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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Jan 13, 2016

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Page 1: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215

“Early Homo” -- The First Humans

Page 2: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Early” Homo

and

“Archaic” Homo?

What’s the difference between

Page 3: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Early” Homo

=

Homo habilis

2.4 mya

What’s the difference between

Page 4: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Archaic” Homo

=

Neandertals and others

ca. 300,000 ybp

What’s the difference between

Page 5: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Archaic” Homo

=

“Premodern Human”

ca. 300,000 ybp

What’s the difference between

Page 6: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Early” Homo

=

Homo habilis

2.4 mya

What’s the difference between

Page 7: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 8: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 9: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 10: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 11: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33

Page 12: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Homo”

1. Homo rudolfensis . . .

(e.g., KNM ER 1470)

2. Homo habilis . . .

Some people think there are two species:

Page 13: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

EarlyEarly Homo Homo

“We agree that more than one species is probably represented, but for simplicity suggest referring to all the [Plio-pleistocene human] specimens as ‘early Homo.’”

“The species names Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly used for designating two different species of early Homo.”

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217, 9th ed.:

Page 14: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 15: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 16: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215

Page 17: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-30

Page 18: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31

Page 19: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-29

Page 20: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

EarlyEarly Homo Homo

“We agree that more than one species is probably represented, but for simplicity suggest referring to all the [Plio-pleistocene human] specimens as ‘early Homo.’”

“The species names Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly used for designating two different species of early Homo.”

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217, 9th ed.:

Page 21: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo

Genus

• Australopithecus

• Paranthropus

• Homo

Species

• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• habilis ( “early” )

• rudolfensis ( “early” )

• erectus• sapiens

Page 22: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

Page 23: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

Page 24: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .

Page 25: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .

4. Had big brains

Page 26: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234

Cranial Capacity

Page 27: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269

Page 28: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 29: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 30: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Smithsonian Institution

Page 31: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .

4. Had big brains

Page 32: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

GlossaryGlossary

•Homo rudolfensis . . .

•Homo habilis . . .

“Early Homo” =

Page 33: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

GlossaryGlossary

•Homo rudolfensis . . .

•Homo habilis . . .

“Early Homo” =

(e.g., KNM ER 1470)

Page 34: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 35: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 36: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major SpeciesMajor Species

• one of two species of “Early Homo”

• inhabited South and East Africa– 2.4 – 1.6 mya

Homo rudolfensis –(KNM ER 1470)

Page 37: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 38: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

GlossaryGlossary

•Homo rudolfensis . . .

•Homo habilis . . .

“Early Homo” =

Page 39: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major SpeciesMajor Species

• one of two species of “Early Homo”

• inhabited South and East Africa– 2.0 – 1.6 mya

Homo habilis –(Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)

Page 40: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 41: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - PresentSelected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present

• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

• 700 cc brain

• tool manufacture

• 1.85 - 1.6 mya

Homo habilis –(Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)

Page 42: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed. p 185

Page 43: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 44: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 45: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 46: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 47: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

Page 48: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103

Began (m.y.a.)

Holocene 0.01 (Villafranchian) 1.6

Pleistocene 1.8

Pliocene 5

Miocene 23

Page 49: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Epochs: Epochs: Tertiary / QuaternaryTertiary / Quaternary

began (m.y.a.)

Holocene 0.01

Pleistocene 1.8

Pliocene 5

Miocene 23

Oligocene 34

Eocene 55

Paleocene 65

Page 50: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 51: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .

4. Had big brains

Page 52: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

www.amnh.org/exhibitions/atapuerca/africa/branches.php

Page 53: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 54: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 55: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 56: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 57: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 58: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 59: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 60: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 61: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 62: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 63: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 64: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 65: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 66: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 67: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 68: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

TraitsTraits

1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

“Early Homo”

2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .

3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .

4. Had big brains

Page 69: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development

1. size . . .

2. the ratio of brain weight to

overall body weight . . .

3. complexity . . .

Brains develop in

Page 70: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development

1. size . . .

Brains develop in

Page 71: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 230

Page 72: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269

Page 73: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 74: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 75: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development

1. size . . .

2. the ratio of brain weight to

overall body weight . . .

Brains develop in

Page 76: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 386

Page 77: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development

1. size . . .

2. the ratio of brain weight to

overall body weight . . .

3. complexity . . .

Brains develop in

Page 78: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development

• increases in area

the cerebral cortex(neocortex)

Page 79: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 8th ed., Fig. 7-3

Page 80: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 81: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Humans”

Interpretations

Page 82: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 83: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Smithsonian Institution

Page 84: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31

Page 85: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 259

Page 86: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 87: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 88: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 89: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Homo”

Interpretations__________________

And, usually, early Homo

are men, heading East . . .

Page 90: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 91: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 92: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 93: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 94: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 95: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 96: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 97: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33

Page 98: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7132794.stm

Page 99: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Homo”

Next:

Homo erectus . . .

Page 100: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo

Genus

• Australopithecus

• Paranthropus

• Homo

Species

• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• rudolfensis ( “early” )

• habilis ( “early” )

• erectus• sapiens

Page 101: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 102: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 103: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Homo”

And after Homo erectus:

Homo sapiens . . .

Page 104: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo

Genus

• Australopithecus

• Paranthropus

• Homo

Species

• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• rudolfensis ( “early” )

• habilis ( “early” )

• erectus• sapiens

Page 105: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 106: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.
Page 107: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

“Early Homo”

Caution!

Note that . . .

Page 108: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

“Early” Homo

is not the same as

Page 109: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

• Homo habilis

• Homo rudolfensis

“Early” Homo

Page 110: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 111: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

• are members of the species Homo sapiens (including Neandertals)

• preceded “anatomically modern Homo sapiens” (Qafzeh and Cro-Magnon)

• are different from Homo erectus . . .• but lack the full set of characteristics

diagnostic of modern Homo sapiens . . .

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

Page 112: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Time 23 July 2001

Page 113: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268

Page 114: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

• post - Erectus humans in – Africa– Asia (India and China)– Europe

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

Page 115: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 253

Page 116: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

• 400,000 - ca. 130,000 y.b.p.

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

Page 117: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

• Swanscombe• Steinheim• Fontechevade• Atapuerca• Arago• Vértesszöllös• Broken Hill (Kabwe)• and others• Neandertal, BUT . . .

“Archaic” Homo sapiens include

Page 118: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 252

Page 119: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics

Neandertals are a special case of “Archaic” Homo

sapiens

More on that latter

Page 120: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

Homo erectus . . ..

Next:

Page 121: Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215 “Early Homo” -- The First Humans.

The End


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