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GSM 2GDigital Technology.First digital systems.Deployed in the 1990s.New services such as SMSand low-rate data.Primary technologiesinclude IS-95 CDMA andGSM.
4G ITU’s IMT-Advancedrequirements include ability tooperate in up to 40 MHz radiochannels and with very highspectral efficiency.No technology meetsrequirements today.IEEE 802.16m and LTEAdvanced being designedto meet requirements.
Release 10 LTE-Advanced meeting the requirements set by ITU’s IMT-Advanced project.
Also includes quad-carrier operation for HSPA+.
Release 99: Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE). Majority of deployments today are based on Release 99. Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.
Release 4: Multimedia messaging support. First steps toward using IP transport in the core network.
Release 5: HSDPA. First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Full ability to use IP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) in the core network.
Release 6: HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support through Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS). Performance specifications for advanced receivers. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) integration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
Release 7: Evolved EDGE. Specifies HSPA+, higher order modulation and MIMO. Performance enhancements, improved spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “always-on” service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC). Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast, single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.
Release 8: HSPA Evolution, simultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA) wherein two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for a doubling of throughput performance. Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE.
Defines EPC.
Release 9: HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrier operation in combination with MIMO, EPC enhancements, femtocell support, support for regulatory features such as emergency user-equipment positioning and Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and evolution of IMS architecture.
Text adapted from 3G Americas White Paper, September 2010
Broadband data throughput• Downlink target 3-4 times greater than HSDPA Release 6• Uplink target 2-3 times greater than HSUPA Release 6
Increased cell edge bit rates• Downlink: 70% of the values at 5% of the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)• Uplink: same values at 5% of the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
Significantly reduced latency
High mobility
Cell ranges up to 5 km; with best throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility. Cell ranges up to 30 km; Mobility with some degradation in throughput and spectrum efficiency permitted. Cell ranges up to 100 km; Supported; degradations accepted
Myth 1: LTE is Data onlyReality: Support of voice was one of the key considerations in designing LTE. The voice solution for LTE is IMS VoIP and it is fully specified.
Myth 2: SMS isn’t supported over LTEReality: LTE and EPS will support a rich variety of messaging applications - including SMS. The solution is twofold, covering both the full IMS case and a transition solution for those networks that do not support IMS.
Myth 3: IMS isn’t ready for prime timeReality: IMS was first developed as part of Rel 5 in 2002. It is based on IETF protocols such as SIP and SDP that are very mature. These technologies have been embraced by the industry as the signalling mechanism for multimedia applications.
Myth 4: LTE doesn’t support emergency callsReality: VoIP support for emergency calls (incl. location) in Rel 9. A transition solution fall back to 3G/2G - has existed since IMS was introduced (Rel 5).
Additional spectrum can be added to the specifications as required
(eg. 3500MHz currently being added)
15
Re-farming900/1800MHz GSM bands are attracting a lot of attention, as “spectrum re-farming” in those bands is seen as one way to allow the roll out of mobile broadband services.
In Release 8, 3GPP specified UTRA and LTE femtocells
Home (e) Node B is the 3GPP term for a femtocell• HNB = UTRA femtocell• HeNB = LTE femtocell
Improvements developed in Release 9• Improved idle mode handling• Active mode mobility support to/from cells of H(e)NB • Support open/hybrid mode access to cells of H(e)NBs • O&M improvements
Various traffic offload mechanisms defined in Release 10
Local IP Access (LIPA) is used from a femtocell to access local network resources (such as a printer)
IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload (IFOM) is used to carry some of a UE’s traffic over wifi to offload femto access.
Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO) is used to offload the mobile core network by breaking traffic out of the network early.• SIPTO for femtocells may be deferred to a later release
14 MTC Features identified• Low Mobility• Time Controlled• Time Tolerant• Packet Switched (PS) Only• Small Data Transmissions• Mobile Originated Only• Infrequent Mobile Terminated
In Rel 10, 3GPP will focus on the general functionality required to support these features
• Overload control (Radio Network Congestion use case, Signalling Network Congestion use case and Core Network Congestion use case)
• MTC Monitoring• Priority Alarm Message (PAM)• Secure Connection• Location Specific Trigger• Network Provided Destination for Uplink Data• Infrequent Transmission• Group Based MTC Features