Understanding Well Construction and Surface …...4 Well Site Planning & Preparation Single vs. Multi-well pad A standard single well lease site for conventional oil or gas will typically

Understanding Well Construction and

Surface Footprint

2

Well Site Planning & Preparation Drilling Casing & Cement Completion & Stimulation Site Maintenance

Well Construction Timeline

Stage 1: Planning and Preparation• AcquireSurfaceLease

Agreement• Determinationofmulti-wellpad

orsinglewellpadrequirements• Informstakeholdersofthe

proposedwellconstruction• Evaluationofsourgas

probability;thiswillinfluenceequipmentlocation,etc.

• AcquireWelllicense(s)• ObtainOperation(s)permits• SiteExcavationandPreparation• Thepreparationofthelocation

wouldincludethedrillingofinitial“rathole/mousehole”andplacementofconductorstring/pipe

• Identifysafetyprocedures,environmentalandregulatoryrequirements

• Outlinetheemergencyresponseplans/procedures

Stage 2: Drilling• Drillingrigandequipment

mobilization(ifnotusedforSurfaceHoledrilling)

• Drillingfluids/mud–testingandrecycling

• BlowOutPreventer(BOP)installation

• Surface,andintermediate(insomecases)casingcementedintothewellbore

• Drillcuttingsamplestakenandanalyzed(ongoingthroughoutthedrillingprocess)

• Wellboredrilledtototaldepth(vertical,directionalorhorizontal)

• Potentialreservoir(s)identifiedandevaluatedusinggeophysicalloggingtechniques

Most stages of well construction include stakeholder dialogue. Consultation with stakeholders is the responsibility of the individual project proponent.

3

Well Site Planning & Preparation Drilling Casing & Cement Completion & Stimulation Site Maintenance

Well Construction Tim

eline

Stage 3: Casing and Cement• Productioncasing

loweredintothewellandcementedintoplace

• Diagnostictoolsareutilizedtoensurewellboreintegrity

Stage 4: Completion & Stimulation• Drillingrigismovedoffsiteand

permanentwellheadinstalled• Stimulationequipmentismoved

intoplace• Reservoirhorizonsare

perforatedandthenstimulated• Stimulationequipmentismoved

offsite• Producingzonesaretested• Withthedrillingandcompletion

equipmentdemobilized,thesurfacefootprintisdramaticallyreduced.

Aftercasing,cementingandwellstimulationactivitiesarecompleted,andassumingthewellissuccessful,therewillbeadditionalconstructionactivityonsitetoinstallsurfacefacilitiesifrequired,tiethewellintothepipelineinfrastructure,andcontourandreclaimpartoftheleasesite.

Thisinformationbookletdiscusseswellconstructionpracticesonly.Formoreinformationaboutthecompletionsprocess,includingHydraulicFracturingorotherstimulationtechniques,pleasereferenceUnderstanding Hydraulic FracturingorUnderstanding Water and Unconventional Resourcesatwww.csur.com

4

Well Site Planning & Preparation

Single vs. Multi-well padAstandardsinglewellleasesiteforconventionaloilorgaswilltypicallyaffectasurfaceareameasuring100metresby100metres.Theleasesitewilltypicallyholdthedrillingrigandadditionalequipmentalongwithsupervisoryaccommodationandmaterialstorage.Ifmultiplewellsfromasinglepadareplanned,thesurfaceareaoftheleasesitewouldbelarger;insomecasesasmuchasdoublethesize.(100metresby200metres.)Whileamulti-wellpadsitewillhavealargersurfacearea,thecumulativesurfaceimpactofthetotalnumberofwellsdrilledintheprojectareawillbesmaller.Padsitesallowmultiplewellstobedrilledfromonesurfacelease,therebyreducingthetotalsurfacearearequiredforoilandgasdevelopment.Oncedrillingiscompletedandthewell(s)is/areconnected/tied-intothepipeline,aportionoftheleaseareacanbereclaimedtominimizesurfacedisturbance.

Surface Lease Site AgreementAsurfaceleasesiteagreementgrantsacompanyaccesstodrillawell(s)onlandthatisheldeitherprivately,bythecrownorbyaFirstNation.Theagreementalsospecifiesanyconditionsrelatingtothecommitmentsandresponsibilitiesofboththecompanyandthelandowner,includingthepaymentofcompensationbythecompanytothelandowner.

License & PermitFederaland/orProvincialandMunicipallicensesandpermitsarerequiredforleasesiteconstruction;projectspecificrequirementswillvarydependingonthelocationofthewell.

Excavation & LevelingToprepareforinitialdrilling,theleasesiteisleveled,ifnecessary,withabulldozerand/orgrader,withcarefulconsiderationgiventoburiedpipelinesandutilities,aswellasproximitytosurfacewaterfeatures.Thescaleanddurationofleasesitepreparationissite-specific.Onsomedrillingsites,acellarmaybeexcavated.Thisiswherethemainboreholeistobedrilled.Areservepitandsettlingpitsmaybeexcavatedandareusedforwaterordrilling fluid(mud)discharges.Oftenthesoillayersareseparatedforbettersoilconservation.Uponcompletionofthedrilling,thesoilscanthenberestoredtotheiroriginallocation.

Excavated lease site

5

Well Site Planning &

Preparation

Drilling of the “Surface Hole” , etc. Aspartofanyoilorgaswell,aconductorholeandsurfaceholearerequiredaspartoftheentirewellbore.Commonly,aratholeand/oramouseholearedrilledpriortotheactualdrillingofthewelltoreservoirdepth.Aconductorhole,alsoreferredtoasa“starterhole”isalargediameterhole,linedwithpipewhichvariesindepth,andisusedtohousetheBOP(BlowOutPreventer).Aratholeisaholelyingbelowtherigfloor,30to35feetdeep,linedwithcasingintowhichthekellyisplacedwhenhoistingoperationsareinprogress.Amouseholeisashallowboreholeundertherigfloor,usuallylinedwithpipe,intowhichjointsofdrillpipearetemporarilyplacedduringdrillingoperations.Theseareeitherdonebytheportablerigthatdrillstheconductorhole,orcanbedonebytheprimaryrigafterrigging-up.Thesurfaceholeisdrilledandcasedtoisolatepotentialshallowgroundwateraquifersfromthewellbore.

Safety Procedures & Emergency Response PlansAlldrillingsitesaretypicallyclassifiedaccordingtoareasofpotentialand/oractualexposuretoHydrogen Sulfide (H2S).H2Sisanextremelytoxicandpoisonousgas.Employerswilltakespecialprecautionswhenchoosingequipment.WellsiteemployeesaretrainedtorespondaccordinglyshouldtheyencounterH2S.Underthesecircumstances,allemployeesarerequiredtowearspecially

approvedmasksandairsupplyequipment.Therecommendationsandemployeeinstructionwillvarydependingonthetypeofarea,aswilltheemergencyresponseplans(ERPs)thatareinplace

Environmental and Regulatory ConsiderationsProvincialandfederalregulations,whichgoverntheoilandgasindustry,havebeeninplaceformanyyears.Theyhavebeenestablishedtoensurethatboththepublicandtheenvironmentareprotectedthroughoutexploration,developmentandproductionofhydrocarbonresources.Regulationsarealsocontinuallyreviewedandrevised,asrequired,inresponsetoadvancementsinindustrytechnologiesandthetechniquesemployedtoextracttheresource.

Thefundamentalregulatorybasicsofsurfaceandgroundwaterprotection,wellboreintegrity,leaseconstruction,forexample,applytoalltypesofhydrocarbondevelopments;includingunconventionalresources.Similarly,theuseofwaterfordrillingandcompletionactivitiesrequireapprovalsorpermitsfromappropriateauthorities.

Prior to acquisition of the surface lease site, a number of different steps are required. Requirements will vary depending on the location of the proposed development and jurisdictional prerequisites.

6

Drilling

Equipment Assembly and PlacementAsite,anditsaccessroad,mustaccommodatealargenumberoftemporaryandsemi-permanentstructuresandtanks,allbroughtinbytruck.Atanewly-prepareddrillsite,thestabilityofthewellpadisnecessarytosupportthedrillingrigandauxiliaryequipmentrequiredonsite.Insomelocalitieswherethegroundisunstablerigmatsarecommonlyused.Afterthewellpadisproperlypreparedthedrillingrigisthenunloadedandassembled.

Therearemanyrigdesigns,andthisbookletdoesnotcovereachtypeindividually.Duringassemblyoftherig,someequipmentmaybehandledandsetwithcrane,riguptrucks,orforklift,dependingonthesizeoftherig.

Thesubstructureisassembled,pinnedtogether,leveled,andtiedintootherrigcomponents.Oncethesubstructureissetinplace,installingthepowersystemandraisingthederrickbegins.Mostdrillingrigsarepoweredbyelectricitythatisdeliveredbyonsitedieselpoweredgenerators.

Whileonecrewfinishespreparingtherigfloor,anothercrewmightberiggingupthecirculatingsystem.Themudtanksandmudpumpsaresetintothepredeterminedlocation.

Oncealladditionaldrillingandauxiliaryequipmentaresetintoplaceafinalinspectioncanbedone.Theentireprocessofrigging-upcantakeoneortwodays.Wheremultiplewellsaredrilledfromasinglepad,commonlythedrillingrigwillhavetheabilitytomovetothenextlocationontheleasewithminimaldisassembly/reassembly.

Drilling boreholes deep into the ground and preparing them to produce oil and gas is a highly technical and specialized process. Throughout the operation, custom-designed fluids fulfill many different roles. While drilling, these include: lubricating the drill bit; circulating drilled-up rock out of the hole; containing formation fluids within the hole; and facilitating operation of sophisticated formation evaluation tools. Fluids may be water-based, oil-based, or synthetic.

Source: Shale Exploration

7

Drilling

Core SamplesInsomecases,acoresampleoftheformationistakenfortesting.Aspecialcorebarrelisloweredtothebottomonthedrill stringandisrotatedtocutacorefromtheformation.Thiscoreisbroughttothesurfaceandexaminedinalaboratory.Somecoreorchipanalysismayoccuratthetemporaryon-sitelabwhileothercoresamplesaresealedandshippedtospecializedlabsforin-depthreservoircharacteristicandcoreanalysis.

Vertical vs. HorizontalAlthoughhistoricallyoilandgaswellshavebeendrilledvertically,newtechnologieshavemadeitpossibleforwellstobedrilledhorizontally.Thepurposeofdrillingahorizontalwellistoincreaseamountofreservoirrockthatisintersectedfromthewellbore.Horizontaldrillingfirstentailsdrillingaverticalwelltoapredetermineddepthabovethereservoir.Thewellisthendrilledatanincreasingangleuntilitintersectsthereservoirintervalinahorizontalplane.Oncehorizontal,thewellisthendrilledtoaselectedlength,whichcouldextendtoasmuchas3500m.Thisportionofthewell,calledthehorizontalleg,allowssignificantlyincreasedcontactofthewellborewiththereservoircomparedtoaverticalwell.Uponcompletionofdrilling,production casingiscommonlyplacedintothewellbore.Aperforating

gunisloweredintothewellboreandplacedinaselectedintervalwithinthehorizontalleg.Itisthenactivatedtocreateaseriesofholesinthecasingtoallowcommunicationbetweenthereservoirandthewellbore

Source: Kocurek Industries

Example of a core sample. Typically 12

inches in length and 8 inches in

diameter. The pitted surface

represents visible pore space.

Step 1Drillverticallyuntilthewellbore

reachesapointabovethetargetedreservoir.

Step 2“Kickoff”andbegintodrillatan

increasingangleuntilthewellborerunshorizontallythroughthe

targetedreservoir.

Step 3Drillhorizontallytodesiredlength.

Source: Kocurek Industries

8

Casing and Cement

Wellconstructionactivitiesareengineeredtoensurethatgroundwaterbearinghorizonsareisolatedfromthewellbore.Thisprocesseliminatesthepotentialforcommunicationsandpossiblecontaminationduringsubsequentdrilling,completionandfinalproductionoperations.Toprovidetheprotectionnecessary,usuallyanumberofstepsarecompletedtoisolatethewellborefromthesurroundingrockintervalsthathavebeenpenetratedduringthedrillingprocess.

Step 1 Oncetheconductorpipehasbeenputinplacethesurfaceholeisdrilledtothebaseofgroundwaterprotection,asdefinedbytheregulatorybody.Surfacecasingisloweredintotheholeandcementedinplace.Atthisstage,abarrierofsteelANDcementiscreatedtopreventthecontaminationofpotentialshallowgroundwateraquifersaswellprovidewellborestabilityfortheremainingdrillhole.

Step 2 Thecementisallowedtosetpriortocontinuationofdrillingandinsomejurisdictions,a“cementbond”geophysical logisruntodeterminetheintegrityofthecementthatsurroundsthesurfacecasing.

Step 3 Thewellboreisthendrilledtoitstotaldepth.Insomecases,dependingonthetotaldepthofthewellortheorientation(horizontalor

vertical)anintermediatesetofcasingmaybeinsertedintothewellboreandcementedinplace.Theprocessofinstallationandcementingofintermediateandproductioncasingissimilartosurfacecasing.Thedecisiontoinstalladditionalcasingisbaseduponexpectedreservoirconditionsaswellascompletionandstimulationtechniquesthataretobeused.Thissecond(orthird)setofsteelcasingprovidesadditionalisolationofthehydrocarbonzonefrompotentialshallowaquifers.

Itisimportanttorecognizethattheoilandgasindustryusestechnologicallyadvancedcementtoconstructthewellbore.Concreteusedforsidewalksisverydifferentthanthecementusedtosecuresurface,intermediateandproductioncasinginplace.Cementsaretailoredtoformation,temperature,depth,completiontechniqueandotherfactors.

CSUR Casing Model

9

Casing and Cement

Itisimportanttoensurethatgroundwaterisprotected,notonlyinthefirstfewstagesofwellboreconstruction,butalsoduringthefulllifecycleofthewell.Thisisaregulatedprocesswherebytheownerofthewellisrequiredtoensurethatconditionsdownholedonotdegradethewellboreintegrityovertime.Possiblewellintegrityconcernscouldariseasaresultofpoorcementbond,casingshift,corrosionofcasingovertime,etc.Thereareseveraldiagnostictoolsutilizedinindustrytohelppromotewellboreintegritysuchascathodic protection,chemicaltreatmentandproductionpackers.Therearealsoseveraltoolstoidentifywellboreintegrityissuesafterthey’veoccurred,forexample,corrosionlogs,cementbondlogs,productionlogsandcasingpatches.

Gas-rich shale

SandstoneSandstone

LimestoneLimestone

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Shallow groundwater aquiferDeep groundwater aquifer

Protective steel casing:Steel casing and

cement provide wellcontrol and isolate

groundwater zones

Municipal water wellPrivatewell

Surface gas-well lease

Horizontal bore

Induced shale fractures

Note: Buildings andwell depth not to scale

1,000m

Surface

2,000m

2,300m

1,500m

Source: Canadian Natural Gas

10

Completions and Stimulation

Oncethewellhasbeendrilledandcaseditisnowreadytobestimulated.Thereareavarietyofstimulationprocesses,themostcommonofwhichbeinghydraulicfracturing.Followingthestimulationofthepotentialzone(s)thewellisreadytobeequippedforproduction.

Whenthewellisready,hydrocarbonscanbeproducedeitherthroughtheproductioncasingorthroughtubinginserteddowntheproductioncasing.Thetypeofhydrocarbonsproduced(oilorgas)willdeterminethetypeofproductionstringused.

Iftubingistobeused,thejointsarelinkedtogetherwithcouplingstomakeupatubingstring.Tubingisrunintothewellmuchthesameascasing,buttubingissmallerindiameterandisremovable.Coiledtubingcanalsobeusedthuseliminatingtheneedfortongs,slips,orelevators,whichmakesiteasiertoinstall.Priortoproductionflow,downholeisolationequipmentsuchaspackersorplugsareremovedanddrillingfluidisflushedfromthewellbore.Hydrocarbonscannowflowfreelytothewellhead.

Ifthewelldoesnotflowonitsown,artificialliftsystemsmayneedtobeconsidered,suchasabeam pumping unit.

Beam Pumping Units. Source: United States Department of Labour

Coil Tubing UnitSource: Schlumberger

11

Key Personnel

Completions and Stim

ulation

Thedrillingofanoilorgaswellrequiresanumberofhighlytrainedprofessionals,bothintheofficeaswellasinthefield.Keypersonnelmayincludebutarenotlimitedto:

Drilling Engineersdesignandimplementprocedurestodrillwellsassafelyandeconomicallyaspossible,whileatthesametimeprotectingthehealthandsafetyofworkersandotherpersonnelinaccordancewithestablishedregulations.

Surface Land Menensurethetimelyandaccurateacquisitionofsurfacerights;coordinatingtheeffortsofSurveyorsandBrokers.TheyrepresentthedrillingcompanyandinteractextensivelywithinternalBusinessUnits,publicandregulatorystakeholders.TheyalsomakesuresurfaceacquisitionandconsultationcompliancemeetRegulatoryrequirements.

Surveyorsdeterminethepreciselocationoftheplannedwellthesurroundingleasesite.Heorsheislicensedbytheprovinceandworkonbehalfoftheoilandgascompany

AConstruction Engineerperformsengineeringworkinthefieldtosupportwellconstructionandhelpsintheplanningandexecutionofconstructionworkinthefield.

ContractorsorSub-Contractorsareemployedbytheoilandgascompanytoperformworkonsitethroughoutvariousstagesduringwellconstruction.Thedrillingcrew,cementers,welltesters,waterhaulersandweldersareallexamplesofcontractorsthatworkontheconstructionsite.

Well site geologistsmonitortheprogressofthewellasitisdrilledtoidentifythepresenceofoilandgasinthesubsurface.Theyalsoinformtherestofthedrillteamwhenthewellhasreachedthereservoirtarget.

12

Site Maintenance

FootprintCommercialproductionofunconventionalresourcesoftenrequiresnumerouswellstointersecttheoilandgasbearingformation(s)inordertobeeconomic.Thetechnologiesofhorizontaldrillingandmulti-stagefracturestimulationcoupledwithmultiplewellsfromasinglepadhaveenabledthecumulativesurfacefootprinttobeminimized.

Companiescandrillmultiplewellsfromasingle-padlocationandextractthehydrocarbonsfromasmuchas10sqkm.Whilethesizeofamulti-wellpadisslightlylargerthanaregularoilandgasleasethecumulativefootprintforadevelopmentismuchsmallerthanitwouldbewithconventionaldevelopmentusingverticalwells.Feweraccessroadsandtheconcentrationoffacilitiesandpipelineswithinthepadfootprintminimizethesurfacedisturbanceofadevelopment.

Duringtheactualdrillingandhydraulicstimulationproceduresforunconventionalresourcedevelopment,thereisaconcentrationofheavyequipmentonsite.Waterrequirementsforbothdrillingandfracturingcanbelargeandcommonlyalinedreservoirpitortanksareusedforstorage.Insomecases,ifthewatersourceisnearby,temporarypipelinesareconstructedtotransportthewaterratherthanusingtankertrucks.Uponcompletionofthedrillingactivities,alloftheheavyequipmentisremovedandpermanentsurfacefacilitiesareconstructed.Inmostcases,thefootprintofthewellsandsurfacefacilitiesismuchsmallerthantheoriginaldrillingfootprint

Construction vs. ProductionOncethewelliscompletedandfullymovedthroughtoproduction,thefootprintoftheleasesiteisgreatlyreduced.

Multi-well pad during construction and completions activity

Horizontal multi-well pad in productionSource: Trident Exploration

13

Site Maintenance

Well ControlProperlytrainedpersonnelareessentialforwellcontrolactivities.Wellcontrolconsistsoftwobasiccomponents:anactivecomponentconsistingofspecializeddrillingfluidsandpressurecontroltominimizethepotentialinflowofhydrocarbonsorgroundwaterfluidsandapassivecomponentthatconsistsofmonitoringequipmentthatrespondsifainfloworpressurekickoccurs.TheBlowoutPreventer(BOP)isanintegralpartofthemonitoringandwellcontrolequipment.

Thefirstlineofdefenseinwellcontrolistohavesufficientdrillingfluidpressureinthewellbore.Inthesubsurface,undergroundfluidssuchasgas,wateroroilareunderpressure(formation pressure).Thecolumnofdrillingfluidinthewellcreatesapressure(mud pressure)thatcounteractstheformationpressure.Iftheformationpressureisgreaterthanthemudpressure,thereisthepossibilityofablowout.

Theblowout preventer (BOP),accumulator andchoke manifold areinstalledbytherigcrewafterthesurfacecasingissetandcemented.Thechokelinevalveisusedtoredirectthemudfromthewellboretothechokemanifoldshouldapressureeventoccur.Ifaneventdoesoccur,theBOPisactivated,containingthepressureandavoidingablowout.

TheBOPs,accumulators,andchokemanifoldneedtobeproperlymaintainedandaretestedonaregularbasis

Blowout Preventer (BOP)

Choke Manifold

14

Glossary and Terminology

Accumulator:Adeviceusedinahydraulicsystemtostoreenergyor,insomeapplications,dampenpressurefluctuations.Wellpressure-controlsystemstypicallyincorporatesufficientaccumulatorcapacitytoenabletheblowoutpreventertobeoperatedwithallotherpowershutdown.

Aquifers:Anywater-bearingformationencounteredwhiledrilling.Drillersoftenareconcernedaboutaquifersandarerequiredtotakespecialprecautionsinthedesignandexecutionofthewellplantoprotectfreshwateraquifersfromcontaminationbywellborefluids.

Beam Pumping Unit:Anartificial-liftpumpingsystemusingasurfacepowersourcetodriveadownholepumpassembly.

BOP (Blow Out Preventer):Alargevalveatthetopofawellthatmaybeclosedifthedrillingcrewlosescontrolofformationfluids.Byclosingthisvalve(usuallyoperatedremotelyviahydraulicactuators),thedrillingcrewcanregaincontrolofthereservoir.

Casing:Large-diameterpipeloweredintoanopenholeandcementedinplace.Thewelldesignermustdesigncasingtowithstandavarietyofforces,suchascollapse,burst,andtensilefailure,aswellaschemicallyaggressivebrines.

Cathodic Protection:Atechniqueusedtominimizetherateofcorrosionofastructure.Itdoesnoteliminatecorrosion,ittransferscorrosionfromthestructureunderprotectiontoaknownlocationwhereartificialanodes(platesormetalbars)areplacedandcouldbereplacedeasily.

Cellar:Adug-outarea,possiblylinedwithwood,cementorverylargediameterpipe,locatedbelowtherig.Thecellarservesasacavityinwhichthecasingspoolandcasingheadreside.Onsmallerrigs,thecellaralsoservesastheplacewherethelowerpartoftheBOPstackresides.

Cement Bond Logs:Arepresentationoftheintegrityofthecement,usedincasingofthewell.

Choke Manifold:Asetofhigh-pressurevalvesandassociatedpipingthatusuallyincludesatleasttwoadjustablechokes,arrangedsuchthatoneadjustablechokemaybeisolatedandtakenoutofserviceforrepairandrefurbishmentwhilewellflowisdirectedthroughtheotherone.

Drill Bit:Thetoolusedtocrushorcutrock.Everythingonadrillingrigdirectlyorindirectlyassiststhebitincrushingorcuttingtherock.

Drilling Fluid:Anyofanumberofliquidandgaseousfluidsandmixturesoffluidsandsolids(assolidsuspensions,mixturesandemulsionsofliquids,gasesandsolids)usedinoperationstodrillboreholesintotheearth.

Drill String:Apipemadeoflengthsofsteeltubingthatisattachedtothedrillingtoolandrotatesduringdrilling.Thedrillingfluidpassesthroughthecentreofthedrillstringthroughthebitwhichisattachedattheend.

15

Glossary and Term

inology

Formation Evaluation Tools:Thetoolsusedforthemeasurementandanalysisofformationandfluidproperties.Formationevaluationisperformedtoassessthequantityandproducibilityoffluidsfromareservoir.Formationevaluationguideswellsitedecisions,suchasplacementofperforationsandhydraulicfracturestages,andreservoirdevelopmentandproductionplanning.

Formation Fluids:Anyfluidthatoccursintheporesofarock.Stratacontainingdifferentfluids,suchasvarioussaturationsofoil,gasandwater,maybeencounteredintheprocessofdrillinganoilorgaswell.Fluidsfoundinthetargetreservoirformationarereferredtoasreservoirfluids.

Formation Pressure:Thepressureoffluidswithintheporesofareservoir,normallyhydrostaticpressure,orthepressureexertedbyacolumnofwaterfromtheformation’sdepthtosealevel.

Geophysical Logs:Alogofelementalconcentrationsfromwhichthegeochemistryoftheformationmaybederived.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S):AnextraordinarilypoisonousgaswithamolecularformulaofH2S.Atlowconcentrations,H2Shastheodorofrotteneggs,butathigher,lethalconcentrations,itisodorless.H2Sishazardoustoworkersandafewsecondsofexposureatrelativelylowconcentrationscanbelethal,butexposuretolowerconcentrationscanalsobeharmful.TheeffectofH2Sdependsonduration,frequencyandintensityofexposureaswellasthesusceptibilityoftheindividual.

Kelly:Alongsquareorhexagonalsteelbarwithaholedrilledthroughthemiddleforafluidpath.Thekellyisusedtotransmitrotarymotionfromtherotarytableorkellybushingtothedrillstring,whileallowingthedrillstringtobeloweredorraisedduringrotation.

Mud Pressure:Thepressureofthecolumnofdrillingfluidinthewellbore.

Packer:Adevicethatcanberunintoawellborewithasmallerinitialoutsidediameterthatthenexpandsexternallytosealthewellbore.

Perforating Gun:Adeviceusedtoperforateoilandgaswellsinpreparationforproduction.

Rigging-up:Tomakereadyforuse.Equipmentmusttypicallybemovedontotherigfloor,assembledandconnectedtopowersourcesorpressurizedpipingsystems.

Rig Mat:Aportableplatformusedtosupportequipmentforconstructionandresource-basedactivitiesincludingdrillingrigs,camps,tanks,helipads,etc.Italsoincludesastructuralroadwaytoprovidepassageoverunstableground,pipelinesandmore.

Canadian Society for Unconventional Resources (CSUR)Suite 420, 237 - 8th Avenue SECalgary, AB T2G 5C3

Phone: 403-233-9298; Toll Free: 1-855-833-9298Email: [email protected]; Web: www.csur.com