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1906 San Francisco earthquake-induced fires (Sacramento Street)
2001 El Salvador earthquake-induced landslide
Ph
oto
: Arn
old
Gen
the
• Tsunamis
• Landslides
• Fires
• Liquefaction
• Aftershocks
• Flooding
Ph
oto
: Ed
win
L. H
arp
Secondary Earthquake Phenomena
Gas pipelines break => Fire, explosion
San Bruno explosion (September 2010)
ShakeOut Impacts: Fire Following
Earthquakes => Flooding, supply disruption
NBCNews.com: Water Main Break Floods UCLA Campus
ShakeOut Impacts: Water
FEMA Guidelines for code: 90% probability that the building will not collapse
= 10% Collapse rate in code-compliant stock
Red Tags without Collapse Northridge: about 230 collapses
LA County: 2,290 Red Tags
SF Marina in 1989: 40-50 Red Tags, 4 collapses
Yellow Tags Northridge LA County: 9,445 Yellow Tags
Northridge LA County: 2,290 Red Tags
10 RED TAGS PER COLLAPSE
4 YELLOW TAGS PER RED TAG
Analysis for ShakeOut Scenario courtesy of Keith Porter (UC Boulder, Engineering)
Building Damage & Destruction
Hospitals: The ShakeOut Scenario Supplemental Study http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/shakeout/hospitals.pdf
In the 1994 Northridge quake, several hospitals lost functionality:
- building failure: non-ductile reinforced concrete - equipment failures - power outages; emergency power intermittently lost - water damage from rupture of interior water lines & rooftop tanks - patients evacuated; health care in parking lots - facility closure for months
Impacts to Hospitals
Unrestrained patient records shelves.
Unanchored nurse’s station.
Damaged non-ductile reinforced concrete frame building at St. John’s Hospital, Santa Monica
• Long term impacts of chemical and toxicant exposures not well studied
Kobe, Japan (1995)
Concepcion, Chile (2010)
Environmental Health Impacts
All railroads and freeways into Los Angeles cross the San Andreas Fault
Transportation Disruption (ShakeOut)
Mental Health Challenges
• Fear of injury or death
• Separation from family; worry during loss of communication
• Horror of witnessing injury/death/damage
• Post-traumatic stress & grief
• Separation-anxiety in children
• Depression
• Loss of trust in safety & security of the world
• …continued during aftershocks
The Risk…
“Research suggests that the long-term emotional consequences of a disaster are related to feelings of powerlessness and lack of control over forces bigger than oneself.”
Earthquake Psychology
Why Earthquakes Incite Fear:
•Unpredictable
•Uncontrollable (powerlessness)
•Dreadedness of outcome
•Not understood (origins or impacts)
e.g., “Risk Perception” –Paul Slovik
Countermeasure:
• EEW; culture of readiness
• Acceptance & understanding:
– We live in earthquake country.
– Damage is controllable
• Death is rare; damage preventable
• Education & awareness
The Risk…
Earthquake Risk
Many do not comprehend risk (fear > risk)
– Skiing accident (1 in 10,000)
– Lightning strike (1 in 83,930)
– Earthquake (~1 in 125,000)
…it’s NOT just about dying
Earthquake Risk
It’s not the earthquake that kills… It’s objects & structures around us that are (preventable) threats.
What risks are we comfortable living
with?
Earthquake Risk Perception
We often ignore risks we cannot see.
Earthquake Risk Perception
Earthquake Risk Perception
Living with earth quakes means: •understanding the science •using technology & engineering •to be prepared for one ANYtime •... by accepting them as part of our culture
• Consider what could happen in a big earthquake and what you can do now to reduce damage and recover quickly.
• Secure Your Space
- Top heavy furniture - Water heaters - TVs & electronics - Vulnerable structures
• Store More Water
- 1 gallon per person per day for at least 3 days and ideally for 2 weeks
• Have a Fire Extinguisher - Everyone must know proper use