UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG

UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE ANDUNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Verbs and VoiceVerbs and Voice

Voice is the form a verb takes to i di h h h bj findicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the verb performs or receives the action.There are two types of voice:

ti i d i iactive voice and passive voice.

Active VoiceActive Voice

Active Voice – indicates that the bj f h b i isubject of the verb is acting

Because the subject does or Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voicesaid to be in the active voice.

Active VoiceActive Voice

These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.g

The dog jumped onto the boy.The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb).g ( j ) g j p g ( )

Kristy will give a book report to the class.y g pKristy (subject) is doing the giving (verb).

The computer ate my paper.The computer (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

Passive VoicePassive Voice

In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip‐flop The subject becomes the object flip flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.p

PassivePassive

Passive are very common in technical writing where are more interested in facts process where are more interested in facts, process, and events than in people. We form the passive by using the appropriate tenses of the passive by using the appropriate tenses of the verb to be followed by the past participle of th b ithe verb we are using.

Example :Example :

Active1 We sell computers (simple present)1. We sell computers (simple present)2. Babbage invented the “ The Analytical

Engine’. (simple past).Passive ass e1. Computers are sold. (simple present) “Th A l i l E i ’ i d i 2. “The Analytical Engine’ was invented in 1830. (simple past)

Facts and processesFacts and processesWhen we write or talk about facts or process that occur regularly, we use the present passive.

Example :1 Data is transferred from the internal 1. Data is transferred from the internal

memory to the arithmetic‐logical unit along channels kno n as b sseschannels known as busses.

2. The other users are automatically denied access to that record.

3. Distributed systems are built using 3. Distributed systems are built using networked computer.

Passive VoicePassive Voice

These examples show the subject being acted upon by the verb acted upon by the verb. The boy was jumped on by the dog.

Boy (subject) was being jumped on (verb)

A book report will be given by Kristy to the p g y yclass.

Report (subject) will be given (verb).Report (subject) will be given (verb).

My paper was eaten by the computer.P ( bj t) b i t ( b)Paper (subject) was being eaten (verb).

Reasons to Use the Active VoiceReasons to Use the Active Voice

Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct because it is more direct. Compare

Active: The waiter dropped the tray of food.Passive: The tray of food was dropped by the waiterby the waiter.

Reasons to Use the Active VoiceReasons to Use the Active Voice

The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action.states relationship between subject and action.Compare

Passive:Your request for funding has been denied by Passive:Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee.Active:The review committee denied your request for Active:The review committee denied your request for funding.

The active voice sentence pattern propels the The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose avoiding weak prose.

When to Use Passive VoiceWhen to Use Passive Voice

In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active ,voice.

Use the passive voice in the following Use the passive voice in the following situations:

U i i h d t k Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an actionaction.

Use passive voice when you want to h i h i f iemphasize the receiver of an action.

ExamplesExamples

Awkward Passive: My bicycle was repainted by Johnrepainted by John.Deliberate Passive: My bicycle was

i t d (Th f i t ti d repainted. (The performer is not mentioned and the emphasis is on the bicycle.)

Form of Passive Voice VerbsForm of Passive Voice Verbs

The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb en/ed/t form) of another verb. Example:

Active: John baked the bread.Passive: The bread was baked by John. (Was is ya form of the verb “be”.)


Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be" often called linking verbs so that to be , often called linking verbs, so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their worktheir work.

Review the forms of "to be":

am is are was were be being beenam, is, are, was, were, be, being, been


Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the the verb to kick in various forms of the passive voice:

is kicked‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐had been kickedwas kicked‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐is going to be kickedis being kicked‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐will be kickedghas been kicked‐‐‐‐‐‐‐can be kickedwas being kicked‐‐‐‐‐‐should be kickedwas being kicked should be kicked


Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed by phrase indicting who or what performed the action.P i t b il t f d Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.


Examples:Passive: The cookies were eaten by the childrenPassive: The cookies were eaten by the children.Active:The children ate the cookies.

Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.Active: The gophers dug the tunnelsActive: The gophers dug the tunnels.

Let’s PracticeLet’s Practice

Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice.1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of

tourists every year. y y2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3. These books had been left in the classroom by a 3 y

careless student. 4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by

plantation workers. 5. The house had been broken into by someone

hil th ti while the owners were on vacation.

Let’s PracticeLet’s Practice

Directions: Change the sentences below to the passive voicethe passive voice.1. Children cannot open these bottles easily.

Th t b ilt d i ht t id h 2. The government built a road right outside her front door. M R b k th ti h lk d 3. Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked through the store. Wh h i d h h d h 4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her.

5. The construction workers are making street ll h lrepairs all month long.

PASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE

Active: S + V + O

Passive: S + Be + PP(V3 ) + by + OPassive: S + Be + PP(V ed) + by + O(tense)( )

EX: My father planted this tree last year.This tree was planted by my father last

yearyear.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Simple Present Tense

Active: S + V(s/es) + O

P i S + /i / + PP + b + OPassive: S + am/is/are + PP + by + OEX: He reads books every dayEX: He reads books every day.

Books are read (by him) every day.


The Present Continuous TenseActive: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O

Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + OPassive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O

EX: He is writing a novel at the moment.gA novel is being written (by him) at the

tmoment.


The Present Perfect TenseActive: S + Has/Have + V3

ed + O

Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + OEX: He has just finished a novel.

A l h j t b fi i h d (bA novel has just been finished (by him).)


The Simple Past TenseActive: S + V2 + OActive: S + V2

ed + O

Passive: S + was/were + PP + by + O

EX: He gave Tom a book.A b k i T (b hi )A book was given to Tom (by him).Tom was given a book (by him)Tom was given a book (by him).


The Past Continuous Tense

Active: S + was/were + V-ing + OActive: S + was/were + V-ing + O

Passive: S + was/were + being + PP + by + OEX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday.

A letter was being written (by him)A letter was being written (by him).


Th P P f TThe Past Perfect TenseActive: S + had + V3

ed + Oed

i S h d b bPassive: S + had + been + PP + by + OEX: He had finished his homework before

8.00 yesterday.His homework had been finished (byHis homework had been finished (by

him) before 8.00 yesterday.


The Simple Future TenseActive: S + will/shall + V + OActive: S + will/shall + V + O

Passive: S + will/shall + be + PP + by + O

EX: He will finish the homework.Th h k ill b fi i h dThe homework will be finished.


The Future Continuous TenseActive: S + will/shall + be + V-ing + OActive: S + will/shall + be + V ing + O

P i S ill/ h ll b b i PP b OPassive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O

EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 gtomorrow.

L h ill b b i k d b TLunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow.


The Future Perfect TenseActive: S + will/shall + have + V3

d + OActive: S + will/shall + have + V ed + O

P i S ill/ h ll h b PP b OPassive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O

EX: By the end of next week, he will have y ,written 10 letters to her.

By the end of next week 10 letters willBy the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her.

MODAL VERBS (MV) IN ( )PASSIVE VOICE

M d l V b b d i ith th tModal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms.

Active: S + MV (not) + V + O

Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + OEX: We can’t solve this problem.

This problem can’t be solvedThis problem can t be solved.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM

Active: S + Has/Have + O1 + V (BI)+ O2

S + Get + O + V (to infinitive) + OS + Get + O1 + V (to-infinitive) + O2

Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O2 + PPEX M f th h d T h hiEX: My father had Tom wash his car.

My father had his car washed by Tomy at e ad s ca was ed by To

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEVOICEVerbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object g g g g j

+ infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive.

Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PPEX: He wants someone to take photographs.

He wants photographs to be takenHe wants photographs to be taken.

Such verbs as “have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/Such verbs as have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe” are used in the following passive structure:

Active: S + V + O + V (BI)ct ve: S V O V (BI)Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-InfinitiveEX: The gravity makes things drop down.

Things are made to drop down by the gravity.g y

Note: The verb following “let” does not bear “to” in the passi e sentencein the passive sentence.


VOICEVOICEWith advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + g g

Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice.y g p

<1>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-infinitive + O2EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax.

The Council was urged to reduce the taxThe Council was urged to reduce the tax.


VOICEVOICEWith advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + g g

Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice.y g p

<2>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S1 + V + that + S2 + should be + PPEX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax.

He urged that the tax should be reducedHe urged that the tax should be reduced.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE

PASSIVE VERBPASSIVE VERB

Aft kn l d / m /b li / l im/After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/psay/think /understand …, we use the

infinitive constructioninfinitive construction.Simple Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive

i i h h f h i ipassive is the same as that of the main active verb.

<1>A ti S + V + th t + S + V + (O)<1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

EX: People said that he was jealous of herEX: People said that he was jealous of her.It was said that he was jealous of her.

<2>A ti S + V + th t + S + V + (O)<2>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to + V+ (O)EX: People said that he was jealous of her.

H id t b j l f hHe was said to be jealous of her.

Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitivePerfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is earlier than that of the main active verb.

<1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)<1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O)(O)

EX: People say that he was jealous of her.p y jIt is said that he was jealous of her.

<2>Active: S + V + that + S + V + (O)<2>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O)EX: People say that he was jealous of herEX: People say that he was jealous of her.

He is said to have been jealous of her.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEVOICEWith advise/insist/propose/recommendp p/suggest + Gerund + Object

Active: S + V + V ing + OActive: S + V + V-ing + O

Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PPEX: He recommended using bullet-proof glassEX: He recommended using bullet proof glass.

He recommended that bullet-proof glass sho ld be sedshould be used.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEVOICEActive: S + V + O + V-ingg

Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + OPassive: S + V + Being + PP + by + OEX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo.

I remember being taken to the zoo by my g y yfather.

Active: S + V + To inf + OActive: S + V + To-inf + O

Passive: S + V + To Be + PP + by + OEX: She started to learn English 5 years agoEX: She started to learn English 5 years ago.

English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O

Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + Og yEX: She started learning English 5 years ago.

E li h d b i l 5English started being learnt 5 years ago.

Active & PassiveActive & PassiveActive & PassiveActive & PassiveActive Voice Form

• When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is doing the action, we use the verb of that sentence in its Active form:that sentence in its Active form:

• e.g. A man is cutting down a tree. ‘A man’ = subject -- doing the action -- cutting -A man = subject doing the action cuttingActive

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Active & PassiveActive & PassiveActive & PassiveActive & PassivePassive Voice Form

• When we want to say that the subject of a• When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is not doing anything but is allowing something to be done to it by somebody else, we use the Passive Voice form:use the Passive Voice form:e.g. A tree is being cut down by a man.‘A tree’ = subject = not doing anything, butA tree subject not doing anything, but allowing ‘a man’ to cut it. Passive

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice example 1example 1ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– example 1example 1

The boy The boy is carryingis carrying the girl.the girl. Active VoiceActive VoiceThe boy = subjectThe boy = subjectis carrying = verbis carrying = verbthe girl = object of the verb the girl = object of the verb g jg jWho is doing the action of carrying? = Who is doing the action of carrying? = ‘The boy’ ‘The boy’ –– subject of the sentencesubject of the sentence05-05-2009 BCK 3

yy jj

ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice example 2example 2ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– example 2example 2

The girl The girl is being carriedis being carried by the boy.by the boy. Passive VoicePassive Voice

The girl = subjectThe girl = subjectThe girl = subjectThe girl = subjectis being carried = verbis being carried = verbby = prepositionby = prepositionthe boy = object of the preposition ‘by’the boy = object of the preposition ‘by’the boy = object of the preposition bythe boy = object of the preposition byWho is doing the action of carrying? Who is doing the action of carrying? = = NotNot ‘The girl’, the subject, but ‘the boy’, the object ‘The girl’, the subject, but ‘the boy’, the object

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice changes 1changes 1ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– changes 1changes 1

JohnJohn reads a book every day. reads a book every day. Active VoiceActive Voicey yy y‘John’ ‘John’ ---- the subject of the Active sentence…the subject of the Active sentence…

A book is read every day A book is read every day by by JohnJohn. . Passive VoicePassive Voice‘by John’‘by John’ –– object of the preposition ‘by’object of the preposition ‘by’by John by John object of the preposition byobject of the preposition byThe subject of the Active sentence becomes the The subject of the Active sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive sentence!object of the preposition in the Passive sentence!

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j p pj p p

ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice changes 2changes 2ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– changes 2changes 2

JohnJohn readsreads a book every day. Active Voicea book every day. Active VoiceJohn John readsreads a book every day. Active Voicea book every day. Active Voice‘reads’ ‘reads’ –– verb of the Active sentenceverb of the Active sentenceA bookA book is readis read every day by Johnevery day by John P iP i iiA book A book is readis read every day by John. every day by John. PassivePassive voicevoiceThe Active form of the verb in Active sentence is The Active form of the verb in Active sentence is changed into the Passive form in Passive sentencechanged into the Passive form in Passive sentencechanged into the Passive form in Passive sentence.changed into the Passive form in Passive sentence.‘‘readsreads’ becomes “’ becomes “is readis read”!”!

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ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– changes 3changes 3

J h dJ h d b kb k dd A ti V iA ti V iJohn reads John reads a booka book every day. every day. Active VoiceActive Voice‘a book’ ‘a book’ ---- object of the verbobject of the verbA bookA book is read every day by Johnis read every day by John Passive voicePassive voiceA bookA book is read every day by John. is read every day by John. Passive voicePassive voice‘A book’ ‘A book’ ---- subject of the passive sentence…subject of the passive sentence…

The object of the verb in the Active sentence becomes the subject of the Passive sentence.

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice note 1note 1ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– note 1note 1

H kH k f df d A i V iA i V iHe cooks He cooks foodfood. Active Voice. Active Voice‘food’ ‘food’ –– object of the verb object of the verb ––singularsingular

FoodFood isis cooked by him. Passive Voicecooked by him. Passive Voiceyy‘Food’ ‘Food’ –– subject of the passive subject of the passive

sentence sentence –– singular, so ‘singular, so ‘isis cooked’ cooked’ ---- verb verb singularsingular

When the subject of a sentence is When the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must also be in singular, the verb must also be in singularsingular

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Active-Passive Voice – note 2

When the subject of a sentence is Plural, the verb of that sentence must be Plural: H i d b k A ti V iHe carried some books. Active Voice‘some books’ -- object of the verb in Active – PluralSome books ere carried b him Passi e VoiceSome books were carried by him. Passive Voice‘were carried’ – verb – ‘were’ plural / ‘books’ plural

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Active Passive Voice note 3Active-Passive Voice -- note 3

• She has signed ten letters. Active Voice‘She’ – subject; ‘has’ – part of the verb – singular‘ten letters’ – object of the verb in Active -- plural

Ten letters havehave been signed by her. Passive Voice‘Ten letters’ – subject – plural; ‘have been signed’ verb –‘have’ -- plural

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice Tense ChangeTense Change 11ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– Tense ChangeTense Change 11

She She bakesbakes cakes. Activecakes. Active‘bakes’ ‘bakes’ –– verb verb ––Simple Present TenseSimple Present Tense

Cakes Cakes are bakedare baked by her.by her.Passive VoicePassive Voice

‘are baked’ ‘are baked’ –– verb verb ––Simple Present TenseSimple Present Tense

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ActiveActive PassivePassive Tense Change 2Tense Change 2ActiveActive--Passive Passive –– Tense Change 2Tense Change 2

He He is buildingis building a sand castle.a sand castle.‘is building’ ‘is building’ –– verb verb ––ggpresent continues tense present continues tense ––ACTIVE VOICE FORMACTIVE VOICE FORMACTIVE VOICE FORMACTIVE VOICE FORM

A sand castle A sand castle is being builtis being built by him.by him.‘is being built’ ‘is being built’ –– verb verb ––present continues tensepresent continues tensePASSIVE VOICE FORMPASSIVE VOICE FORM

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ActiveActive--Passive Passive ---- Tense Change 3 Tense Change 3 HH h dh d i ti tHe He has drawnhas drawn a picture.a picture.‘has drawn’ ‘has drawn’ –– verb verb ––present perfect tensepresent perfect tenseACTIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICE

A pictureA picture has been drawnhas been drawn by him.by him.A picture A picture has been drawnhas been drawn by him.by him.‘has been drawn’ ‘has been drawn’ –– verb verb ––present perfect tensepresent perfect tensepresent perfect tensepresent perfect tensePASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE

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Active-Passive – Tense Change 4Active-Passive – Tense Change 4

According to the traditional grammar rules, the present perfect continues tense is not used in p pPASSIVE VOICE FORM; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the present perfect continues tense is used in the p pPassive Voice:e.g. He has been mowing the lawn. Active VoiceTh l h b b i d b hiThe lawn has been being mowed by him.

Passive Voice

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ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice ––Tense Change 5Tense Change 5

•• SheShe toldtold me a secretme a secret Active VoiceActive Voice•• She She toldtold me a secret.me a secret. Active VoiceActive Voice‘told’ ‘told’ –– verb verb –– simple past tense simple past tense

A secret A secret was toldwas told (to) me by her. (to) me by her. P i V iP i V iPassive VoicePassive Voice

‘was told’ ‘was told’ –– verb verb –– simple past tensesimple past tense

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ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice ––Tense Change 6Tense Change 6

The postman The postman was deliveringwas delivering the post. the post. ‘ d li i ’‘ d li i ’ bb P t C ti TP t C ti T‘was delivering’ ‘was delivering’ ---- verb verb ---- Past Continuous TensePast Continuous TenseACTIVE VOICE FORMACTIVE VOICE FORM

The postThe post was being deliveredwas being delivered by the postmanby the postmanThe post The post was being deliveredwas being delivered by the postman.by the postman.‘was being delivered’ ‘was being delivered’ ---- verb verb ---- Past continuous TensePast continuous TensePASSIVE VOICE FORMPASSIVE VOICE FORM

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice Tense Change 7Tense Change 7ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice ---- Tense Change 7Tense Change 7

SheShe had eatenhad eaten several peas before she offered him anyseveral peas before she offered him anyShe She had eatenhad eaten several peas before she offered him any.several peas before she offered him any.‘had eaten’ ‘had eaten’ –– verb verb –– past perfect tense past perfect tense –– ActiveActive

Several peas Several peas had been eatenhad been eaten by her before she offered by her before she offered him anyhim anyhim any.him any.

‘had been eaten’ ‘had been eaten’ –– verb verb –– past perfect tense past perfect tense ---- PassivePassive

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ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice Tense Change 8Tense Change 8ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– Tense Change 8Tense Change 8

According to the traditional grammar rules, the According to the traditional grammar rules, the past perfect continuous tense is not used inpast perfect continuous tense is not used inpast perfect continuous tense is not used in past perfect continuous tense is not used in Passive form; however, in the contemporary Passive form; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the past English, there are occasions where the past perfect tense is used in the Passive Form too!perfect tense is used in the Passive Form too!perfect tense is used in the Passive Form, too!perfect tense is used in the Passive Form, too!He He had been writing lettershad been writing letters for half an hour for half an hour before somebody called him out.before somebody called him out.before somebody called him out.before somebody called him out.Letters Letters had been being writtenhad been being written for half an hour for half an hour (by him) (by him) before somebody called him out.before somebody called him out.

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Active Passive Voice Tense Change 9Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 9

They will give the beggar some money. y g gg y‘will give’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Active

The beggar will be given some money by them.‘will be given’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Passive

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Active-Passive -- Tense Change10

• According to the traditional grammar rules, the future continuous tense in the Active is not used in Passive Voice Form.not used in Passive Voice Form.

• e.g. They will be playing with fireworks by the time their father reaches home. Active‘will be playing’ – verb – future continuous

-------- NO PASSIVE --------

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ActiveActive--Passive VoicePassive Voice –– Tense Change 11Tense Change 11ActiveActive Passive Voice Passive Voice Tense Change 11Tense Change 11

►► Sue Sue will have sewnwill have sewn two dresses by 12 O’ clock. two dresses by 12 O’ clock. ‘will have sewn’‘will have sewn’ –– verbverb –– future perfect tensefuture perfect tense –– ActiveActivewill have sewn will have sewn verb verb future perfect tense future perfect tense ActiveActive

Two dressesTwo dresses will have been sewnwill have been sewn by 12 O’ clock by Sue.by 12 O’ clock by Sue.Two dresses Two dresses will have been sewnwill have been sewn by 12 O clock by Sue. by 12 O clock by Sue. ‘will have been sewn’ ‘will have been sewn’ –– verb verb –– future perfect tense future perfect tense ----

PassivePassive05-05-2009 BCK 21

ActiveActive Passive VoicePassive Voice Tense Change 12Tense Change 12ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– Tense Change 12Tense Change 12

According to the traditional grammar rules, the According to the traditional grammar rules, the future perfect continuous tense is not used in thefuture perfect continuous tense is not used in thefuture perfect continuous tense is not used in the future perfect continuous tense is not used in the Passive Voice Form:Passive Voice Form:

e.g. You e.g. You will have been workingwill have been working on the course on the course gg ggmaterial for 2 hours by 6 in the evening.material for 2 hours by 6 in the evening.‘will have been working’ ‘will have been working’ –– verb verb ––Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense –– ActiveActive

-------------------- NO CHANGE NO CHANGE --------------------

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Active Passive Voice Tense Change 13Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 13

Th M d l A ili (h l i ) V b iThe Modal Auxiliary (helping) Verbs in Passive Voice Form take ‘be’: e.g. He will give you a book. Active VoiceYou will be given a book by him PassiveYou will be given a book by him. Passivee.g. They can pick a number. Active VoiceA number can be picked by them. Passivee.g. We must finish this job. Active Voiceg jThis job must be finished by us. Passive

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ActiveActive--Passive VoicePassive Voice –– note 1note 1ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– note 1note 1

The Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of theThe Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of theThe Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of the The Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive Voice sentence. The preposition is usually preposition in the Passive Voice sentence. The preposition is usually ‘by’ when the object is a person, and ‘with’ when the object is a ‘by’ when the object is a person, and ‘with’ when the object is a thing, such as a knife, gun, arrow, etc.thing, such as a knife, gun, arrow, etc.

e.g. The hunter e.g. The hunter shotshot the deer with an arrow. Activethe deer with an arrow. ActiveThe deer The deer was shotwas shot withwith an arrow an arrow byby the hunter. Passivethe hunter. Passive‘ ’‘ ’ thithi iti ‘ ith’iti ‘ ith’‘an arrow’ ‘an arrow’ ---- a thing a thing –– preposition ‘with’preposition ‘with’‘a hunter’ ‘a hunter’ ---- a person a person ---- preposition ‘by’preposition ‘by’

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Active-Passive Voice – note 2

When there are two objects of the verb in the active voice sentence we can change that active sentencevoice sentence, we can change that active sentence into passive in two way: using the first object in one sentence and the second object in the other.j

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ActiveActive--Passive Voice Passive Voice –– note 2note 2(continued)(continued)( )( )

e.g. The teacher teaches e.g. The teacher teaches youyou a lessona lesson. Active. Active‘you’‘you’ object of the verb / ‘a lesson’object of the verb / ‘a lesson’ object of the verbobject of the verbyou you –– object of the verb / a lesson object of the verb / a lesson –– object of the verbobject of the verb

(A)(A) YouYou are taught a lesson by the teacher. Passiveare taught a lesson by the teacher. Passive( )( ) g yg y(B)(B) A lessonA lesson is taught to you by the teacher. Passiveis taught to you by the teacher. Passive

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Active Passive Voice note 3Active-Passive Voice -- note 3

• In writing the Passive Voice, in most cases, the preposition ‘by’ or ‘with’ and its object are not usedpreposition – by or with – and its object are not used, because they are understood:

• e.g. The cook made me an omelette. Active VoiceAn omelette was made for meby the cook..Passive Voice

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The causative is a common structure in English.

It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or

d hiperson to do something.

There are two basic causative structures.

One is like an active, and the other is like a passive.

These examples use the causative verb "have":These examples use the causative verb have :

I have John fix the car.

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by John

- I caused him to fix it.)

I have the car fixed

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by someone.

We don't know who, so this is like a passive.)

This is the basic structure of the active formThis is the basic structure of the active form, along with some more examples

Have someone do something

Subject Causative verb Agent Action

verb Object

Susan has her brother do her homework.

The police have the suspect stop his car.

We have the carpenter fix our window.We have the carpenter fix

In the passive form there is usually no agentIn the passive form, there is usually no agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it:the object comes before it:

Have something done

Subject Causative verb Object Action verb

Have something done

Subject Causative verb Object Action verb

We have our door fixed. Rose has her hair cut. Dario has the windows cleanedDario has the windows cleaned

There many other verbs that can be used with causatives. In the active form some of these verbs require the actionIn the active form, some of these verbs require the action verb to have "to" before it. These are some examples of the most common causative verbs.most common causative verbs.

Verb Meaning Form of ExamplesVerb Meaning Action Verb Examples

make force, compel plain form - The robbers made us lie on the floor.

[No passive form]compel [No passive form]

get same as "to" form- I got Jane to pick me up in the car.

get "have" to form - She got her hair cut.

- I'll let you borrow my bikelet allow plain form

- I ll let you borrow my bike.[No passive form]

UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

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