UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN CONCEPTS FOR THE UPCOMING TEST.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN CONCEPTS FOR THE UPCOMING

TEST

COMPARING CELL ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS

Organelle 

Function Location

  Chloroplasts

Produces food energy from light

Cytoplasm (Plant Cells Only)

  Vacuole

Storage area for water and waste

Cytoplasm

 Mitochondria

Power Source Cytoplasm

  Nucleus

Brain of the Cell Inside the nuclear membrane

 Lysosome

Cleans up cell and organelles

 cytoplasm

Cell Wall 

To give the cell rigidity and shape

Located outside of the plant cell

  Ribosome

Makes proteins for the cell Cytoplasm

THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS Robert Hooke (1665) – first person to

use the word cell to describe the basic unit of living things.Studied corks under a simple microscope

and noticed it appeared to be made up of tiny little boxes.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1840) – first person to observe living cells.Used a modern, or compound microscope to

observe cells.

CELL THEORYAll living things are composed of cells.

Cells are the basis unit of all life functions and structure.

All Cells come from other cells.

Does not explain where the first cells came from.

Does not explain viruses.

COMPARING CELL TYPES

Prokaryote VERY SMALL

Size EukaryoteLarger Cell

  BACTERIA/ SINGLE

CELL

lifeforms  FUNGI, PROTIST, ANIMALSSINGLED CELL AND MULTI

CELLULAR

  None

organelles  yes

  Yes

capsule  None

  Yes

Cell wall  Plant Cells Only

PROKARYOTE/EUKARYOTE Prokaryotic Cells – Cells that do not

contain a nucleus.Example: Bacteria Cells

Eukaryotic Cells – Cells that do contain a nucleus.Example: Plant Cells, Animal Cells, Protists

and Fungi

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A process by which plants convert

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugar), oxygen and water.Sunlight “captured” by chloroplasts.Water taken in by roots of plantCarbon Dioxide taken in by leaf

Energy then used to combine Hydrogen with Carbon Dioxide to create Glucose.

Chemical Equation6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

CELL RESPIRATION: The process by which the chemical energy

of "food" molecules is released and changed into ATP. Mitochondria “convert” glucose into USABLE

energy form Carbon Dioxide and Water are created as waste

products Energy needed to sustain life:

70% = organ function 10%= digestion of food 20% = used in activity or stored as fat

Chemical Formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O

ACTIVE/PASSIVE TRANSPORT Active Transport – the movement of

molecules across a cell membrane that require the use of energy.Examples: Photosynthesis; Cellular

Respiration

Passive Transport: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane that does not require the use of energy.Examples: Osmosis; Diffusion

OSMOSIS Movement of water across a cell

membrane Moves from high concentration to low

concentrationAn area where there is more water to an

area where there is less water. REQUIRES NO ENERGY; PASSIVE

TRANSPORT

DIFFUSION: Movement of gas across a cell

membrane. Gases moves from high concentration to

low concentration Example: Balloon deflating over time.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT; NO ENERGY REQUIRED

MITOSIS: CELL DIVISION Mitosis – the process by which all cells,

except gametes (sex cells), separate into two identical copies. Interphase – cell prepares itself for cell division.

Not apart of Mitosis.Prophase- nucleus disappears; chromosomes

appear.Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middleAnaphase- chromosomes split apartTelophase- cytokinesis begins, nucleus reforms,

chromosomes disappear Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm of the single

cell is divided to form two daughter cells.

INTERPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

PROPHASE

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Spindle fibers

Centrioles

METAPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

ANAPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

TELOPHASEAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

CYTOKINESISOCCURS AFTER MITOSIS

• Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Plant Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

REMEMBER!InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis

IPMATC

ASEXUAL/SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual

Reproduction: The production of a new organism from one parent. Offspring are an identical

copy of the parent. Single-celled organisms

reproduce asexually. Examples: Bacteria, Amoebas

Sexual Reproduction: the production of a new organism from two parents, a male and a female. Specialized cells, known as

gametes, are used for sexual reprodution. Examples: Egg Cells, Sperm

Cells

Gametes are the only cells in the body that go through the process of Meiosis.

WHAT IS MEIOSIS? Meiosis: produces the gametes

(Sperm/Egg Cells) used for sexual reproduction.Process only occurs in these cells

because they are the only cells in each human body that contains 23 chromosomes.

Final Product of MeiosisFour cells, each with half as many

chromosomes as the parent.

NUTRITION AND YOU Three basic food molecules…

Carbohydrates- sugars, plant products and quick energy providers for animals. Starches: Excess starches are broken down and

stored as fats in the body. Examples: Breads, Grains, Rice

Sugars: Provides the quickest burst of energy to your body. Natural sugars, NOT CANDY. Examples: Apples, Peaches, Bananas

Proteins- amino acids used to promote tissue growth and repair:

Examples: meats, eggs, beans Lipids (Oils/Fats)- storage of excess energy

Examples: Oil – Liquid Form; Fats – Solid Form

HOW THEY AFFECT YOU Carbohydrates- give you a quick

energy boostExcess Carbohydrates turned into fat.

Proteins - longer to digest, makes you feel full longer, repairs/rebuilds muscle.

Fats - easily stored away as fat, overides body’s sense of being full making you crave more.