Understanding & Use of the Internet Future of the Internet Spring 2011 G. F Khan, PhD

Understanding & Use of the Internet

Future of the InternetSpring 2011

G. F Khan, PhD

Introduction Internet is now approximately 41 years of age. No technology has evolved so much in so little time.

Particularly, in the past fifteen years or so, it has completely reinvented itself. Now we not only shop, bank, work and meet people online

but we share what we are doing at any given moment (e.g. Twitter, Face book)

We read, listen and watch everything.

What is NEXT?

Next

Internet of Things?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfEbMV295Kk&feature=related

Future of the Internet

PAST Present Future

Present: Internet of computersFuture: Internet of things?

Internet of things

Definitions: “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in

smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts.”

“Interconnected objects having an active role in what might be called the Future Internet.”

Wikipedia: In computing, the Internet of Things refers to a, usually wireless and self-configuring, network between objects, such as household appliances

Semantically: “A world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely

addressable, based on standard communication protocols.”

Convergence of telecommunication, informatics and electronics

Other terminologiesAmbient IntelligenceUbiquitous computingMachine-To-MachinePervasive computingEverywareADUN: Appliance Defined Ubiquitous NetworkInvisible computing

Next Internet Revolution:• From networking of human beings to networking of things

Towards the Internet of Things: the Post PC-era

Future Internet

Current: Web 2.0User created contentsMostly network of computers

Future Web 3.0 The Internet of Things means that wireless interaction between machines, vehicles,

appliances, sensors and many other devices will take place using the Internet.

Most, if not all major computer companies and technology developers (HP, Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, etc.) are putting large amounts of time and money into the Internet of Things.

Why “Real” Information is so Important?

Improve Productivity

Protect HealthHigh-Confidence Transport

Enhance Safety & Security

Improve Food & H20

Save Resources

Preventing Failures

IncreaseComfort

Enable New Knowledge

Four important technological enablersRFID: a simple, unobtrusive and cost-

effective system of identification and communication

Sensor technologies: detection of changes in the physical status of things

Smart technologies: embedded intelligence in the things themselves

Cloud Computing: smaller and smaller things having the ability to interact and connect

1. RFID

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication through the use of radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking.

The Internet of Things consists of objects that are ‘tagged’ with RFID that communicate their position, history, and other information to an RFID reader or wireless network.

An RFID tag used for electronic toll collection.

How RFID works?

Example from supply chain in future store.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zj7txoDxbE

RFIDThree components:•Transponder or tag consisting of a coupling element (coil or antenna) and an electronic chip. No need of power source since the tag take the energy from the EM field emitted by the readers.• Interrogator or reader• Middleware which forwards the data to another system such as a database, a PC or robot control system

Frequencies:• LF: 125kHz• HF: 13.56MHz• UHF: 800-600MHz

•Lack of established international standard, except EPC

Verichip: Implantable RFID

Possible uses

Access managementTracking of goods and RFID in retailTracking of persons and animalsToll collection and contactless paymentMachine readable travel documentsAirport baggage tracking logisticsetc

Example: T-money

In South Korea, T-money cards can be used to pay for public transport.

It can also be used in most convenience stores and vending machines in subways as cash.

90% of cabs in Seoul accept card payment, including most major credit cards and the T-money card.

RFID: More than barcodeUnique identification of individual items, allowing

databases of specific item/location information to be generated, giving each item its own identity for real-time identification and tracking.

Data capture without the need for line of sight or physical manipulation.

Tags can be passive, semi-passive or active, and also read-only, read/write or read/write/re-write.

Privacy-Enhancing Technologies can be used to kill or block tags. Ex: biometric passport

2. Sensor technologieshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v25PCV_IJCw

2. Sensor technologiesBridge between physical and virtual worlds

Sensors: Collect data from the environment« Two heads are better than one »: Intelligence

of a single sensor increases exponentially when used in a network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): low cost, flexibilitySensor node: small, low-power, includes sensor,

power-supply, data storage, µP, low-power radio, ADCs, data transceivers and controllers

RFID sensor tag: combining RFID and sensor

Sensor technologies

Major challenges:Possibility for nodes to self-organize

themselves into a networkPower constraintSize reductionMemory and storage capacityLimited processing speed and communication

bandwith

Example:Pigeonblog – An alternative way to participate in environmental air pollution data gathering

Urban homing pigeons equipped with GPS enabled electronic air pollution sensing devices capable of sending real-time location based air pollution and image data to an online mapping/blogging environment.

http://www.beatrizdacosta.net/pigeonblog.php

Pigeonblog Social Impact

Pigeons tell about quality of air we breath

Importance of pigeons shifts from a common nuisance to a participant in life and death discussions about the state of the micro-local environment

3. Smart technologies/systems

Any conventional material or thing that can react to external stimuli may be called « smart thing »Smart materials: passive, active and

autonomousSmart clothing and wearable computingSmart homesSmart vehiclesRobotics

Smart technologies/systemsUbiquitous computingThis is is also described

as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or invisible computing

Computer will become invisible due to small size

Everywhere e.g. beneath your cloths and even skin

Examples: Smart home

Smart refrigerator can order eggs and vegetables

Smart cabinet connected to the internet can order your health medicines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mxocMgUrvo&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DJr8QwgLEA&feature=related

Japanese vision of ubiquitous sensor networks

Cloud computing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJncFirhjPg

Cloud computing

Cloud computing refers to the on-demand provision of computational resources (data, software) via a computer network, rather than from a local computer.

Users can submit a task, such as word processing, to the service provider, without actually possessing the software or hardware

Cloud computing

The consumer's computer may contain very little software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only.

Examplesthinkfree.comDropbox.com

IoT ChallengesEnergy: Harvesting, conservation &

consumption• New and more efficient and compact energy storage:

batteries, fuel cells, and printed/polymer batteries, supercapacitors…

• New energy generation devices coupling energy transmission methods or energy harvesting/scavenging using energy conversion.

IoT ChallengesIntelligence:

• Capabilities of context awareness and inter-machine communication: sensing ane localization

• Communication capabilities: multi-standard & multi-protocol compatibility

• Integration of memory and processing power • Ultra low power design: from

processors/microcontrollers cores, signal processing & sensors to base stations

• Capacity of resisting harsh environments• Affordable security • New class of simple and affordable IoT-centric smart

systems• Intelligence vs Size & cost trade-off

IoT Challenges Interoperability: Future tags must integrate different

communication standards and protocols that operate at different frequencies and allow different architectures, centralized or distributed, and be able to communicate with other networks unless global, well defined standards emerge.

Standards: Without clear and recognized standards such as the TCP5/IP6 in the Internet world, the expansion of the Internet of Things beyond RFID solutions cannot reach a global scale.

Sustainable fully global, energy efficient communication standards that are security and privacy centered and are using compatible or identical protocols at different frequencies are therefore needed.

Manufacturability: Costs must be lowered to less than one cent per tag, and production must reach extremely high volumes, while the whole production process must have a very limited impact on the environment.

IoT ChallengesSecurity and Privacy Control: Big Brother?

Widespread adoption of any object identification system: need for special long-term security protection installed.

Network Infrastructure Creation and EvolutionEfficient migration from the Internet / Efficient use of the

existing infrastructuresAccommodate functionally-improved objects and

technologies in the future

The purpose of IoT should beProvide a bridge between physical and virtual

worlds Via instrumented and managed sensorized physical

environmentSupport pervasive computing

From wireless devices to supercomputers From wireless channels to all optical light-paths

Enable further innovations in S&E researchCreate a social world in which we would want to liveBe worthy of our society’s trust

ConclusionInternet Of Things : fusion of the real,

virtual and digital worlds, creating a map of the physical world within the virtual space

Innovative technologies and approaches will be required to make IOT a reality

Innovation will come from convergence of sciences and technologies

Next Lecture

E-government

Thank YouQuestions & Comments