1 Biological, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Kigelia africana 1 (Lam.) Benth 2 Sunday Ene-Ojo Atawodi * and Olufunsho Dayo Olowoniyi 3 Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 4 Abstract 5 Occurring widely in Africa and beyond is Kigelia africana Benth, a medicinal plant with several 6 attributes and considerable potentials. Various parts of the plant are used locally to treat cancer, 7 ulcer, gynecological disorders, genital infections, skin diseases, diabetes, epilepsy, bacterial and 8 fungal infections as well as being used as cosmetics to enhance beauty. The antioxidant and anti- 9 inflammatory properties of some parts of the plant have also been reported. Phytochemical 10 analyses revealed the presence of naphthaquinones such as lapachol, kigelinol and isopinnatal in 11 the root and iridoids such as specioside, verminoside and minecoside in the stem bark, while the 12 leaves are reported to be rich in hydrocarbons like n-hentriacontane, 1-tricosene and esters like 13 pentafluoroheptadecyl ester. The fruits are reported to contain iridoids such as jiofuran, 14 jioglutolide and ajugol as well as flavonoids and steroids. Toxicological evaluation showed that 15 the LD 50 for the ethanolic extracts of the fruit and stem bark are 1.3g/kg and 4g/kg respectively, 16 while the methanolic extract of the fruit had an LD 50 of 3.98g/kg. A 50% methanol-water extract 17 of the leaf gave an LD 50 greater than 3g/kg. In this review we provide an up-to-date information 18 on the established biological, pharmacological and toxicological properties as well as 19 phytochemicals responsible for these activities in Kigelia africana. 20 Keywords: Kigelia africana; sausage tree; Bioactive compounds; Biological activity; 21 Toxicological effects 22 23 24 1.0 Introduction 25 UNDER PEER REVIEW
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UNDER PEER REVIEW · 58 2.0 Uses of Kigelia africana in traditional medicine and their pharmacological evaluation 59 2.1 Anti-protozoal activity 60 One of the several uses of Kigelia
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Biological, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Kigelia africana1
(Lam.) Benth2
Sunday Ene-Ojo Atawodi * and Olufunsho Dayo Olowoniyi3
Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria4
Abstract5
Occurring widely in Africa and beyond is Kigelia africana Benth, a medicinal plant with several6
attributes and considerable potentials. Various parts of the plant are used locally to treat cancer,7
ethylhexyloctadecyl sulfurous acid ester, heneicosane and hexyloctylsulfurous acid ester. Others398
are 4,4-dimethylundecane, methyl-12-methyltetradecanoate, 1-iodohexadecane and 1-399
iododecane. Hentriacontane have been reported to have a possible anti-tumour activity while400
methyl-12-methyltetradecanoate has also been reported for its inhibition capacity on the401
development of coneal angiogenesis, which is responsible for blindness and other infections [35].402
Flavonoids and iridoids [36] and a 7-O-glucoside [42-44] have also been found in the leaves403
(Table 2). The structural formulae of some of the chemical constituents isolated from Kigelia404
africana are presented in Figure 1.405
406
5.0 Conclusion407
As a medicinal plant with a large array of secondary metabolites, Kigelia africana is applied in408
traditional medicine to treat a wide range of diseases. There is the need to scientifically verify the409
various healing attributes ascribed to it, following which establishment of the exact identity of410
the chemical constituent responsible for any confirmed biological activity would enrich the411
available chemical lead for new drugs.412
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Figure1: Structural formulae of some compounds found in Kigelia africana679680
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Table 1 Toxic effects of Kigelia africana extracts on different species of animalsS/N Animal Species Observed effect Plant part Extract Dose Route Reference:1 Artemia salina Moderate toxicity Root
FruitFruit
EthanolEthanolEthyl acetate
593µg/ml124µg/ml495µg/ml
Whole body Adoum,2008
2 Artemia salina Moderate cytotoxicity Fruit Ethanol 7500µg/ml Whole body Kolodziej,19973 Artemia salina Low toxicity Leaves Methanol 250µgml Whole body Ayuko et al,
20094 Fish Increased opercular
ventilation and tail finbeat leading toeventual fatique andeventual death
7-Hydroxyeucommic acid Fruit Gouda et al, 20037-Hydroxy-10-deoxyeucomiol Fruit10-Deoxyeucommiol Fruit Gouda et al, 2003Jiofuran Fruit Gouda et al, 2003Jioglutolide Fruit Gouda et al, 20031-Dehydroxy-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroaucubigenin
Fruit Gouda et al, 2003
des-p-hydroxybenzoyl kisasagenol B Fruit Gouda et al, 2003Ajugol Fruit Gouda et al, 20036-trans caffeoyl ajugol6-p-Coumaroyl sucroseβ-SitosterolQuercetinLuteolin3-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-5-(2''-hydroxypropyl)Dihydrofuran-2-(3H)one
FruitFruitFruitFruitFruitFruit
Gouda et al, 2003Gouda et al,2006Desai et al,1971;Khan,1998Grace and Davis,2002Grace and Davis,2002Gouda et al,2003
Isocoumarins6-Methoxymellein Root Govindachari et al,1971Kigelin Root6-Demethylkigelin Root3-Dimethylkigelin Root