ELEVENTH EDITION Understanding Human Communication Ronald B. Adler George Rodman Brooklyn College, City University of New York Santa Barbara City College with Carrie Cropley Hutchinson Santa Barbara City College NEW YORK I OXFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Understanding Human CommunicationPART ONE Fundamentals of Human Communication CHAPTER 1 Human Communication: What and Why 3 Communication Defined 4 Communication Isa Process 6 Communication
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ELEVENTH EDITION
UnderstandingHuman Communication
Ronald B. Adler George RodmanBrooklyn College, City University of New YorkSanta Barbara City College
with Carrie Cropley HutchinsonSanta Barbara City College
NEW YORK I OXFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Preface xv
About the Authors xxi
Part One: Fundamentals of Human Communication
Chapter 1 Human Communication: What and Why 3
Chapter 2 The Changing World of Communication 29
Chapter 3 The Self, Perception, and Communication 59
PART ONE Fundamentals of Human CommunicationCHAPTER 1 Human Communication: What and Why 3
Communication Defined 4
Communication Is a Process 6Communication Is Symbolic 6
Types of Communication 7
Intrapersonal Communication 7Dyadic/Interpersonal Communication 7Small Group Communication 8Public Communication 8Mass Communication 8
Functions of Communication 9
Physical Needs 9Identity Needs 10
Social Needs 11Practical Needs 11
Modeling Communication 12A Linear Model 12A Transactional Model 13
Communication Competence: What Makes anEffective Communicator? 16
Communication Competence Defined 16Characteristics of Competent Communicators 18
Clarifying Misconceptions AboutCommunication 21
Communication Does Not Always Require CompleteUnderstanding 21
Communication Will Not Solve All Problems 22Communication Isn't Always a Good Thing 22Meanings Rest in People, Not Words 23Communication Is Not Simple 23More Communication Isn't Always Better 23
Summary 24 • Key Terms 25 • Case Study Questions 25Activities 26 • For Further Exploration 27 • Media Room 27
INVITATION TO INSIGHT The Many Meanings ofCommunication 5
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SocialMedia Meet Communication Needs 10
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Call Centers and Culture 19
@woRk When More Communication Isn't Better: DeclaringE-mail Bankruptcy 24
Communicating in a Diverse World 34Intercultural and Intergroup Communication 34Cultural Values and Norms 36Developing Intercultural Communication
Competence 39
Social Media in a Changing World 43Mediated Versus Face-to-Face Communication 45
Mediated Communication in Society 46
Communicating Competently with Social Media 48
Summary 54 • Key Terms 54 • Case Study Questions 54Activities 55 • For Further Exploration 55 • Media Room 56
@WORK Can You Be Too Connected? 46
INVITATION TO INSIGHT "Sexting" Surprise: Teens Face ChildPorn Charges 50
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TheEtiquette of Internet "Stalking" 52
CHAPTER 3 The Self, Perception, and Communication 59
Communication and the Self 61Self-Concept Defined 61Communication and Development of the Self 62Culture and the Self-Concept 64The Self-Concept and Communication with
Others 65The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication 66
Perceiving Others 68Steps in the Perception Process 69Narratives, Perception, and Communication 71Common Perceptual Tendencies 72Perception in Mediated Communication 76Perception and Culture 76
Empathy, Perception, and Communication 78
Communication and Identity Management 81Public and Private Selves 81Characteristics of Identity Management 82Why Manage Identities? 86Identity Management in Mediated Communication 87Identity Management and Honesty 88
Summary 90 • Key Terms 90 • Case Study Questions 91Activities 91 • For Further Exploration 92 • Media Room 93
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Managing Identity and ComingOut 84@WORK Identity Management in the Workplace 86
PART TWO Communication ElementsCHAPTER 4 Language 97
The Nature of Language 98Language Is Symbolic 99Meanings Are in People, Not Words 99Language Is Rule Governed 100
The Power of Language 102Language Shapes Attitudes 102Language Reflects Attitudes 106
Troublesome Language 109The Language of Misunderstandings 110Disruptive Language 114Evasive Language 116
Gender and Language 118
Content 118Reasons for Communicating 118Conversational Style 119Nongender Variables 120
Culture and Language 122Verbal Communication Styles 122Language and Worldview 124
Summary 126 • Key Terms 126 • Case Study Questions 127Activities 127 • For Further Exploration 128 • Media Room 129
INVITATION TO INSIGHT What the *@#$!? 102@WORK What's in a Name? 103UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Lost in Translation 122
CHAPTER 5 Listening 131
Misconceptions About Listening 133Listening and Hearing Are Not the Same Thing 133Listening Is Not a Natural Process 135All Listeners Do Not Receive the Same Message 135
Informational Listening 143Don't Argue or Judge Prematurely 143Separate the Message from the Speaker 144Search for Value 144Look for Key Ideas 145Ask Questions 145Paraphrase 146Take Notes 148
CONTENTS
Critical Listening 148
Listen for Information Before Evaluating 149
Evaluate the Speaker's Credibility 149
Examine the Speaker's Evidence and Reasoning 149
Examine Emotional Appeals 150
Listening as Social Support 150
Social Support and Mediated Communication 151
Gender and Social Support 151
Types of Supportive Responses 152
When and How to Help 158
Summary 160 • Key Terms 160 • Case Study Questions 161Activities 161 • For Further Exploration 163 • Media Room 163
@WORK Multitasking: A Recipe for Inattention 137
INVITATION TO INSIGHT What Good Is Free Speech if No OneListens? 141
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Council: Reviving the Art ofListening 143
CHAPTER 6 Nonverbal Communication 165
Characteristics of NonverbalCommunication 167
Nonverbal Behavior Has Communicative Value 167
Nonverbal Communication Is Primarily Relational 168
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 169
Nonverbal Communication Is Differentfrom Verbal Communication 170
Nonverbal Skills Are Important 170
Influences on Nonverbal Communication 170
Culture 170
Gender 172
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 173
Repeating 174
Substituting 174
Complementing 175
Accenting 175
Regulating 175
Contradicting 175
Deceiving 176
Types of Nonverbal Communication 177
Body Movements 177
Voice 179
Appearance 180
Touch 182
Space 183
Environment 185
Time 186
Summary 187 • Key Terms 188 • Case Study Questions 188Activities 188 • For Further Exploration 190 • Media Room 191
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY Expressiveness in Online Communication 174
@WORK Touch and Career Success 183
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Doing Business AcrossCultures 186
PART THREE Interpersonal CommunicationCHAPTER 7 Understanding Interpersonal Relationships 195
Why We Form Relationships 197
Appearance 197
Similarity 197
Com"plementarity 197
Reciprocal Attraction 198
Competence 198
Disclosure 198
Proximity 199
Rewards 199
Characteristics of InterpersonalCommunication 200
What Makes Communication Interpersonal? 200
Interpersonal Communication in MediatedRelationships 200
Content and Relational Messages 202Metacommunication 203
Communication over the Relational LifeSpan 204
A Developmental Perspective 204A Dialectical Perspective 209
Intimacy in Interpersonal Relationships 212Dimensions of Intimacy 212Male and Female Intimacy Styles 213Cultural Influences on Intimacy 215
Self-Disclosure in InterpersonalRelationships 215
Models of Self-Disclosure 216Characteristics of Effective Self-Disclosure 219Guidelines for Appropriate Self-Disclosure 221Alternatives to Self-Disclosure 223
Summary 229 • Key Terms 229 • Case Study Questions 230Activities 230 • For Further Exploration 232 • Media Room 233
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY To Enda Romance, Just Press "Send": Instant Messaging Altering theWay We Love 208INVITATION TO INSIGHT Is It Ever Right to Lie? 224@WORK Social Capital: Personal Relationships and CareerAdvancement 227
Communication Climates in InterpersonalRelationships 236
Confirming and Disconfirming Messages 237How Communication Climates Develop 239Creating Positive Communication Climates 240
Managing Interpersonal Conflict 243The Nature of Conflict 244Styles of Expressing Conflict 245Characteristics of an Assertive Message 248Gender and Conflict Style 250Conflict in Mediated Communication 252
Cultural Influences on Conflict 252Methods for Conflict Resolution 254Steps in Win-Win Problem Solving 256
Summary 260 • Key Terms 260 • Case Study Questions 261Activities 261 • For Further Exploration 262 • Media Room 263
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CanYou Hear Me Now? 238INVITATION TO INSIGHT A Comparison of Dialogue andDebate 243@WORK Dealing with Sexual Harassment 247
PART FOUR Communication in GroupsCHAPTER 9 Communicating in Groups 267
The Nature of Groups 269What Is a Group? 269Virtual and Face-to-Face Groups 271
Goals of Groups and Their Members 271Individual Goals 272Group Goals 272
Characteristics of Groups 274Rules and Norms 274Roles 276Patterns of Interaction 280Decision-Making Methods 282
Cultural Influences on GroupCommunication 284
Individualism Versus Collectivism 285
Power Distance 285Uncertainty Avoidance 286Task Versus Social Orientation 287Short- Versus Long-Term Orientation 287
Leadership and Power in Groups 288Power in Groups 288What Makes Leaders Effective? 290
Summary 296 • Key Terms 296 • Case Study Questions 297Activities 298 • For Further Exploration 299 • Media Room 299
INVITATION TO INSIGHT The Power of Small Groups 269@WORK What Makes a Group a Team? 273UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY Baseball in Japan and theUSA 284
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 10 SoLving ProbLems in Groups 301
Problem Solving in Groups: When and Why 302
Advantages of Group Problem Solving 303
When to Use Groups for Problem Solving 304
Group Problem-Solving Strategies andFormats 305
Problem-Solving Formats 305
Solving Problems in Virtual Groups 307
Approaches and Stages in Problem Solving 308
A Structured Problem-Solving Approach 308
Developmental Stages in Problem-SolvingGroups 314
Maintaining Positive Relationships 315
Basic Skills 315
Building Cohesiveness 315
Overcoming Dangers in Group Discussion 318
Information Underload and Overload 318
Unequal Participation 318
Pressure to Conform 320
Summary 321 • Key Terms 322 • Case Study Questions 322Activities 322 • For Further Exploration 323 • Media Room 323
INVITATION TO INSIGHT Once Upon a September Day 303
@WORK Setting Up a Virtual Group 307
PART FIVE Public CommunicationCHAPTER 11 Preparing Speeches 327
Getting Started 328
Choosing Your Topic 329
Defining Your Purpose 329
Writing a Purpose Statement 329
Stating Your Thesis 330
Analyzing the Speaking Situation 330
The Listener: Audience Analysis 330
The Occasion 334
Gathering Information 335
Web Research 336
Library Research 336
Interviewing 337
Survey Research 338
Managing Communication Apprehension 338
Facilitative and Debilitative CommunicationApprehension 338
Sources of Debilitative CommunicationApprehension 339