UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ......•Tanita BIA measures the resistance and reactance of different tissues within the body and inputs the data to scientifically validated

UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN EXTRACELLULAR WATER,INTERCELLULAR WATER ANDPHASE ANGLE

FINE BALANCE

• The relationship between intracellular water, extracellular water and phase angle are strongly interlinked.

• Understanding how to utilise this data will provide enhanced knowledge of a person’s health and nutritional status at any given time.

• An increasing amount of research into the application of phaseangle relating to sports performance, elderly health and cancer research

HOW TANITA MULTIFREQUENCY BIA WORKS• Tanita BCM devices use advanced Bio-electrical

Impedance Analysis (BIA)

• 8 patented hand and foot electrodes send a very low, safe electrical signal through your feet, legs, hands arms and abdomen.

• Tanita BIA measures the resistance and reactance of different tissues within the body and inputs the data to scientifically validated equations that calculate Body Composition Measurements

• Multi Frequency Monitors are able to measure bothIntra-Cellular and Extra-cellular data giving more detailed information on hydration status, phase angle and other parameters.

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WHAT IS ECW AND ICW?Extracellular water is fluid outside the cell walls and consists of mainly blood plasma and tissue fluid (a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells). This water stores some nutrients and also helps to remove waste from inside the cell. As a general rule, one third of TBW should be outside the cell.

Intracellular water consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). Water is needed inside the cell to hold in water-soluble nutrients such as vitamins B and C. The optimum amount of water that should be inside the cell differs accordingto gender and age. As a general rule, two thirds of TBW should be inside the cell.

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CELL MEMBRANE AND FLUIDS

• Cell Membrane controls movement of substances in and out of cells and protect cell.

• Cell membrane is semi and selectively permeable

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FLUID BALANCE

• The Body maintains a balance between fluidsinside and outside Cells via Osmosis

• Allowing free movement of fluids between cytoplasm (intracellular) and the extracellular space

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WHY MEASURE TBW,ICW AND ECW?

• Dehydration (hypotonic, hypertonic & isotonic)

• Oedema – Excess extra cellular water

• Insulin therapy

• Renal System disease

• Other disease and drugs

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DEHYDRATION TBW, ICW & ECW• Sweat contains Water and essential minerals

such as sodium and potassium

• Dehydration can occur when :

- Excess water is lost

- Excess minerals (sodium, Potassium,

magnesium) are lost

- Loss of Water and Minerals

• Isotonic and Hypertonic dehydration

will result in a reduction in Extra-cellular fluids at

first and in a larger volume

than Intra-cellular fluids

• Critical in sports performance to measure TBW,

ICW and ECW fluid loss before and after all training

and competition.

• Monitoring affects on ECW shifts in relations to

supplementation TANITATRAINING

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DEHYDRATION FACTORSAFFECTING PERFORMANCE• Reduction in Blood volume - reduced ability for essential nutrition transportation

• Increase in ECW osmolality (potential high concentration of Na+(Sodium)

• Mobilisation of ICW to ECW reducing cell ability to function

• Reduced Cardiac output

• Decreased skin blood flow and volume (increases the rate of dehydration)

• Increases core Temperature

• Check TBW, ICW and ECW

- On every training session pre and post

• Why Not just TBW?

- Error due to factors such as fluid and food in the digestive TANITA

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WHAT IS PHASE ANGLE?• Phase angle is a mathematical calculation of the ratio

of resistance and reactance and is independent of height, weight and body fat

• It reflects the direct relationship between Body Cell mass and Intracellular mass (metabolic mass)

• Cells conduct and hold charge –phase angle can measurea Cell membranes ability to hold charge using the AC current

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Changes to Phase Angle

• As a cell breaks down or dies the cell membrane integrity deteriorates and its ability to retain fluids, nutrients and hold charge is reduced

• This in turn reduces our metabolic mass or intracellular fluids and nutrients

• By measuring the cell membranes ability to hold charge we can essentially measure cell health

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WHAT DO THE NUMBERS MEAN?• A phase angle of six or more is usually preferred for men and five or more for women.

• Fit adolescents may have a phase angle greater than 10.

• An elite athlete may have a phase angle of 12 or more

• A person’s phase angle measurement naturally decreases with age.

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LOW PHASE ANGLE• Lower Phase Angle measurements

could indicate the following:

- Malnutrition

- Cancerous condition (most types)

- Abusive lifestyles

- Alcoholism

- AIDS and other chronic diseases

- Old age (80 - 100 years)

- Severe exhaustion – in elite sports performance

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MONITORING ECW, ICW AND PHASE ANGLE TO ENHANCE SPORTS PEROFRMANCE

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MONITORING SPORTS PERFORMANCE• Intense long term physical training may negatively affect phase

angle

• Research with Judo and strength based athletes have shown that changes in ECW / ICW can result in loss of power due to changes in magnesium levels

• Monitoring PA, ICW and ECW can be useful to sports performers and nutritionist to monitor the water shift in relation to nutritional or supplement changes such. E.G Creatine

• Shifts in Water pressure between ICW and ECW can have dramatic affect on thermo regulation and can cause cramping and early muscle fatigue

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REFERENCES

• Kyle UG, et al. Fat-Free and Fat Mass Percentiles in 5225 Healthy Subjects Aged 15 to 98 Years. Nutrition, 17:534-541,2001.

• Mattar J, et al. Application of total body bioimpedance to the critically ill patient. New Horizons 1995, Volume 4, No, 4:493-503.

• Ott M, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology 1995: 9:20-25.

• Alexandre G. Torres1 , Karla J. F. Oliveira1 , Astrogildo V. Oliveira-Junior2 , Mariana C. Gonc¸alves2 and Josely C. Koury2 Biological determinations of phase angle among Brazilian Elite Athletes

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