Understanding gender and climate change in the East African Region. A 2014 study by CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and International

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Understanding Gender and Climate

Change

Edidah Ampaire, IITA

Joash Mango, ICRAF

And others from IFPRI CIAT ILRI

May 14, 2014

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Project Background

• Study is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,

Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

• Little existing research on intra-household differences in climate change

effects, adaptation strategies

• This study aimed to enhance the understanding of gendered climate change

perceptions, impacts, and adaptation and coping strategies within selected

CCAFS sites

• Better understand how climate change impacts women and men, separately

and jointly, in terms of their vulnerabilities, well-being and assets

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Data pooled

The survey included sections on:

• Agricultural and livestock decision-making

• Awareness and adoption of climate smart agriculture practices

• Perceptions of climate changes

• Climate shocks and coping

• Personal values

• Access to information sources

Why do a “Gender and Climate Change” Study?

• Households do not pool all resources or make decisions as single unit

• Men and women have differential levels of access to various household resources

• Men and women have different preferences for how household resources are used

• Men and women make different decisions on the allocation of resources among household members

• As an intra-household survey, this survey targeted male and female decision-makers in the same household

• Note that these differences have important implications for both production and consumption decisions

Site description Nyando Wote Rakai

Climate Climate change/variability; annual r/f 900-1200; droughts, floods increased with negative impacts on agriculture

Characterized by high variability in annual and seasonal rainfall that amounts to 520 mm per year

Rakai has variable rainfall, high to low (>1400 - <1000); increasing climate variability ; persistent droughts & vulnerable dry land

Socio-economic High poverty rates, leads to labor shortages due to poor health and nutrition status

majority of them being smallholder farmers

Land ownership contentious as few people hold land titles.

Farming and Livelihood

Mixed rain fed crop-livestock and largely subsistence farming

Rain-fed farming systems comprise a blend of crop-livestock systems

Rain fed annual and perennial smallholder farming systems

Nyando, Kenya Wote, Kenya Rakai, Uganda Agroforestry

Terraces/bunds

Water harvesting

Irrigation

Zai/Planting pits

Crop residue mulching

Composting

Manure management

Effic. use of fertilizer

Improved HYVs

Improved STVs

No/min tillage

Improved grain storage

Improved stoves

Improved feed management

Destocking

Cover cropping

Tolerant livestock

Rangeland management

IPM

Rates of Awareness of the Different CSA Practices: Kenya and Uganda

Blue: Men more aware Pink: Women more aware White: No significant difference

Nyando, Kenya Wote, Kenya Rakai, Uganda

Agroforestry

Terraces/bunds

Water harvesting

Irrigation

Zai/Planting pits

Crop residue mulching

Composting

Manure management

Effic. use of fertilizer

Improved HYVs

Improved STVs

No/min tillage

Improved grain storage

Improved stoves

Improved feed management

Destocking

Cover cropping

Tolerant livestock

Rangeland management

IPM

Rates of Adoption (among those aware of practices)

Blue: Higher rate of male adoption Pink: Higher rate of female adoption White: No significant difference

Who is adapting to climate change?

Have made adaptations Men Women

Nyando 64% 57%

Wote 94% 96%

Rakai 83% 76%

How are they adapting? Women Men

Nyando, Kenya

Soil and water Conservation Planting trees on farm Change crop variety Change crop variety Change planting date Change planting date Change crop type Change crop type Water harvesting Soil and water conservation Planting trees on farm

Wote, Kenya

Change crop type Soil and water conservation Soil and water conservation Change crop variety Change planting date Change crop type Change crop variety Planting trees on farm Planting trees on farm Change planting date

Rakai, Uganda

Increase land in production Planting trees on farm Planting trees on farm Change crop type

Set up food storage facilities Increase land in production Change crop type Change crop variety Soil and water conservation Water harvesting

Women Men

Nyando, Kenya

Not enough money Don't know what to do Don't know what to do Not enough money Not enough information about climate change Don't see the need Not enough labor to implement changes Not enough labor Don't see the need to make changes

Not enough information about climate change

Think the change might fail

Wote, Kenya

Don't know what to do Don't know what to do Don't see the need Not enough money

Not enough money Need to see it being implemented by neighbors

Not enough labor Think the change might fail

Rakai, Uganda

Don't know what to do Not enough money Not enough money Don't know what to do Don't see the need Not enough labor

Not enough labor Not enough information about climate change

Land being used by a more productive activity

Why are they not adapting?

Nyando Wote Rakai

Men Women Men Women Men Women

Government Extension Workers

42 40 99 98 67 30

NGOs 64 68 68 85 68 31

Community Meetings

63 38 98 97 45 24

Farmer organizations

13 36 10 29 36 12

Agriserve providers 7 16 18 68 40 13

Family members 79 93 99 96 73 52

neighbors 94 82 99 99 96 91

Newspaper 27 6 11 2 34 1

Cell Phones 28 6 2 2 12 6

Farmer Field Days 11 8 41 56 12 6

Do you have access to climate or agricultural advice from the following sources?

Red: >20 point differences between men and women Pink: Female Greater Access

Most Useful

Sources of

Agricultural

and Climate

Information

Nyando

Men

Nyando

Women

Wote Men Wote

Women

Rakai Men Rakai

Women

1 Radio Radio Government

extension

Government

extension

Neighbor Traditional

Knowledge

2 Neighbors Family Neighbors Community

meeting

NGO Radio

3 Community

meeting

Neighbor Community

meetings

Radio Governmen

t Extension

Neighbors

4 Traditional

knowledge

NGO Radio Farmer field

day

Own

knowledge

Family

5 NGO Community

meeting

Family Agriservice

provider

Family NGO

Observed Climate Shocks in the Past 5 years

Nyando Wote Rakai

Men Women Men Women Men Women

Flood 17 42 1 0 2 2

Droughts 64 50 99 99 70 88

Storm 2 12 0 0 21 13 Erratic Rainfall

22 6 9 3 1 2

• Bigger differences in Nyando and Rakai; less in Wote • In Nyando, men report observing more droughts while women observe

more floods

Nyando Wote Rakai Men Women Men Women Men Women Drought impact

48 43 96 89 72 77

Flood Impact

17 50 0 1 20 21

Impacts of shifts in rainfall patterns

32 35 70 78 78 66

Decline in rainfall

46 16 98 90 70 70

Predicted Impacts of Future Climate Changes

Wote Participation in decisions related to:

Inputs Weeding Crop management

Crop Use Income Use

Average

Men 76 68 80 61 65

Women 49 80 53 79 73 Difference 27 -12 29 -18 -7

Maize

Men 81 57 82 51 31 Women 44 80 49 61 27 Difference 38 -22 33 -10 4

Fodder

Men 61 51 65 46 43 Women 30 53 33 53 42 Difference 31 -2 33 -7 1

Mangos

Men 85 83 87 67 75 Women 18 47 15 53 56 Difference 68 36 72 14 19

• How complex are agricultural decisions?

• Do men and women participate in different types of decisions?

• Does it vary across crops? • See some patterns in types

of decisions, but depends on crops

• Men and women participate in many decisions

Yellow box: Women report a higher percentage of participation in decision-making

Rakai Participate in decisions related to

Inputs Weeding Crop Management

Crop use Income

average

Men 95 95 95 96 94

women 94 98 95 98 93

difference 1 -3 0 -2 1

Maize

Men 54 54 41 56 50

women 69 74 18 70 36

difference -15 -20 23 -14 15

Bananas

Men 39 57 57 34 38

women 41 82 79 85 47

difference -1 -25 -22 -50 -9

Groundnut

Men 36 37 21 42 42

women 71 81 18 75 42

difference -35 -44 3 -33 0

• Different patterns that emerge here

• More participation in input decisions

• Some categories are roughly equal

• Context matters!

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Key Messages

-Once aware, women seem more likely to adopt these CSA

practices

-Wide variation in access to information

-Seems to suggest that both men and women are making

adaptations, but mainly farm based and input related

-Some patterns in terms of agricultural decisionmaking, but it varies

by crop

-Participation by men and women in most agricultural decisions