and conditions necessary for a permanent keeping and presenta-tion of the finds.

The size and shape of each protective cage is adapt-ed to the appearance of the site and sea bed. Some of them are marked with inscribed boards carrying the symbol of cultural heritage of the Ministry of Culture of RC and information about the date of the shipwreck, and in most cases the access to the finds is possible by way of a special opening.

One of the cage-protected sites lies near the Su-petar isle in front of Cavtat. The site contains re-mains of a ship with a cargo of amphorae from the 3rd-4th cent. A.D., whose length has been estimated at around thirty metres, and the number of am-phorae at several thousand. A little more than six hundred pieces are visible in the surface layer, but the salvage investigation yielded evidence of the finds lying in deeper layers of sand as well.

Nedaleko opisanog brodoloma na morskom se dnu nalazi osam cjelovitih i pet razbijenih doli-ja tj. keramičkih posuda kakve smo spomenuli u slučaju luke antičke Ise. Oni su vjerojatno predstavljali teret antičkog broda potonulog jedno do dva stoljeća ranije, a dosadašnja istra-živanja sličnih sredozemnih nalazišta navela su stručnjake na pomisao kako su dolijima bili ustvari opremljeni brodovi–cisterne onoga vre-mena. Veličina posuda i njihova velika težina zapriječile su do sada pljačkaše da ih podignu s morskoga dna, pa nalazište nije prekriveno zaštitnim kavezom.

Kako se u neposrednoj blizini nalazio i treći, ali znatno oštećen brodolom s teretom amfora iz 1. st. pr. Kr., a na širem području i brod iz Napoleonovog doba, predloženo je da se u cavtatskom podmorju oblikuje prvi podmor-ski arheološki park u Hrvatskoj. Ideja, naža-lost, još nije zaživjela na pravi način, ali postoji mogućnost da se u skoroj budućnosti obnovi inicijativa da se u Cavtatu roniocima ponudi i nešto više od samoga urona na nalazište.

Preostali kavezi nalaze se na položaju Klači-ne na otoku Mljetu, u uvali Koromašni na otoku Žirju, u uvali Vlaškoj maloj na oto-ku Pagu i kod rta Sorinja na otoku Rabu. U slučaju osmoga kaveza, postavljenog na nalazištu na pličini Buje kod Umaga riječ je o brodolomu čiji je površinski sloj devasti-ran, ali se u dubljim slojevima očekuje veća količina nalaza.

Među nabrojenim nalazištima cjelinom nala-za izdvaja se ono u uvali Vlaškoj maloj, gdje su uz manju, ali vrlo reprezentativnu skupinu rimskih kasno-republikanskih amfora na mor-skom dnu zatečene i dvije olovne prečke an-tičkih sidra, kameni žrvanj, posuđe koje je ko-ristila brodska posada i olovni uteg u funkciji dubinomjera. Svi su ti predmeti pronađeni na svome originalnom mjestu pa nam vrlo nagla-šeno sugeriraju obrise potonulog broda.

Iako možda naizgled ne pretjerano privlač-ni, a u pojedina doba godine i gusto obrasli morskom vegetacijom, kavezi nam ipak već godinama pomažu očuvati i pokazati nalazišta kakva trenutno u svijetu nije moguće legalno obići. Ideja u potpunosti sukladna UNESCO-voj Konvenciji o zaštiti podvodne kulturne baštine naišla je do sada na veliko zanimanje i odobravanje u svijetu pa, ukoliko se razvije na ispravan način, predstavlja odličan potencijal za razvoj ronilačkog i kulturnog turizma.

Što se muzejske prezentacije tiče, malo je an-tičkih brodoloma čiji se teret može detaljnije razgledati, no oni izloženi vrlo su dojmljivi i odlično primljeni od strane posjetitelja. Za nji-hovo je cjelovito izlaganje, međutim, potrebno izdvojiti nešto veći prostor od uobičajene mu-zejske vitrine što većini muzeja predstavlja ne-mali problem. Prostrani javni prostori, poput npr. predvorja hotela ili aerodroma, mogli bi odigrati važnu ulogu u izlaganju veće količine nalaza koji upravo svojom količinom posti-žu odgovarajući učinak. Pažljivo pripremljeni ugovori s muzejima koji raspolažu materija-lom, te dobro organizirani i osigurani javni prostori mogli bi tako postati rasadnici ideje o vrijednosti podmorske arheološke baštine i potrebi njezine zaštite i očuvanja. Zanimanje koje se na taj način stimulira kod slučajnih ili namjernih posjetitelja upućuje ih na otkriva-nje ostalih sličnih punktova i proširivanje vla-stitoga poznavanja pomorske prošlosti kraja u kojemu se nalaze.


Eight whole and five broken doliae, i.e. ceramic vessels of the kind mentioned in the case of the harbour of ancient Issa lie at the sea bed not far from the described shipwreck. They probably formed part of the cargo of an ancient ship that sank one or two centuries earlier, and the previ-ous investigations of similar Mediterranean sites led experts to conclude that doliae were in fact part of the equipment of ships-cisterns of that time. The size of the vessels and their consid-erable weight prevented plunderers to lift them from the sea bed, so the site has not been cov-ered with a protective cage.

Considering that in the immediate vicinity there was a third, but much more damaged shipwreck, with a cargo of amphorae from the 1st cent. B.C., and that the wider area included also a ship from the time of Na-poleon, a proposal has been put forward to establish the first underwater archaeological park in Croatia in the Cavtat underwater zone. The idea, unfortunately, has still not been put to practice in a proper way, but it is likely that in the near future the initiative to offer the divers in Cavtat something more than merely a dive to the site will be renewed.

The remaining cages are located at the position of Klačine on the Mljet island, in the Koromašna bay on the Žirje island, in the Vlaška Mala bay on Pag and near the Sorinj promontory on Rab. In the case of the eighth cage, placed in the shallows of Buje near Umag, the surface layer of the shipwreck is devastat-ed, but it is expected that deeper layers would yielded a larger quantity of finds.

Among the mentioned sites, the one in the Vlaška Mala cove is singled out in terms of the assemblage of finds, considering that in addition to a small but highly representative group of Roman late-republican amphorae, the sea bed yielded also two lead stocks of ancient anchors, a grindstone, ves-sels used by ship’s crew and a lead weight used as a depth finder. All these objects were found in their original position, so they are a distinctive indicator of the outlines of the sunken ship.

Though not excessively attractive in appearance, and in certain periods of the year densely covered with sea vegetation, the cages have nevertheless helped us for years to preserve and show the sites that are otherwise not legally visited anywhere else in the world. The idea, fully in keeping with the UNESCO Conven-tion on the protection of underwater cultural herit-age, has so far met great interest and approval in the world and, provided that it is developed in a proper way, it would be an excellent potential for the devel-opment of diving and cultural tourism.

As for the museum presentation, there are few ancient shipwrecks whose cargo can be seen in detail, but those that have been exhibited are very impressive and excellently accepted by the visitors. However, in order to display them as a whole, one needs a somewhat larger space than a usual museum showcase, which poses a con-siderable problem for most museums. Spacious public zones such as e.g. hotel lobbies or air-ports, could play an important role in exhibit-ing a larger amount of finds, considering that it is precisely their number what leaves the most impressive effect. Carefully prepared contracts with museums that keep the material, and well organized and secured public spaces, could thus become nurseries of the idea about the value of underwater archaeological heritage and the ne-cessity of its protection and preservation. The interest stimulated in this way in accidental or intentional visitors leads them to discover other similar spots and to broaden their own knowl-edge of the naval history of the area they are in.

Nekoliko stotina rimskih vinskih amfora iz 1. st. pr. Kr., izvađenih u uvali Veloj Svitnji u neposrednoj blizini viške luke, dva je deset-ljeća nakon istraživanja dočekalo svoje izlaga-nje u arheološkoj zbirci Arheološkog muzeja u Splitu, smještenoj u viškoj tvrđavi. Simulacija brodskog potpalublja i načina kako su u njega bile slagane amfore odlično se uklopila u nad-svođeni kameni prostor nekadašnjeg skladišta i već sama po sebi izrazito sugestivno djeluje na posjetitelje. Mnoge bi ideje u budućnosti mogle pridonijeti još boljem dojmu drevnoga brodarstva, naročito kad bi se za njihovu re-alizaciju zainteresirali ne samo muzejski već i turistički djelatnici. Njihovom bi interakcijom daleka pomorska prošlost za sve uzraste postala opipljiva i atraktivna tema.

Teret antičkog brodoloma koji se dogodio sre-dinom 4. st. po Kr. izložen je u Muzeju Staroga Grada na Hvaru. U tom slučaju predmeti izva-đeni iz mora, većinom amfore, ali i cilindrični keramički elementi korišteni u razne svrhe te određeni broj keramičkih posuda, izloženi su na pijesku kako bi simulirali situaciju zatečenu na morskom dnu. I takav prikaz vrlo je doj-mljiv i slikovit te se urezuje u sjećanje svima koji ga imaju prilike razgledati.

No, nisu samo neopljačkani antički brodolomi zanimljivi i pogodni za turističku prezentaci-ju, aktivno uključivanje ronilačkog dijela tu-rističke populacije u istraživanje i zaštitu pod-morske arheološke baštine ili za prezentaciju u muzejima i ostalim javnim prostorima. Mnogi brodolomi koji na prvi pogled djeluju lišeni svega zanimljivoga, kriju pod slojevima pijeska još nebrojene vrijedne podatke. Nije možda ri-ječ o atraktivnim nalazima koji privlače saku-pljače starina, već o detaljima brodske opreme, konstrukcije ili tereta koji nam potvrđuju ili mijenjaju dosadašnje, ili pak omogućuju nove spoznaje. U ovome času ne možemo ih sve istražiti, a možda čak niti adekvatno zaštititi, ali bismo ih poticanjem interesa kod ronilač-kih posjetitelja u obliku kratkih tečajeva i ra-dionica na obostranu korist mogli obilježiti te redovito obilaziti i dokumentirati.

Pojedinačni nalazi mogu se na prvi pogled učiniti beznačajnom skupinom, no i oni

predstavljaju važan izvor podataka o pomor-stvu, trgovini i društvenim zbivanjima tijekom prošlosti, a u nekim slučajevima mogu biti i vrlo atraktivni.

Najčešći pojedinačni nalazi predstavljeni su am-forama i ostalim keramičkim posudama, olovnim prečkama antičkih sidara ili različitim sidrima iz kasnijih vremena. Velika je šteta što su mnoge an-tičke prečke izvađene kako bi se olovo od kojeg su izrađene iskoristilo kao sirovina, dok su brojni primjerci završili po privatnim zbirkama. Kad bismo o mjestima na kojima se nalaze razmišljali kao o potencijalnim zaštićenim lokacijama isko-rištenim u svrhu turističke prezentacije, možda bismo spriječili drastično smanjivanje njihovoga broja u hrvatskom podmorju.

Vrijedi spomenuti kako i slavna brončana sta-tua mladog atleta iz helenističkog vremena, izvađena 1999. godine iz podmorja otočića Velih Orjula kod Lošinja, predstavlja ustvari pojedinačni nalaz. Njegova neizmjerna estet-ska i kulturno-povijesna vrijednost svrstava ga među najvažnije objekte kako znanstvenog istraživanja tako i turističke prezentacije. No, u drugom nam slučaju očigledno nedostaje mašte, jer bismo u suprotnome već davno po-nudili mogućnost ronilačkog obilaska replike na morskom dnu ili bar niz atraktivnih tiska-nih ili multimedijalnih materijala.


Several hundred Roman wine amphorae from the 1st cent. B.C., taken out of the sea in the Vela Svitnja bay in the immediate vicinity of the Vis harbour, two decades after the investigation saw the day dawn of their display in the archaeological collection of the Archaeological Museum in Split, situated in the Vis fortress. Simulation of the ship’s belowdecks and the method of storing amphorae in it fit excellently into the vaulted stone space of a former warehouse and in itself has a strong impact on the visitors. Many ideas could in the future con-tribute to an even better impression of the ancient shipping industry, especially if not only museum workers but also tourism professionals take an in-terest in their realization. With their interaction the distant seafaring past would become a palpable and attractive subject for all generations.

The cargo of the ancient shipwreck that occurred in mid-4th cent. A.D. is exhibited in the Stari Grad Mu-seum on Hvar. In this case the objects taken out of the sea, mostly amphorae, but also cylindrical ceram-ic elements used for various purposes as well as a cer-tain number of ceramic vessels, have been displayed on sand in order to simulate the situation encoun-tered on the sea bottom. Such display is also quite impressive and picturesque and remains etched in the memory of all those who had a chance to see it.

Nevertheless, it is not only unplundered ancient shipwrecks that are interesting and suitable for tourist presentation, active participation of div-ing part of tourist population in investigation and proection of underwater archaeological heritage or for presentation in museums and other public spaces. Many shipwrecks that at first seem devoid of anything of interest, conceal beneath layers of sand a multitude of valuable information. Those are perhaps not attractive finds of the kind that attracts collectors of antiquities, but details of ship’s equipment, construction or cargo, which confirm or modify previous knowledge or make new knowledge possible. We cannot investigate all of them at the moment, and perhaps not even protect them adequately, but by stimulating inter-est in diving visitors in the form of short courses and workshops, we could mark them and visit and document them on regular basis.

Individual finds may perhaps seem an in-significant group at first, but they likewise

represent an important source of information about seafaring, commerce and social events in the past, and in certain cases they may be very attractive.

The most frequent individual finds consist of amphorae and other ceramic vessels, lead stocks of ancient anchors or various anchors from later periods. It is indeed a pity that many ancient stocks had been taken out in order to use the lead they were made of as raw material, while numerous specimens have ended in private collections. If we saw their current locations as potential protected sites used for presentation in tourism, we might prevent a drastic fall in their number in the Croatian underwater world.

It merits mention that even the famous bronze statue of young athlete from Helenistic period, taken out in 1999 from the sea zone of the Veli Orjul isles near Lošinj, is in fact an individual find. Its immense esthetic and cultural-historical value places it among the most important objects of scientific research as well as tourist presenta-tion. However, in the latter case we are obvi-ously lacking in imagination, because otherwise we would have long ago offered possibility of a diving visit to a replica on the sea bed or at least a number of attractive printed or multimedia materials.

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Osim opisanih brodova u Ninu, brodolo-mi iz Srednjega vijeka nisu nam poznati

u hrvatskom podmorju. Zanimljivu skupinu, bogatu arheološkim nalazima i brojnim povi-jesnim informacijama, predstavljaju međutim brodolomi iz 16.–18. stoljeća. Oni se svojim izgledom, veličinom i sastavom arheološkog materijala bitno razlikuju od antičkih i nije ih jednako lako „utjerati u kaveze“. Raznolik brodski teret, koji u većini slučajeva obuhvaća keramičke, staklene i metalne proizvode, polu-proizvode i sirovine, a ponekad čak i proizvode od organskih materijala, razasut je po širokom prostoru oko potonulog broda. Njegovo do-kumentiranje zahtijeva daleko više vremena, a nakon vađenja iz mora konzervatorski su po-stupci izrazito zahtjevni. Loša iskustva iz proš-losti nameću nam veliki oprez prilikom istra-živanja takvih nalazišta jer izvađeni materijal, ukoliko nije tretiran na ispravan način, vrlo brzo i lako propada.

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s Pojedine brodolome iz navedenog razdoblja moguće je prezentirati i na morskom dnu po-put opisanih antičkih nalazišta. Slučaj naoru-žanog genoveškog brika iz 18. st. potonulog u blizini Grebena kod otoka Visa, čije je obrise jasno ocrtavalo šesnaest topova raspoređenih naokolo broda, od kojih su dva brončana izva-đena, a željezni ostavljeni na morskom dnu, odličan je primjer nalazišta koje je zanimljivo razgledati na mjestu gdje se originalno nala-zi. Sličan je slučaj i s brodolomom drvenog jedrenjaka iz nešto kasnijeg vremena, koji je potonuo nedaleko otočića Plavnika, a za ra-zliku od prethodno spomenutog naoružanog brika prevozio je teret željeznih topova. Dojam koji takvi brodolomi ostavljaju na morskome dnu daleko je impresivniji od njihove even-tualne klasične muzejske prezentacije, koja se međutim može postići kvalitetnim snimkama iz podmorja. Osim toga, veliki troškovi kon-zerviranja željeznih predmeta danas predstav-ljaju jedan od najvažnijih argumenata protiv vađenja materijala iz mora, upravo zbog već spomenutog rizika koji nosi nepravovremena ili neadekvatna konzervacija.

Još daleke 1948. godine pokrenuta je prva ak-cija organiziranog vađenja arheološkog mate-rijala iz hrvatskog podmorja u uvali Velikom Moluntu kod Dubrovnika. Za razliku od osta-lih sredozemnih zemalja u kojima se pozornost na novovjekovne brodolome usmjerila relativ-no kasno, prva hrvatska podmorska arheološ-ka akcija provedena je na nalazištu potonulog broda koji je u 18. stoljeću u službi engleske i ruske mornarice napadao brodove pod dubro-vačkom i francuskom zastavom.


With the exception of the described boats from Nin, we know of no other mediaeval

shipwrecks from the Croatian underwater world. An interesting group, rich in archaeological finds and with a wealth of historical information, is formed by the shipwrecks from 16th-18th century. They considerably differ from the ancient ones in terms of appearance, size and composition of ar-chaeological material, and are not as easily ‘’driven into cages’’. Diverse ship’s cargo, which in most cases comprises ceramic, glass and metal products, semi-products and raw materials, and sometimes even products made of organic materials, is scat-tered over a wide area around the sunken ship. Its documenting is much more time-consuming, and conservation procedures that follow the removal from the sea are exceptionally demanding. Bad experiences from the past impose great caution in the investigation of such sites because the collected material, unless treated properly, very quickly and easily falls to ruin.

Certain shipwrecks from the mentioned period can be presented on the sea bed itself, similar to the de-scribed ancient sites. The case of the armed French brig from the 18th cent., which sank near Greben near the Vis island, whose outlines were clearly out-lined by sixteen cannons arranged around the ship, of which two bronze ones have been taken out while the iron ones were left on the sea bottom, is an excellent example of a site that is attractive for viewing at its original position. The case is similar with the wreck of a wooden sailing ship from a somewhat later time, which sank off the Plavnik isle, which in contrast to the previously mentioned armed brig transported a cargo of iron cannons.

Such shipwrecks on the sea bed are far more impres-sive than their possible classical museum presentation, which on the other hand could be achieved with qual-ity photographs from the underwater world. Besides, great coss of conserving iron objects presently repre-sent one of the most important arguments against the removal of the material from the sea, precisely due to the already mentioned risk brought by untimely or inadequate conservation.

As early as 1948 the first action of the organized re-moval of archaeological material from the Croatian underwater world was carried out in the Veliki Molu-nat bay near Dubrovnik. Contrary to other Medi-terranean countries, where Modern Age shipwrecks received attention relatively late, the first Croatian submarine archaeological operation was carried out at the site of a sunken ship that had attacked ships under the flag of Dubrovnik and France in the service of the English and Russion navy.

Senzacionalno otkriće dogodilo se polovicom 60-ih godina prošloga stoljeća, kad je kod otočića Gnalića pred Pakoštanima nedaleko Biograda otkriven brodolom trgovačkoga bro-da vrlo vjerojatnog venecijanskog podrijetla. Bogati teret predstavljao je godinama mamac za znatiželjnike i devastatore, a čitava situacija još niti danas nije riješena na zadovoljavajući način. No, u nekoliko istraživačkih kampanja organiziranih krajem 60-ih i početkom 70-ih godina iz mora je izvađena količina predme-ta koja je svojom zanimljivošću i raznolikošću bila dostatna za osnivanje biogradskog muzeja. Mjedeni svijećnjaci podrijetlom iz njemačkog grada Lübeck-a, venecijanske staklene čaše i posudice raznih oblika, kožne naočale, britve, perlice od staklene paste, desetak brodskih topova i dva velika željezna sidra samo su dio nalaza koji su nam predočili od čega se sve sastojala brodska oprema i teret. U drvenoj škrinji koja je u trenutku podizanja iz mora zagolicala maštu mnogih sudionika istraži-vanja, pronađene su tri lanene košulje, osam kapa i bala svilom vezene svilene tkanine (tzv. damast) dužine 54 m. Fascinantna očuvanost tih predmeta učinila je nalazište kod Gnalića uistinu jedinstvenim u Sredozemlju, a trudu koji su voditelji akcije uložili u organiziranje konzerviranja i prezentiranja predmeta danas možemo zahvaliti njihovu dostupnost široj javnosti.

Sedamdesetih su godina i u podmorju Dubrov-nika evidentirana dva zanimljiva brodoloma. U Koločepskom kanalu, na položaju zvanom Drevine, otkriven je i dijelom istražen poto-nuli brod čiji se teret i oprema mogu dijelom usporediti s nalazima s brodoloma kod Gna-lića, iako vjerojatno potječu iz nešto kasnijeg vremena. Drugi je brodolom pronađen pred uvalom Suđurađ na otoku Šipanu, a kasnijim arhivskim istraživanjem potvrđeno je kako je riječ od dubrovačkom brodu „Sv. Jerolim“, vlasnika Jere Primojevića, koji je potonuo 1572. godine. Zanimljivo je kako je već u to vrijeme skupina ronilaca spasila nekoliko to-pova i vrjednijih predmeta s dubine od oko 30 metara, o čemu također postoje arhivski zapi-si. Istraživanje niti na jednom od spomenutih brodoloma nije provedeno sustavno pa nam još mnoga pitanja o brodskom teretu, opremi i konstrukciji ostaju velika nepoznanica. Dio izvađenoga materijala moguće je razgledati u Pomorskom muzeju u Dubrovniku.

Ne treba posebno naglašavati kakvu bi senza-ciju moglo predstavljati detaljno istraživanje i prezentacija postignutih rezultata u oba nave-dena slučaja, a naročito u slučaju broda koji je činio dio flote slavne Dubrovačke Republike. Pomorska moć Dubrovačke Republike nedo-voljno je poznata i proučena kako u hrvatskoj tako i u inozemnoj stručnoj i široj javnosti, a turistička prezentacija daleko je od one ka-kvu taj najvažniji segment hrvatske pomorske prošlosti zaslužuje.


A sensational discovery took place in the mid-1960s, when a shipwreck of a merchant ship most probably of Venetian origin was found near the Gnalić isle off Pakoštane near Biograd. The rich cargo had for many years been bait for the curious and devastators, and the entire situation has still not been solved satisfactorily. Nevertheless, in several investigation campaigns organized at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s a quantity of objects taken out of the sea was so large, interesting and diverse that it provided enough material for the foundation of the Museum of Biograd.

Brass candlesticks made in the city of Lubeck in Germany, Venetian glasses and small vessels of various shapes, leather eye-glasses, razors, beads of glass-paste, some ten ship’s cannons and two large iron anchors are only part of the finds that showed us what the ship’s equipment and cargo consisted of. The wooden chest that intrigued many participants in the investigation at the moment when it was being lifted from the sea, yielded three linen shirts, eight caps and a bolt of silk-embroidered linen (so-called damast) 54 m long. The fascinating preservation of those objects made the site near Gnalić truly unique in the Mediterranean, and today it is due to the efforts put in organizing conservation and pres-entation of the objects by the managers of the operation that we can thank their availability to the wider public.

Two interesting shipwrecks were documented in the 1970s also in the sea near Dubrovnik. The Koločep Channel, at the site called Drevine, a sunken ship was discovered and partly investigat-ed, whose cargo and equipment can be compared to a degree with the finds from the shipwreck near Gnalić, even though they probably come from somewhat later time.

The other shipwreck was discovered in front of the Suđurađ bay on the Šipan island, and subsequent study of the archives confirmed that this was ‘’Sv. Jerolim’’, a ship from Dubrovnik, owned by Jere Primojević, which sank in 1572. It is interesting that already at that time a group of divers saved a couple of cannons and valuable objects from the depth of around 30 metres, which has also been recorded in the archives. As neither of the men-tioned shipwrecks has been systematically investi-gated, numerous questions about the ship’s cargo, equipment and construction remain unsolved. Part of the collected material is on display in the Maritime Museum in Dubrovnik.

It hardly needs stressing what a sensation it would be if both mentioned cases were inves-tigated in detail and results presented, particu-larly in the case of the ship that formed part of the fleet of the famous Republic of Ragusa. The naval power of the Republic of Ragusa is insuf-ficiently known and studied in the Croatian as well as foreign professional and wider public, and tourist presentation is miles away from the one that this most important segment of Croatian maritime history deserves.

Posebnu skupinu nalazišta koja u novije vri-jeme privlači mnoge ronioce predstavljaju

metalne olupine brodova, podmornica i aviona koje pripadaju 19. i 20. st., a često su vezane uz sukobe velikih sila i uz važne pomorske bit-ke. Neovisno je li riječ o objektima stradalima u ratnim ili mirnodobskim vremenima, oni su često sa sobom odnijeli mnoge ljudske živote pa im stoga treba pristupati s još većom po-zornošću i poštovanjem. U nekim slučajevima, poput olupine talijanskog zapovjednog broda Re d’Italia, potonuloga u slavnom Viškom boju 1866. godine, riječ je o simbolima povijesnih događaja koji su odlučili daljnji tijek povije-sti i sudbinu određenoga prostora, te stoga ne mogu biti tretirani isključivo kao podmorska arheološka nalazišta pogodna za prezentaciju ili omiljene mete ronilačkog turizma.

Marine sanctuaries ili Podmorska svetišta naziv je kojim su Sjedinjene američke države okrstile svoje zaštićene podmorske zone. One, doduše, ne obuhvaćaju samo slavne brodolome već i svu ostalu vrijednu prirodnu i kulturno-povi-jesnu podmorsku baštinu, ali svojim nazivom jasno označavaju mjestima na kojima nam osnovna pravila ponašanja nalažu veliko po-štovanje i ne remećenje njihovoga mira.

Nametanje takvoga pristupa, osim što pred-stavlja nužnu pretpostavku ispravnog odno-sa prema svim ljudskim žrtvama, omogućuje nam da na neagresivan način djelujemo na ro-nioce o kojima u većini slučajeva ovisi do koje će nam se mjere nalazišta očuvati na morskom dnu. Svaka bi takva olupina stoga morala po-

sjedovati svoju priču, poučno ispričanu svima, koja bi izazvala osjećaj dužnoga poštovanja ka-kvo uobičajeno iskazujemo povijesnim spome-nicima na kopnu.

U hrvatskom podmorju mnogo je mjesta na kojima se mogu organizirano razgledati olu-pine brodova i aviona, ali ih nažalost rijetko prati kvalitetno objašnjenje i prikaz dostu-pan svima. Dvije možda najpoznatije olupine predstavljaju luksuzni austro-ugarski putnički parobrod Baron Gautsch potonuo 13. kolovoza 1914. godine zapadno od otočja Brijuni te au-stro-ugarski bojni brod Szent Istvan potonuo 10. lipnja 1918. godine jugozapadno od otoka Premude.

Baron Gautsch, ponos Austrijskog Lloyd-a, zbog pogreške zapovjednika i časnika naletio je na jednu od morskih mina koje je toga dana Austro-ugarska ratna mornarica postavila oko Brijuna. U kratkom je vremenu dramatično potonuo odnijevši sa sobom 177 žrtava, od ko-jih mnogo žena i djece. Brod danas uspravno stoji na morskom dnu na četrdesetak metara dubine. Trup je u relativno dobrom stanju, ali su mnogi vrijedni predmeti koji su pripadali luksuznoj opremi broda postali meta pljačkaša i završili na crnom tržištu umjetnina.

Potapanje bojnog broda Szent Istvan, jednog od četiri moćna broda iz klase Tegethoff, ozna-čilo je početak kraja Austro-ugarske ratne mor-narice. Na putu prema Dugom otoku, odakle je s ostatkom flote trebao krenuti u napad na Otrant, brod je postao žrtvom neplaniranog napada dvaju talijanskih torpednih čamaca MAS 15 i MAS 21. U roku od nekoliko sati koliko je trajala brodska agonija, okrenuo se naopako, a potom u nekoliko minuta poto-nuo. Brodovi iz pratnje uspjeli su spasiti 976 preživjelih članova posade, dok ih je 89 po-ginulo ili nestalo. Zbog dubine od preko 60 metara na mjestu brodoloma zabranjeno je ronjenje bez posebnog odobrenja Ministarstva kulture RH, a do sada ga je posjetilo tek neko-liko organiziranih ekspedicija. Tijekom 1995., 1997. i 1998. godine stručnom intervencijom

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A special group of sites that in the recent times attracts numerous divers is formed of metal

wrecks of ships, submarines and airplanes from the 19th and 20th cent., which are often connect-ed with conflicts of the great powers and with important naval battes. Irrespective of whether those objects suffered during war or peace, they often took away with them numerous human lives, and therefore have to be approached with even greater attention and respect. In certain cases, such as the wreck of the Italian command ship Re d’Italia, sunk in the famous battle of Vis in 1866, these are symbols of historic events that decided further course of history and destiny of certain area, and therefore cannot be considered only as submarine archaeological sites suitable for presentation or favourite targets of diving tourism.

The United States of America christened their protected underwater zones Marine sanctuar-ies. While it is true that they don’t comprise only famous shipwrecks but also all other valuable natural and cultural-historical un-derwater heritage, their title clearly marks them as places where basic code of conduct entails showing great respect and high regard for their peace.

Enforcement of such approach, in addition to rep-resenting a necessary precondition for an appropri-ate attitude towards all human victims, enables us to influence divers in a non aggressive way, because in most cases it depends on them to what degree our sites will remain preserved on the sea bed. Each such wreck should therefore tell a story of its own,

recounted to everyone in an instructive way, which would provoke a sensation of due respect that we usually pay to historical monuments on land.

There are a number of places in the Croatian sub-marine world where wrecks of ships and planes can be seen in an organized way, but unfortunately they are seldom accompanied by a quality explana-tion and interpretation accessible to everyone. Per-haps two of the best known wrecks are the luxury Austro-Hungarian passenger steamer Baron Gaut-sch, sunk on 13th August 1914 west of the Brijuni islands and Austro-Hungarian battleship Szent Istvan, sunk on 10th June 1918 southwest of the Premuda island.

Baron Gautsch, the pride of the Austrian Lloyd, due to the mistake of the commander and officers hit one of the naval mines that the Austro-Hungarian navy placed that day around the Brijuni archipela-go. It sank dramatically in a very short time, drag-ging to the bottom 177 victims, many of which were women and children. Today the ship stands erect on the sea bed at the depth of some forty metres. The hull is relatively well preserved, but numerous valuable objects that had belonged to luxurious equipment of the ship became the target of plunderers and found their way to the black art market of antiquities.

The sinking of the Szent Istvan battleship, one of the four powerful ships of Tegethoff class, marked the beginning of the end of the Austro-Hungarian navy. On its way to the Dugi Otok island, where it was supposed to accompany the remainder of the fleet in the attack on Otranto, the ship became a victim of unplanned attack of two Italian torpedo boats MAS 15 and MAS 21. Within several hours that the ship’s agony lasted, it turned upside down and then it sank within a matter of minutes. The escorting ships managed to save 976 remaining members of the crew, while 89 died or vanished. Due to the depth of over sixty metres, the diving at the shipwreck is forbidden without a special per-mission of the Ministry of Culture of RC, and so far only several organized expeditions have visited it. Expert interventions in 1995, 1997 and 1998, resulted in removal of various objects and disman-

izvađeni su razni predmeti i skinuta slova ime-na na krmi, prezentirani javnosti putem Povi-jesnog muzeja Istre u Puli.

Kao što je već u uvodnom tekstu spomenu-to, mnoge olupine leže na dubini nedostupnoj sportskim roniocima. One, međutim, pred-stavljaju mjesta na kojima će mnogi tehnički ronioci rado zaroniti, zadovoljiti znatiželju, osjetiti istraživačko uzbuđenje i iskušati svo-je umijeće, pa bi i na njima trebalo planirati organizirane ronilačke ture. Skupina od šest brodova potonulih tijekom I. i II. svjetskog rata kod otoka Paga predstavlja primjer za sada još neiskorištenog potencijala, koji bi sva-kako trebalo prezentirati u Gradskom muzeju u Novalji, a potom zainteresiranim posjetite-ljima ponuditi mogućnost smislenog obilaska navedenih lokacija. Na dubini između 70 i 90 metara, na različitim pozicijama nalaze se bro-dolomi austro-ugarskih parobroda Albanien i Euterpe, pogođenih torpedima 1916. i 1918. godine, brodolomi dviju njemačkih korveta UJ 202 (ex Melpomene) i UJ 208 (ex Spingar-da) i torpiljarke TA 20 (ex Audace) koje su u boju kod Luna 1944. godine potopili engleski razarači, te brodolom njemačkog razarača Al-denham, koji je iste godine naletio na morsku minu. Napete ratne priče i dramatični brodski udesi daju paškim brodovima veliku povijesnu vrijednost, a njihova koncentracija na određe-nom prostoru omogućuje da se njihove priče isprepletu i da se kroz njih održi sjećanje na dva najveća svjetska sukoba.

Podvodna arheološka baština ne nalazi se samo u prostranom hrvatskom podmor-

ju, već ju pronalazimo i u rijekama i jezerima kojima obiluje hrvatsko kopno. No, more je svojim blagom godinama privlačilo gotovo svu pozornost stručnjaka, a arheološka bašti-na unutrašnjih voda svela se većinom na niz slučajnih nalaza. Tek nekoliko je organiziranih akcija manjega obima povremeno ukazivalo na potrebu njenog istraživanja i zaštite, a tek posljednjih godina postala je predmetom oz-biljnijeg stručnog interesa.

Zanimljivu, ali zapostavljenu skupinu nalaza predstavljaju čamci izrađeni od jednog koma-da drveta, tzv. monoksili, koji su se koristili od prapovijesnih vremena do polovice prošloga stoljeća, a najčešće izlaze na svjetlost dana pri-likom izrazito niskoga vodostaja. Na području Hrvatske do sada je evidentirano tridesetak izvađenih primjeraka od kojih se tek nekoliko može razgledati u lokalnim muzejima, neki se nalaze pohranjeni u muzejskim depoima dok su drugi zauvijek nestali zbog neprikladnog smještaja i neprovedenog konzervatorskog postupka. Naravno, broj je monoksila daleko veći, ali nam muke oko njihovog očuvanja za sada nalažu da ih, ukoliko je to moguće, ostav-ljamo u riječnome mulju. Oni su, međutim, svojevremeno činili neizostavan dio ljudske svakodnevice te predstavljaju način života koji

Unutrašnje vodeInland waters


tling of the letters of the name from the stern, which are presented to the public in the Historical Museum of Istria in Pula.

As already mentioned in the introduction, many wrecks lie at depths inaccessible to sports divers. They, however, represent places where many technical divers would gladly venture, satisfy their curiosity, feel the exploration ex-citement and try their skill, so organized tour-ist visits should be planned for these sites as well. A group of six ships sunk during World War I and II off the island of Pag is an exam-ple of as yet unused potential, which should definitely be displayed in the Novalja Munici-pal Museum and after that the possibility of a meaningful visit of the mentioned sites should be offered to the interested visitors. At the depths between 70 and 90 m, but at different positions, lie the wrecks of Austro-Hungarian steamers Albanien and Euterpe, hit by torpe-dos in 1916 and 1918; shipwrecks of two Ger-man corvettes UJ 202 (ex Melpomene) and UJ 208 (ex Spingarda) as well as torpedo boat TA 20 (ex Audace), sunk by English destroyers in the battle of Lun in 1944; and shipwreck of the German destroyer Aldenham, which hit a naval mine in that same year. Suspenseful war stories and dramatic ships’ disasters bestow on the Pag ships a great historical value, and their concentration in a certain zone makes it possible to intertwine their stories and to pre-serve through them the memory of two great-est world conflicts.

Underwater archaeological heritage does not lie only in the spacious Croatian submarine

world, we find it also in the rivers and lakes, in which Croatian land abounds. However, the sea with its riches has for years attracted almost the en-tire attention of experts, while the archaeological heritage of the inland waters was reduced in general to a number of chance finds. Only a few organized small-scale operations occassionally pointed to the need of its investigation and protection, and it was only in recent years that it has become the subject of serious professional interest.

An interesting but neglected group of finds con-sists of boats made from a single piece of wood, the so-called monoxyla (logboats), used from pre-historic times until the mid-20th century, which mostly come to the light of day during very low water levels. Thirty or so pieces taken out of the water have been documented in Croatia so far. Only few of those can be seen in local museums; some are deposited in museum repositories, while other have perished forever due to inadequate ac-commodation and failure to carry out conserva-tion procedures. Naturally, the number of log-boats is far greater, but the problems connected to their preservation require that we leave them, if possible, in the river mud. However, they once formed an integral part of human everyday life and they represent a way of life that was in former times much more connected with water.

je u prošlim vremenima bio daleko više vezan uz vodu. Stoga i njihove priče nose u sebi mnogo više od onoga što nam se na prvi pogled može učiniti.

Rijeke, osim toga, skrivaju i mnoge vrijedne predmete koji su tisućljećima padali u vodu na važnim prijelazima ili su pak žrtvovani vodenim božanstvima. U njihovim se koritima skrivaju ostatci sojeničkih naselja, pristaništa, brodoloma i starih mostova preko kojih se prelazilo od pra-davnih vremena. No, mutna voda i jaka struja u mnogim nam slučajevima ne omogućuju pre-zentaciju nalaza u ambijentu u kojemu su pro-nađeni, već nas upućuju na prostore muzeja. Po-mislimo li, međutim, na moguće rekonstrukcije jednostavnih brodova koji su nekada intenzivno plovili našim rijekama, a koji turistima mogu dočarati kako se i zašto nekada živjelo s vodom, možda ćemo jednoga dana i u arheološkoj ba-štini unutrašnjih voda pronaći odgovarajuću in-spiraciju za bogatiju ponudu u okviru kulturnog turizma u hrvatskoj unutrašnjosti.

Iz prethodnog teksta razvidno je obilje i ra-znolikost podvodne arheološke baštine kako

u primorskom tako i u kontinentalnom dijelu Hrvatske. Znanstveno istraživanje podvodnih nalazišta i nalaza pruža nam mogućnost pro-učavanja kako pomorstva tako i brodarenja i brodarstva te ostalih segmenata života na unu-trašnjim vodama tijekom proteklih vremena. No, tek prezentacija rezultata široj javnost daje tim istraživanjima pravi smisao, a dobrobit šire društvene zajednice jedino je ispravno oprav-danje za njihovo provođenje.

Korištenje turističkih potencijala podvod-ne arheološke baštine, jednako kao u slučaju odgovarajuće baštine na kopnu, potrebno je provoditi kroz intenzivnu suradnju stručnjaka s oba zainteresirana područja. Na taj se način arheološka istraživanja mogu dijelom usmjeriti na nalazišta koja društvenoj zajednici pružaju veću dobrobit i time postići mogućnost aktiv-nog uključivanja turista u gotovo sve njihove segmente. Jednako tako, aktivno korištenje nalaza i rezultata istraživanja u svrhu turistič-ke prezentacije dodatan je poticaj za njihovo provođenje, a ujedno i vrlo učinkovit način za razvijanje svijesti o potrebi zaštite i očuvanja podvodne arheološke baštine.

Pri ostvarivanju ideja turističke prezentacije podvodnih nalazišta na samome mjestu nalaza potrebno je, međutim, vrlo pažljivo planirati

Zaključak Conclusion


Consequently, their stories contain much more than what we might think at the first glance.

In addition to this, rivers conceal many valuable objects that were falling down the millennia into the water on important crossings or which were offered as sacrifice to water deities. Their beds hide remains of pile-dwelling settlements, berths, shipwrecks and old bridges across which people crossed from times immemorial. How-ever, muddy water and strong current in many cases forbid the presentation of finds in their original environment, directing us instead to the museum spaces.

If we think, on the other hand, about the pos-sible reconstructions of simple boats that once intensely navigated our rivers, and which might evoke for the tourist how and why people once lived with water, perhaps one day we might find also in the archaeological heritage of inland waters an adequate inspiration for a richer of-fer within the frame of cultural tourism in the Croatian interior.

The previous text brings to the fore the abun-dance and variety of underwater archaeologi-

cal heritage in the coastal as well as continental part of Croatia. Scientific research of underwater sites and finds enables us to study seafaring as well as shipping and shipping industry, but also oth-er segments of life in interior waters during past times. Still, only the presentation of the results to the wider public renders those investigations truly meaningful, and the benefit of the wider social community is the only appropriate justification for their conduct.

The exploitation of tourist potentials of underwa-ter archaeological heritage, same as in the case of corresponding heritage on land, should be carried out through intense cooperation of experts from both concerned areas. That way the archaeological investigations could partly be directed to the sites that benefit the social community more, achieving by this a possibility of active participation of tour-ist in almost all their segments. Likewise, active use of finds and results of investigations with purpose of tourist presentation is a sufficient stimulus to carry them out, and at the same time an efficient way to develop awareness of the need for protec-tion and preservation of underwater archaeological heritage.

When it comes to realizing ideas of tourist pres-entation of underwater sites in situ it is, however, necessary to very carefully plan organized tours of

organizirane obilaske pojedinih lokacija, vode-ći prije svega računa o prirodnoj i arheološkoj baštini koja zbog povećane frekvencije plovila i ronilaca može trpjeti velike štete.

Stručnjaci u turizmu često nisu upoznati s mogućnostima koje im u svezi s podvodnom arheološkom baštinom stoje na raspolaganju, a arheolozi udubljeni u prošlost i morske dubi-ne ne stižu do njih sa svojim rezultatima, pri-jedlozima i idejama. Stoga brojne mogućnosti ostaju nažalost neiskorištene. Predmeti i spo-znaje koji bi mogli obradovati mnoge posjeti-telje leže zaboravljeni na policama muzejskih depoa ili se vješto skrivaju u stručnim članci-ma i knjigama.

No, vremena se mijenjaju, a i mi s njima, pa ono što se nekada činilo nemogućim danas više ne predstavlja velik problem. Ujedinimo li sna-ge stići ćemo na vrijeme iskoristiti mogućnosti koje nam se nude, stvorivši pri tome vojsku vrijednih suradnika. Svako njihovo pozitivno iskustvo pomaknut će unaprijed razinu svije-sti o vrijednosti podvodne arheološke baštine i potrebi njene zaštite i očuvanja, a svima koji takvom baštinom raspolažu pokazati kako ona ne predstavlja samo izvor troškova i problema, već i potencijalni izvor materijalne i duhovne dobiti za čitavu zajednicu.


certain locations, primarily keeping in mind that the natural and archaeological heritage could suf-fer great damage due to the increased frequency of vessels and divers.

Tourism experts are often not familiar with the possibilities at their disposal regarding the under-water archaeological heritage, while archaeologists immersed into history and sea depths don’t reach out to them with their results, proposals and ide-as. This is why many opportunities unfortunately remain unexploited. Objects and knowledge that could please many visitors lie forgotten on the shelves of museum depots or hide skillfully in scholarly articles and books.

Nevertheless, the times change, and we change together with them, so that what once seemed impossible no longer presents a big problem. If we pool our resources, we shall be able to use the opportunities we have on time, creating in the process a host of valuable partners. Every positive experience that they have had would enhance the level of awareness about the value of underwater archaeological heritage and the need for its pro-tection and preservation, and show to all those that dispose with that heritage that it is not only a source of expenses and problems, but also a poten-tial source of material and spiritual benefit for the entire community.

Underwater Archaeological Heritage and Tourism

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