UNITED NATIONSNew York and GenevaNATIONS UNIESNew York et
GenveMANUEL DE ST DE STAATISTIQUES TISTIQUESDE LA CNUCED DE LA
CNUCEDUNCT UNCTAD ADHANDBOOKOF ST OF STAATISTICS TISTICSUNI T ED
NAT I ONS CONF ERENCE ON T RADE AND DEVEL OPMENTCONFERENCE DES
NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DVELOPPEMENTiiNOTESymbols of
United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined
with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates areference to a
United Nations document. General disclaimer The designations
employed and the presentation of the material in this publication
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries. Where the designations economy or country or area
appear in tables, they cover countries, territories, cities and
areas. The designations developing, transition and developed are
intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express
a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area
in the development process. Material in this publication may be
freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is obligatory,
together with a reference to the document number (TD/STAT.36). A
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lOrganisation des Nations Unies se compose de lettres majuscules et
de chiffres. La mention dune telle cote indique quil est fait
rfrence un document de lOrganisation. Dni de responsabilit Les
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lOrganisation des Nations Unies, aucune prise de position quant au
statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de
leurs autorits, ni quant au trac de leurs frontires ou limites. Les
appellations conomie ou pays ou zone figurant dans certaines
rubriques des tableaux dsignent des pays, des territoires, des
villes ou des zones. Les termes en dveloppement, en transition et
dvelopps sont utiliss pour plus de commodit dans la prsentation des
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https://unp.un.org TD/STAT. 36UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION DES NATIONS UNIES Sales number / Numro de vente :
B.11.II.D.1 ISBN 978-92-1-112829-1 e-ISBN 978-92-1-054993-6 ISSN
0251-9461 Copyright United Nations, 2011 All rights reserved How to
order the Handbook Comment commander le ManueliiiFOREWORD
INTRODUCTIONThe UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential
data for analysing and measuring world trade, investment,
international financial flows and development. Reliable statistical
information is often considered as the first step during the
preparation of making recommendations or taking decisions that
countries will commit for many years as they strive to integrate
into the world economy and improve the living standards of their
citizens. Whether it is for research, consultation or technical
cooperation, UNCTAD requires comparable, often detailed economic,
demographic and social data, over several decades and for as many
countries as possible. In addition to facilitating the work of the
secretariats economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also
enables other users, such as policymakers, research specialists,
academics, officials from national governments or international
organizations, executive managers or members of nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) from developing, transition or developed
countries to have access to this rich statistical information. The
Handbook further offers journalists comprehensive information in a
presentation that meets their needs. This publication is available
in printed copy and DVD. Moreover, the underlying data of the
Handbook are available online at UNCTADstat
(http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the Handbook which captures
statistics at one point of time, UNCTADstat is continuously
updated, enriched and providing users with the latest available
data. In this regard, users should use caution when comparing data
between the Handbook and UNCTADstat, as the date of update may
differ. User should be aware that, in this edition, the scope and
definition of some country groups have changed compared to previous
edition of Handbook. In addition, the presentation of tables 7.3
and 7.4 Remittances and table 7.1 Current account net was improved
by the addition of all countries and country groups. Furthermore,
the following tables prior to this edition - table 5.3 Tourism
indicators, table 7.2 Balance of payments: capital and financial
account summaries and table 8.5 Demographic indicators - are
discontinued and no longer available. To provide better and more
relevant statistics to users, you are invited to fill up the
feedback questionnaire on the last page or you can send your
comments directly to [email protected]
acknowledgement is due to the Statistics Division of the Department
of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, as well as to
other international organizations, for its help in preparing this
publication. Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de
fournir les donnes statistiques essentielles lanalyse du commerce
mondial, de linvestissement, des flux financiers internationaux et
du dveloppement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent le
pralable la formulation de recommandations et la prise de dcisions
qui engageront les pays pour de longues annes dans leur processus
dintgration dans lconomie mondiale et lamlioration des conditions
de leurs peuples. Que ce soit pour la recherche, la concertation ou
la coopration technique, la CNUCED a besoin de donnes conomiques,
dmographiques et sociales comparables et souvent dtailles,
disponibles si possible sur plusieurs dcennies et pour un maximum
de pays. Au-del de la mobilisation et de la vrification des donnes,
du calcul dindicateurs drivs qui alimentent les travaux des
conomistes du secrtariat, le Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED
est loccasion de partager une base statistique riche avec les
dcideurs et les chercheurs, quils soient universitaires,
fonctionnaires dadministrations nationales ou dorganisations
internationales, cadres dentreprises ou membres dorganisations non
gouvernementales de pays en dveloppement, en transition ou
dvelopps. Les journalistes trouvent aussi dans ce manuel une
information synthtique dans une prsentation bien adapte leurs
proccupations. Le Manuel est disponible en version imprime et DVD.
Les donnes prsentes dans le Manuel sont disponibles en ligne, dans
UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). la diffrence du Manuel
qui prsente des statistiques figes un moment donn, UNCTADstat est
actualis et enrichi rgulirement pour mettre la disposition des
utilisateurs les donnes les plus rcentes. cet gard, il est
important de signaler que les donnes d'UNCTADstat et du Manuel ne
pourront tre compares systmatiquement en raison de la diffrence de
date de leur mise jour et de publication. La couverture et la
dfinition des groupements prsents dans cette nouvelle dition du
Manuel ont chang. Cette anne, la table des matires a galement t
revue. En effet, les indicateurs du tourisme, le sommaire des
comptes de capital et d'oprations financires de la balance des
paiements ainsi que les indicateurs dmographiques (tableaux 5.3,
7.2 et 8.5 des prcdentes ditions) ont t retirs tandis que les
tableaux de la balance du compte courant (7.1) et des envois de
fonds des travailleurs (7.3 et 7.4 ) ont t amliors grce la
prsentation des donnes pour tous les pays et groupements de pays.
Pour mieux nous adapter aux besoins de nos utilisateurs et mettre
leur disposition des statistiques pertinentes, nous vous invitons
remplir le questionnaire qui se trouve en fin de publication. Vous
pouvez galement nous faire part de vos commentaires en nous crivant
[email protected] secrtariat de la CNUCED tient remercier la
Division de statistique du Dpartement des affaires conomiques et
sociales de lONU et diverses organisations internationales du
concours quelles ont apport la prparation de cette publication.
ivTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES
MATIRESNote..................................................................................................
ii
Note.....................................................................................................
ii How to order the Handbook
............................................................. ii
Comment commander le manuel
........................................................ ii
Foreword
..........................................................................................iii
Introduction.........................................................................................
iii Table of
contents.............................................................................
iv Table des
matires.............................................................................
iv Explanation of symbols
...................................................................vii
Signification des symboles
................................................................
vii General
notes.................................................................................
viii Notes gnrales
..............................................................................
xxii Distribution of countries and
territories............................................ xi
Rpartition des pays et
territoires.................................................... xxv
Distribution by geographical region Rpartition par rgions
gographiques - Developing
economies.................................................................xii
- conomies en dveloppement
.................................................... xxvi -
Transition economies
..................................................................xiv
- conomies en
transition.............................................................xxviii
- Developed
economies.................................................................xiv
- conomies dveloppes
............................................................xxviii
Distribution of developing economies by economic Rpartition des
conomies en dveloppement par groupements grouping
.........................................................................................
xv conomiques
..................................................................................
xxix Distribution of economies by trade
group..................................... xviii Rpartition des
conomies par groupements commerciaux ..........xxxii Distribution
of economies by interregional grouping ...................... xx
Rpartition des conomies par groupements interrgionaux........xxxiv
Abbreviations and acronyms
..........................................................xxi
Abrviations et acronymes
............................................................ xxxv
Product classification for international
trade............................... xxxvi Classification des
produits pour le commerce international ..........xxxvi PART ONE
PREMIRE PARTIEInternational merchandise trade Commerce
international des marchandises1.1.1 Exports and imports of
countries and geographical 1.1.1 Exportations et importations des
pays et des rgions regions gographiques - Value
...................................................................................
2 - Valeur
.................................................................................
2 -
Share.................................................................................
10 -
Part...................................................................................
10 1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic groupings 1.1.2
Exportations et importations des groupements conomiques - Value
.................................................................................
20 - Valeur
...............................................................................
20 -
Share.................................................................................
22 -
Part...................................................................................
22 1.1.3 Exports and imports of trade groups 1.1.3 Exportations et
importations des groupements commerciaux - Value
.................................................................................
24 - Valeur
...............................................................................
24 -
Share.................................................................................
26 -
Part...................................................................................
26 1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.1
Taux dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of countries and
geographical regions................................. 28
importations des pays et des rgions gographiques........ 28 1.2.2
Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.2 Taux
dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of economic
groupings.........................................................
38 importations des groupements conomiques..................... 38
1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.3 Taux
dvolution annuels moyens des exportations et of trade
groups.....................................................................
40 importations des groupements commerciaux.....................40
1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.1
Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of countries
and geographical regions................................. 42
importations des pays et des rgions gographiques........ 42 1.3.2
Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.2 Valeur
de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of economic
groupings.........................................................
52 importations des groupements conomiques..................... 52
1.4 Intra-trade of trade
groups................................................... 54 1.4
Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux........... 54 vTABLE
OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRESPART TWO DEUXIME PARTIEInternational
merchandise trade by region Commerce international des marchandises
par rgions2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1 Structure du
commerce des pays par partenaires - Exports by main region of
destination ............................... 58 - Exportations par
principales rgions de destination......... 58 - Imports by main
region of origin........................................ 70 -
Importations par principales rgions dorigine.................. 70
2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2
Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires group et
groupes de produits A.
World..............................................................................
82 A.
Monde...........................................................................
82 B. Developing economies
.................................................. 86 B. conomies
en dveloppement ..................................... 86 C.
Developing economies: Africa
....................................... 90 C. conomies en
dveloppement : Afrique....................... 90 D. Developing
economies: America ................................... 94 D.
conomies en dveloppement : Amrique................... 94 E.
Developing economies: Asia
......................................... 98 E. conomies en
dveloppement : Asie ........................... 98 F Developing
economies: Eastern, Southern F. conomies en dveloppement : Asie
orientale and South-Eastern
Asia............................................... 102 mridionale
et du Sud-Est .......................................... 102 G.
Developing economies: Western Asia......................... 106 G.
conomies en dveloppement : Asie occidentale...... 106 H. Developing
economies: Oceania................................. 110 H. conomies
en dveloppement : Ocanie................... 110 I. Developing
economies: Major petroleum and gas I. conomies en dveloppement :
principaux
exporters......................................................................
114 exportateurs de ptrole et de gaz...............................
114 J. Developing economies: Major manufactured J. conomies en
dveloppement : principaux goods exporters
........................................................... 118
exportateurs darticles manufacturs.......................... 118 K.
Transition
economies................................................... 122 K.
conomies en
transition.............................................. 122 L.
Developed economies
................................................. 126 L. conomies
dveloppes............................................. 126 PART
THREE TROISIME PARTIEInternational merchandise trade by product
Commerce international des marchandises par produits3.1 Country
trade structure by product group 3.1 Structure du commerce des pays
par groupes de produits - Exports
............................................................................
132 - Exportations
...................................................................
132 -
Imports.............................................................................
145 -
Importations....................................................................
145 3.2 Export structure by product 3.2 Structure des exportations
par produits A.
World............................................................................
158 A.
Monde.........................................................................
158 B. Developing economies
................................................ 163 B. conomies en
dveloppement ................................... 163 C. Developed
economies ................................................. 168 C.
conomies dveloppes ............................................ 168
D. Individual countries and
territories............................... 173 D. Pays et
territoires individuels...................................... 173
E. Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux
exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi developing economies
................................................. 195 les conomies
en dveloppement .............................. 195 3.3
Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3 Indices de
concentration et de changement structurel product markets des
marchs de produits - Exports
............................................................................
204 - Exportations
...................................................................
204 -
Imports.............................................................................
208 -
Importations....................................................................
208 PART FOUR QUATRIME PARTIEInternational merchandise trade
indicators Indicateurs du commerce international des marchandises
4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1 Indices de
concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of
countries and exportations et importations des pays et des
geographical regions
......................................................... 214
rgions
gographiques.....................................................
214 4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2 Indices de
concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of
economic exportations et importations des groupements
groupings...........................................................................
224 conomiques
....................................................................
224 4.2.1 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.1 Indices
du commerce international des marchandises countries and
geographical regions des pays et des rgions gographiques - Volume
indices of exports and imports ........................... 226 -
Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 226 -
Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire
des exportations et
imports.............................................................................
234
importations....................................................................
234 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de
lchange et du pouvoir power indices of
exports.................................................. 242
dachat des exportations
................................................ 242 4.2.2
International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2 Indices du
commerce international des marchandises economic groupings des
groupements conomiques - Volume indices of exports and imports
........................... 250 - Indices du volume des
exportations et importations ...... 250 - Unit value indices of
exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et
imports.............................................................................
252
importations....................................................................
252 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de
lchange et du pouvoir power indices of
exports.................................................. 254
dachat des exportations
................................................ 254 4.3 Average
applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3 Droits de douane moyens NPF
appliqus limportation non-agricultural and non-fuel products
.............................. 256 des produits non-agricoles et
non-ptroliers .................... 256 viTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE
DES MATIRESPART FIVE CINQUIME PARTIEInternational trade in services
Commerce international des services 5.1.1 Value of exports and
imports of services of 5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et
importations de services countries and geographical
regions................................... 278 des pays et des
rgions gographiques........................... 278 5.1.2 Value of
exports and imports of services of 5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et
importations de services economic groupings
......................................................... 286 des
groupements conomiques ........................................ 286
5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.3 Valeur des
exportations et importations de services trade
groups.......................................................................
288 des groupements commerciaux
........................................ 288 5.2 Trade in services
by category 5.2 Commerce des services par catgories - Leading
exporters among developing - Principaux exportateurs parmi les
conomies en economies
.......................................................................
290
dveloppement................................................................
290 - Leading importers among developing - Principaux importateurs
parmi les conomies en economies
.......................................................................
294
dveloppement................................................................
2945.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3 Flotte
marchande mondiale par pavillons dimmatriculation type of ship of
countries and geographical et par types de navires des pays et des
rgions
regions...............................................................................
298
gographiques...................................................................
298PART SIX SIXIME PARTIE Commodities Produits de base 6.1 Annual
and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1 Indices annuels et
trimestriels des prix dune prices of selected primary
commodities............................. 314 slection de produits
de base sur le march libre............. 314 6.2 Instability indices
and trends in free market 6.2 Indices dinstabilit et tendances des
prix sur le prices for selected primary commodities
........................... 320 march libre dune slection de
produits de base............. 320 PART SEVEN SEPTIME
PARTIEInternational finance Finance internationale 7.1.1 Balance of
payments: Current account net of countries 7.1.1 Balance des
paiements : compte courant net des pays and geographical regions
.................................................. 324 et des
rgions gographiques........................................... 324
7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic 7.1.2
Balance des paiements : compte courant net des
groupings...........................................................................
332 groupements
conomiques............................................... 332 7.1.3
Balance of payments: Current account net of trade 7.1.3 Balance des
paiements : compte courant net des
groups................................................................................
334 groupements
commerciaux............................................... 334
7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1
Investissement tranger direct : flux entrants et flows of countries
and geographical regions ..................... 336 sortants des
pays et des rgions gographiques.............. 336 7.2.2 Foreign
direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2 Investissement tranger
direct : flux entrants et flows of economic groupings
............................................. 344 sortants des
groupements conomiques .......................... 344 7.2.3 Foreign
direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3 Investissement tranger
direct : flux entrants et flows of trade groups
......................................................... 346
sortants des groupements commerciaux .......................... 346
7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1 Envois
de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays et des geographical
regions .........................................................
348 rgions
gographiques......................................................
348 7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2 Envois
de fonds des migrants : recettes des groupements
groupings...........................................................................
356
conomiques.....................................................................
356 7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1
Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays et des
geographical regions
......................................................... 358
rgions
gographiques......................................................
358 7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2 Envois
de fonds des migrants : paiements des groupements
groupings...........................................................................
366
conomiques.....................................................................
3667.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1
Rserves internationales des conomies en by country and geographical
region .................................. 368 dveloppement par pays
et rgions gographiques ......... 368 7.5.2 International reserves
of developing economies 7.5.2 Rserves internationales des conomies
en by economic
grouping........................................................
374 dveloppement par groupements conomiques............... 374
viiTABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIRES7.6.1 Official financial
flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.1. Flux financiers
publics bilatraux et multilatraux sources by country and
geographical region.................... 376 par pays et rgions
gographiques................................... 376 7.6.2 Official
financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.2 Flux
financiers publics bilatraux et multilatraux sources to developing
economies by economic destination des conomies en dveloppement par
grouping
............................................................................
391 groupements
conomiques............................................... 391 7.7
External long-term debt by lending source 7.7 Dette extrieure long
terme par catgories de prt A. Developing economies
................................................ 395 A. conomies en
dveloppement ................................... 395 B. Developing
economies: Africa ..................................... 396 B.
conomies en dveloppement : Afrique..................... 396 C.
Developing economies: America ................................. 397
C. conomies en dveloppement : Amrique................. 397 D.
Developing economies: Asia .......................................
398 D. conomies en dveloppement : Asie .........................
398 E. Developing economies:
Oceania................................. 399 E. conomies en
dveloppement : Ocanie................... 399 F. Developing
economies: Major petroleum and gas F. conomies en dveloppement :
principaux
exporters......................................................................
400 exportateurs de ptrole et de gaz...............................
400 G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. conomies en
dveloppement : principaux goods exporters
........................................................... 401
exportateurs darticles manufacturs.......................... 401
PART EIGHT HUITIME PARTIEDevelopment indicators Indicateurs du
dveloppement8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per
capita 8.1.1 Produit intrieur brut nominal : total et par
habitantof countries and geographical
regions............................... 404 des pays et des rgions
gographiques ........................... 404 8.1.2 Nominal gross
domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2 Produit intrieur brut
nominal : total et par habitantof economic
groupings.......................................................
412 des groupements conomiques
........................................ 412 8.2.1 Annual average
growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1 Taux de croissance
annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of countries
and intrieur brut rel total et par habitant des paysgeographical
regions .........................................................
414 et des rgions
gographiques........................................... 414 8.2.2
Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2 Taux de
croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of
intrieur brut rel total et par habitant des economic
groupings...........................................................
422 groupements
conomiques............................................... 422 8.3.1
Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit intrieur
brut nominal par catgories de expenditure and by kind of economic
activity of dpenses et par branches dactivit conomique countries
and geographical regions................................... 424 des
pays et des rgions gographiques ........................... 424
8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit
intrieur brut nominal par catgories de expenditure and by kind of
economic activity of dpenses et par branches dactivit conomique
economic
groupings...........................................................
442 des groupements conomiques
........................................ 442 8.4.1 Population and
labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population et main-duvre des
pays et des geographical regions
......................................................... 446
rgions
gographiques......................................................
446 8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population
et main-duvre des groupements
groupings...........................................................................
465
conomiques.....................................................................
465 0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zro
signifie que le montant est nul ou ngligeable. _ The symbol
underscore indicates that the item is not applicable _ Un tiret
signifie que la rubrique est sans objet. .. Two dots indicate that
the data are not available or are .. Deux points signifient que les
donnes ne sont pasnot separately reported. disponibles ou ne sont
pas communiques sparment. - The use of a hyphen on data area means
that data is estimated - Le trait dunion dans le champ des donnes
indique que and included in the aggregation but not to be shown. A
hyphen le chiffre est estim et inclus dans l'agrgation mais n'est
between years (e.g. 1985-1990) signifies the full period involved,
pas publi. Le trait d'union entre deux millsimes (par exemple
including the initial and final years. 1985-1990) indique quil
sagit de la priode tout entire, ycompris la premire et la dernire
anne mentionnes. (b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la
srie (e) Estimate (e) Estimation (f) Forecast (f) Prvision (p)
Provisional data (p) Donne provisoire (r) Revised data (r) Donne
rvise Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exceptions
sont indiques dans les notes en bas de page. EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS
SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLESviiiGENERAL NOTESThese notes summarize
the content of each part of theHandbook according to the revised
Table of Contents of thepresent issue of the Handbook of
Statistics. The tables included in this book represent analytical
summaries of the full time series contained in the UNCTADHandbook
of Statistics 2011 on DVD. PART ONEInternational merchandise trade
Table 1.1 shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and
imports(c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages
of the world total, of individual countries and geographical
regions (1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups
(1.1.3).The trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General
Trade System except for the countries which employ the Special
Trade System and which are marked with an asterisk. TheGeneral
Trade System is used when the statistical territory of acompiling
country coincides with its economic territory.Consequently, imports
include all goods entering the economic territory of a compiling
country and exports include all goods leaving the economic
territory of the compiling country. TheSpecial Trade System is used
when the statistical territorycomprises only a particular part of
the economic territory withinwhich goods may be disposed of without
customs restriction. In such a case, imports include all goods
entering the free circulation area of the compiling country, which
means cleared through customs for home use, and exports include all
goods leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country.
Average annual growth rates of international trade derivedfrom
table 1.1 are presented in table 1.2. Table 1.3 contains trade
balances (exports f.o.b. minus imports c.i.f.) and these balances,
as a percentage of imports ofindividual countries, geographical
regions and economic groupings. Table 1.4 shows the relative
importance of trade amonggroup members as compared to the regional
or total trade ofthat group. PART TWOInternational merchandise
trade by region Table 2.1 shows the export and import structure of
individual countries by main regions of origin and destination.
Data arepresented for as many individual countries as possible,
while trade partners are grouped in 14 major clusters. Table 2.2 (A
to L) presents the structure of exports bydestination and imports
by origin by major commodity groups for 12 selected country groups.
The table provides detailedinformation on the world trade network
for 19 regions of origin and destination and six commodity groups.
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables
found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable due to
complementary but different sources and remaining unallocated trade
flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flowsby destination,
origin and commodity group. Exports by destination may differ
considerably in some cases from data on imports as reported by
countries of destination for a variety of factors, among which the
following may be ofparticular importance: - Most import data are
reported on a c.i.f. rather than an f.o.b. basis; - There is a time
lag between the date on which goods arerecorded as exports and
their arrival at their destination; - There may be considerable
differences between the recordeddestination of exports and the
actual destination as shown in import statistics.PART THREE
International merchandise trade by product Table 3.1 shows the
export and import structure of individual economies by commodity
groups for selected years for ninecommodity groups (total, all food
items, agricultural rawmaterials, fuels, ores and metals,
manufactured goods,including chemical products, machinery and
transportequipment and other manufactured goods). Table 3.2 (A, B
and C, respectively) presents the structureof exports for the
world, for developing and developedeconomies, by product, at the
SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Each product share of world
exports is calculated for eacheconomic grouping as well as the
average annual growth rateand the latters deviation in relation to
the world growth rate. Table 3.2D establishes for each economy the
list of mainproducts exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit
level). Each products share of total exports of individual
countries, geographical regions and the world is also indicated.
Table 3.2E lists major exporters of 70 leading products among
developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3,3-digit) level
as well as corresponding shares in world trade. Table 3.3 provides
concentration indices and structuralchange indices for exports and
imports by product group at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The
first indicator shows how aproduct market is concentrated in a few
countries or homogeneously distributed among several countries.
Thestructural change indicator shows whether the market share fora
given product among export countries has changedsignificantly when
compared with a reference year.Totals of international merchandise
trade presented in the tables of this third part may also differ
from the data containedin the first and second parts for the above
reasons, to which must be added margins of exports and imports not
distributedby commodity group or the use of different
productnomenclatures by the exporting and importing countries. PART
FOURInternational merchandise trade indicatorsTable 4.1 includes
calculation results of concentration anddiversification indices for
individual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings.
This concentration index specifically shows how exports and imports
of individual countries or country groupings are concentrated on
severalproducts or otherwise distributed in a more
homogeneousmanner among a series of products. The
diversificationindicator signals whether the structure of exports
or imports byproduct of a given country or country grouping differs
from thestructure by product shown for the world. Table 4.2
contains volume indices of exports and imports,rounding out trade
value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unitvalue indices of exports
and imports and derived terms of tradeand purchasing power of
exports presented at the level ofindividual countries and
geographical regions (4.2.1) andeconomic groupings (4.2.2). To
improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods,
thefollowing procedure was used in the calculation of unit value
indices: - A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3,
3-digit)group level was constructed using UNCTADstat CommodityPrice
Statistics, international and national sources and UNCTAD
secretariat estimates; - At the country level, unit value indices
were calculated using current years trade values as weights at the
SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in
table 3.2. In some instances these indices may differ from the
estimates published in official sources, since the main aim is to
providetentative estimates for most developing countries on a
comparable basis. Table 4.3 presents average applied import MFN
tariff rates for major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel
productsby individual markets. ix GENERAL NOTESPART FIVE
International trade in servicesTables 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3
present the value of total trade in services by individual country,
geographical region, economic grouping and trade group. The tables
show values of exports(credits) and imports (debits) of services
that were derived from statistics on international service
transactions as presented inthe International Monetary Funds (IMFs)
Balance of PaymentsStatistics. Services are defined as the economic
output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred
andconsumed at the same time. However, services cover a
heterogeneous range of intangible products and activities that are
difficult to capture within a single definition and aresometimes
hard to separate from goods. Services are outputs produced to
order, and they typically include changes in thecondition of the
consumers realized through the activities of the producers at the
demand of customers. By the time production of a service is
completed, it must have been provided to aconsumer. Services
figures shown here comprise 11 principal servicescategories
according to the concepts and definitions of the IMFBalance of
Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). These categories cover transport;
travel; communications; construction;insurance; financial services;
computer and informationservices; royalties and license fees; other
business services; personal, cultural and recreational services;
and governmentservices n.i.e. Given the general difficulties
involved in statistically capturing certain aspects of the trade in
services,the balance-of-payments figures presented here may
besomewhat downward-biased as compared with the actual value of the
international trade in services. The aggregate data fromtables 5.1
include the UNCTAD secretariats estimates of missing values that
are not shown separately. Table 5.2 indicates 20 major exporters
and importers,among developing economies, for each of the 10
principal services sectors as defined in the IMF Balance of
Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993), which are transport;
travel;communication; construction; computer and information
services; insurance; financial services; royalties and licencefees;
other business services; and personal, cultural andrecreational
services. Government services n.i.e. are notincluded. Table 5.3
concerns international maritime transport. Itcontains data on the
world merchant fleet by flag of registration and by type of ship by
region and economy, highlighting the group of major open-registry
countries. A ship owner who registers his or her vessel in an
open-registry country does notneed to have any connection with a
country of registry. The number of open-registry countries has
varied over the years. The group in this table includes 10
countries. Table 5.3 contains consolidated time series from various
issues of the UNCTADReview of Maritime Transport. The Review
reports on the worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and
multimodal transportrelated to the major traffics of liquid bulk,
dry bulk and containers. PART SIX Commodities Table 6.1 includes
aggregated price indices for primary commodity groups such as food,
tropical beverages, vegetableoilseeds and oils, agricultural raw
materials and minerals, ores and metals, as well as an all groups
price index in currentUnited States dollars. Also included are the
annual and quarterly free-market price indices for selected
commodities exported by developing economies. The weight of price
indices for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are
based on the value of exports of developing countries from 1999 to
2001. Table 6.2 presents instability indices and trends in
free-market prices for selected primary commodities that are
ofparticular interest to developing economies. PART SEVEN
International finance Tables 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values
of the currentaccount net in millions of dollars and as percentages
of GDP for individual countries, geographical regions, and trade
andeconomic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account data
cover all transactions between residents and non-residentsof a
reporting economy. In general, the current account balance
describes the difference between current receipts andexpenditures
for internationally traded goods, services and income payments. At
the same time, from a national perspective, the current account
balance would equal the gapbetween national savings and domestic
investment. Tables 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 contain information on
foreigndirect investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual
country, geographical region, economic grouping and tradegroup.
These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes ofthe UNCTAD
World Investment Report 2011. FDI is defined as an investment
involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting
interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy
(foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of anenterprise
resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise oraffiliate
enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment involvesboth the
initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent
transactions between them and among foreignaffiliates. A direct
investment enterprise is defined as an incorporated or
unincorporated enterprise in which the direct investor, resident in
another economy, owns 10 percent or moreof the ordinary shares or
voting power (or the equivalent).Tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 present
values of receipts (credits) oftotal migrants remittances, in
millions of dollars, for individualeconomies and regional and
economic groupings. They also show total remittances receipts as
percentage of GDP andinternational trade. The Balance of Payments
Manual (BPM5,1993) classifies workers remittances, compensation of
employees and migrants transfers separately. In this table, their
sum is given in order to present a clearer picture of the flows
that enter economies via transactions by migrants and temporary or
cross-border workers. BPM5 defines workersremittances as goods and
financial instruments transferred bymigrants living and working
(being residents) in a new economy to residents of the economy in
which the migrants formerlyresided. A migrant must live and work in
the new economy formore than one year to be considered a resident
there. Compensation of employees includes wages, salaries and
otherbenefits, in cash or in kind, earned by individuals
ineconomies where they are not residents for work performedfor
residents of those economies. It covers seasonal and
othershort-term workers and border workers. Migrants transfers
cover flows of goods and changes in financial items that arise from
migration (change of residence for at least one year). Tables 7.4.1
and 7.4.2 include data on payments (debits) oftotal migrants
remittances, based on the same approach usedfor tables 7.3.1 and
7.3.2. Tables 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 present statistics on total
international reserves (including gold) of developing countriesby
country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.Other
calculations included show months of imports that thesereserves
could finance at current import levels, as well as the annual
change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition,
international reserves consist of the sum of the countrys
foreignexchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary
goldreserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings
byits monetary authorities. Tables 7.6 give a summary of official
financial flows by typeof flow, country, region and economic
grouping. Flows frombilateral and multilateral sources are shown,
as recorded by theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and
Development(OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Tables
7.7 present time series on the external long-termindebtedness of
developing economies. They also provide a detailed breakdown of
public and publicly guaranteed debt bysource of lending. External
debt data in this table are based onthe Debtor Reporting System
(DRS) maintained by the WorldBank. x GENERAL NOTESPART
EIGHTDevelopment indicators Table 8.1 provides information on total
and per capita nominal gross domestic product (GDP) (in United
States dollars) byindividual country, geographical region and
economic grouping. The GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP
data providedin national currencies. The prevailing annual average
market exchange rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the
conversion from national currencies to dollars. Table 8.2 contains
annual average growth rates of total andper capita real GDP by
individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The
growth rates are based on GDP in United States dollars at constant
2005 prices. Table 8.3 provides data on GDP by type of expenditure
andkind of economic activity by country, geographical region
andeconomic grouping. Tables 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 provide some estimates
on population and labour force: total population, urban
population(as a percentage of total population), total labour
force, femalelabour force (as a percentage of total labour force),
total agriculture labour force and female labour force (as a
percentage of total agriculture labour force). The figures
forcertain groups may be different from those published by
thesources cited when the UNCTAD definitions for those groupsare
different. OTHER NOTESUnless otherwise specified, country
aggregates are the sums ofthe relevant country data by group.
Calculations of aggregatesmay in some cases include data estimated
by the UNCTADsecretariat that are not necessarily all reported
separately. Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables
do not necessarily add up to totals. Data were collected and
checked to ensure that theymatched the geographical coverage of the
countries, as described at the beginning of the Handbook. However,
some gaps could not be avoided due to data unavailability and
aredescribed in the notes at the end tables. Unless otherwise
stated, dollars ($) refer to United Statesdollars and data in
dollars are expressed in current UnitedStates dollars of the year
to which they refer. Average annual growth rates are defined as the
coefficient b in the exponential trend function y = aebtwhere t
stands for time. This method takes all observations in a period
into account.Therefore, the resulting growth rates reflect trends
that are notunduly influenced by exceptional values. xi
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIESThe country distributions
presented are for statistical convenience only and follow those
used by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (DESA), of the United Nations. They are grouped by economic
criteria or by adhesion to commercial agreements for the purpose of
statistical analysis and research. The term economies, as used in
this publication, refers to regions, countries and territories.
Country-level data are included where statistics have been reported
or where it was possible to make an estimate. The composition of
country and product groups is evolving in order to provide relevant
statistics for research and analysis. In this regard, UNCTAD
reviews and updates the definition and composition of groups every
year. User should be aware that the changes may impact
significantly the figures from one given release to the other. The
detailed changes in the groups are thoroughly outlined in the
section Classifications at UNCTADstatwebsite. 1. Geographical
regions There is no established convention for the designation of
"developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United
Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia,
Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the
United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in
Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas.
This section includes all countries and territories divided into
three major categories: developing countries, transition economies
and developed economies. Each category is further divided by
geographical regions. 1) Developing economies:This category
includes countries and territories in America, Africa, Asia and
Oceania not specified below. The geographical regions are further
subdivided into subregions in order to present more detailed
statistics. Exceptions are specified in table footnotes. 2)
Transition economies This group includes countries in transition
from centrally planned to market economies. 3) Developed economies:
This category is subdivided into four geographical regions:
America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. World total represents the sum
of the figures of the three above-mentioned groups plus the figures
of a group of territories and partners not elsewhere classified,
whose composition is detailed below. Data of these territories are
included in the world total if they have been reported but are not
presented individually or in any group, either by geography,
economy or trade. The composition of the group "not elsewhere
classified" is as follows: - Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet
Island, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean
Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, French
Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island,
Pitcairn, Saint Barthlemy, Saint Martin (French part), South
Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, United States Minor Outlying
Islands, and United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands. -
Partners: "Confidential information and differences", "Neutral
zone", "Free zones", "Bunkers", and "Ship stores". These specific
partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables. The total
of each group presented in the Handbook is also completed, should
the case arise, with data that have not been allocated to the
different elements composing the group. 2. Economic groupings of
developing countries The Handbook provides numerous and varied
groups of countries and territories in order to provide easy access
to the statistics necessary for socio-economic analysis and
development research. Developing economies are presented at three
levels of aggregation: the total group, the group excluding China
(referring to continental China) and the group excluding the least
developed countries. The category of heavily indebted poor
countries includes those economies benefiting from the HIPC debt
reduction initiative of the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund. LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are
recognized by the United Nations as categories that require special
attention from the international community. Since 1994, the United
Nations has recognized the particular problems of the Small Island
Developing States (SIDS), even though the criteria for drawing up
an official list of SIDS have not yet been determined. The
unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for analytical purposes only. The
developing economies are also categorized into three subgroups
according to their average 2004-2006 per capita GDP: high-income
(above $4,500), middle-income (between $1,000 and $4,500) and
low-income (below $1,000). The group of major petroleum and gas
exporters consists of countries whose share of petroleum and gas
(SITC code 33 plus 34) was not less than 50 per cent of their total
exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least
one per cent of petroleum and gas world share for the period
20042006. This group is divided into three geographical zones:
Africa, America and Asia. The group of major manufactured goods
exporters consists of economies whose share of manufactured
products (SITC 5 to 8, excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50
per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these
products amounted to at least one per cent of manufactured goods
world share for the period 20042006.The group comprises countries
in America and Asia. The composition of the groups of emerging
economies (in America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian
economies (composed of first and second tier) corresponds to
UNCTADs Trade and Development Report. The different geographical
regions are also presented at various levels of aggregation: -
Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan, sub-Saharan Africa,
including Sudan, including and excluding South Africa. - America:
Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands excluding Puerto
Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South America and Central
America, and South America excluding Brazil. - Asia: Eastern and
South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and Southern Asia excluding
India. 3. Trade groups and interregional groupings Statistics of
trade groups with special analytic interest are presented according
to their pertinence. These groupings include all relevant economies
and are subclassified by geographical regions, with the exception
of following interregional groups: African, Caribbean and Pacific
Group of States; AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation; Black Sea
Economic Cooperation; and Commonwealth of Independent States. Two
groups have been added in this edition: the East African Community
and the Organization of American States. xii DISTRIBUTION BY
GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONDEVELOPING ECONOMIESAFRICA Eastern Africa
Burundi Malawi Uganda Comoros Mauritius United Republic of Tanzania
Djibouti Mayotte Zambia Eritrea Mozambique Zimbabwe Ethiopia Rwanda
Kenya Seychelles Madagascar Somalia Middle Africa Angola Congo Sao
Tome and Principe Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Central
African Republic Equatorial Guinea Chad Gabon Northern Africa
Algeria Morocco Western Sahara Egypt Sudan Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Tunisia Southern Africa Botswana Namibia Swaziland Lesotho South
Africa Western Africa Benin Guinea Nigeria Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau Saint Helena Cape Verde Liberia Senegal Cte dIvoire
Mali Sierra Leone Gambia Mauritania Togo Ghana Niger AMERICA
Caribbean islands Greater Caribbean Small Caribbean islands Cuba
Anguilla Grenada Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Montserrat
Haiti Aruba Netherlands Antilles Jamaica Bahamas Saint Kitts and
Nevis Barbados Saint Lucia British Virgin Islands Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago Dominica Turks
and Caicos Islands Central America Belize Guatemala Nicaragua Costa
Rica Honduras Panama El Salvador Mexico South America Argentina
Ecuador Suriname Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Falkland Islands
(Malvinas) Uruguay Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Chile Paraguay Colombia Peru xiii DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL
REGIONDEVELOPING ECONOMIES (concluded)ASIA Eastern Asia China
Macao, Special Administrative Democratic Peoples Republic Region of
China of Korea Mongolia Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic
of Korea Region of China Taiwan Province of China Southern Asia
Afghanistan India Nepal Bangladesh Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Pakistan Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka South-Eastern Asia Brunei
Darussalam Malaysia Thailand Cambodia Myanmar Timor-Leste Indonesia
Philippines Viet Nam Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Singapore
Western Asia Bahrain Occupied Palestinian territory Turkey Iraq
Oman United Arab Emirates Jordan Qatar Yemen Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic OCEANIA American Samoa Micronesia
(Federated States of) Samoa Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands Fiji
New Caledonia Tokelau French Polynesia Niue Tonga Guam Northern
Mariana Islands Tuvalu Kiribati Palau Vanuatu Marshall Islands
Papua New Guinea Wallis and Futuna Islands xiv DISTRIBUTION BY
GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONTRANSITION ECONOMIESAlbania Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan Armenia Montenegro Ukraine Azerbaijan Republic of
Moldova Uzbekistan Belarus Russian Federation Bosnia and
Herzegovina Serbia Croatia Tajikistan Georgia The former Yugoslav
Republic Kazakhstan of Macedonia DEVELOPED ECONOMIESAMERICA Bermuda
United States of America Canada including Puerto Rico and Greenland
United States Virgin Islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon ASIAIsrael
Japan EUROPEAndorra Gibraltar Poland Austria Greece Portugal
Belgium Holy See Romania Bulgaria Hungary San Marino Cyprus Iceland
Slovakia Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia Denmark Italy Spain
Estonia Latvia Sweden Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland
including Liechtenstein Finland including land Islands Luxembourg
United Kingdom of Great Britain and France including French Guyana,
Malta Northern Ireland including Channel Guadeloupe, Martinique,
Netherlands Islands and Isle of Man Monaco and Runion Norway
including Svalbard Germany and Jan Mayen OCEANIA Australia New
Zealand xv DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC
GROUPINGHeavily indebted poor countries (40) Afghanistan Gambia
Nicaragua Benin Ghana Niger Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Guinea
Rwanda Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Sao Tome and Principe Burundi
Guyana Senegal Cameroon Haiti Sierra Leone Central African Republic
Honduras Somalia Chad Kyrgyzstan Sudan Comoros Liberia Togo Congo
Madagascar Uganda Cte dIvoire Malawi United Republic of Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali Zambia Eritrea Mauritania
Ethiopia Mozambique Landlocked developing countries (31)
Afghanistan Kazakhstan* Rwanda Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* Swaziland
Azerbaijan* Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Tajikistan* Bhutan
Lesotho The former Yugoslav Republic Bolivia (Plurinational State
of) Malawi of Macedonia* Botswana Mali Turkmenistan* Burkina Faso
Mongolia Uganda Burundi Nepal Uzbekistan* Central African Republic
Niger Zambia Chad Paraguay Zimbabwe Ethiopia Republic of Moldova* *
These countries are classified as economies in transition (neither
developed nor developing). However, as they are landlocked States,
they are also members of this group. Small island developing States
(29) Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa Bahamas Marshall Islands
Sao Tome and Principe Barbados Mauritius Seychelles Cape Verde
Micronesia (Federated States of) Solomon Islands Comoros Nauru
Timor-Leste Dominica Palau Tonga Fiji Papua New Guinea Trinidad and
Tobago Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu Jamaica Saint Lucia
Vanuatu Kiribati Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Least developed
countries (48) Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in
the group Year of inclusion in the group Africa and Haiti Asia
Angola 1994 Malawi 1971 Afghanistan 1971 Benin 1971 Mali 1971
Bangladesh 1975 Burkina Faso 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bhutan 1971
Burundi 1971 Mozambique 1988 Cambodia 1991 Central African Republic
1975 Niger 1971 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 1971 Chad 1971
Rwanda 1971 Myanmar 1987 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991
Senegal 2000 Nepal 1971 Djibouti 1982 Sierra Leone 1982 Yemen 1971
Equatorial Guinea 1982 Somalia 1971 Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971 Islands
Ethiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977 Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971
Kiribati 1986 Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa
1971 Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982
Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991 Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003
Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986 Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985 xvi
DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPINGUNCTAD
ECONOMIC GROUPINGS2004-2006 average per capita current GDP above
$4,500: High-income (46) American Samoa Guam Qatar Anguilla Hong
Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea Antigua and Barbuda
Region of China Saint Kitts and Nevis Argentina Kuwait Saint Lucia
Aruba Lebanon Saudi Arabia Bahamas Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Seychelles Bahrain Macao, Special Administrative Singapore Barbados
Region of China Taiwan Province of China British Virgin Islands
Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago Brunei Darussalam Mexico Turkey Cayman
Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Chile Netherlands
Antilles United Arab Emirates Cook Islands New Caledonia Uruguay
Costa Rica Niue Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Equatorial
Guinea Northern Mariana Islands Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Oman
French Polynesia Palau 2004-2006 average per capita current GDP
between $1,000 and $4,500: Middle-income (50) Algeria Grenada
Philippines Belize Guatemala Saint Helena Bolivia (Plurinational
State of) Honduras Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botswana Iran
(Islamic Republic of) Samoa Brazil Jamaica South Africa Cape Verde
Jordan Sri Lanka China Maldives Suriname Colombia Marshall Islands
Swaziland Congo Mauritius Syrian Arab Republic Cuba Micronesia
(Federated States of) Thailand Dominica Morocco Tokelau Dominican
Republic Namibia Tonga Ecuador Nauru Tunisia Egypt Occupied
Palestinian territory Tuvalu El Salvador Panama Vanuatu Fiji
Paraguay Wallis and Futuna Islands Gabon Peru 2004-2006 average per
capita current GDP below $1,000: Low-income (60) Afghanistan
Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Angola Guyana Pakistan Bangladesh Haiti Papua
New Guinea Benin India Rwanda Bhutan Indonesia Sao Tome and
Principe Burkina Faso Iraq Senegal Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone
Cambodia Kiribati Solomon Islands Cameroon Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic Somalia Central African Republic Lesotho Sudan Chad
Liberia Timor-Leste Comoros Madagascar Togo Cte dIvoire Malawi
Uganda Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Mali United Republic of
Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Mauritania Viet Nam
Djibouti Mongolia Yemen Eritrea Mozambique Zambia Ethiopia Myanmar
Zimbabwe Gambia Nepal Ghana Nicaragua Guinea Niger xviiDISTRIBUTION
OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPINGMajor petroleum and gas
exporters (12)Africa America Asia Algeria Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of) Iran (Islamic Republic of) Angola Iraq Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya Kuwait Nigeria Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab
Emirates Major manufactured goods exporters (8)America Asia Mexico
China Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Malaysia
Republic of Korea Singapore Taiwan Province of China Thailand
Emerging economies (10)America Asia Argentina Malaysia Brazil
Republic of Korea Chile Singapore Mexico Taiwan Province of China
Peru Thailand Newly industrialized Asian economies (8)First tier
Second tier Hong Kong, Special Administrative Indonesia Region of
China Malaysia Republic of Korea Philippines Singapore Thailand
Taiwan Province of China xviiiDISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE
GROUPAFRICA Year of accession Year of accession Year of
accessionArab Maghreb Union UMA (5) Economic Community of Central
Economic and Monetary Community Algeria 1989 African States (10) -
ECCAS of Central Africa (6) - CEMAC Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1989
Angola 1999 Cameroon 1994 Mauritania 1989 Burundi 1983 Central
African Republic 1994 Morocco 1989 Cameroon 1983 Chad 1994 Tunisia
1989 Central African Republic 1983 Congo 1994 Chad 1983 Equatorial
Guinea 1994 Common Market for Eastern and Congo 1983 Gabon 1994
Southern Africa (19) - COMESA Democratic Republic of the Burundi
1994 Congo 1983 Mano River Union (4) - MRU Comoros 1994 Equatorial
Guinea 1983 Cte d'Ivoire 2008 Democratic Republic of the Gabon 1983
Guinea 1980 Congo 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 1983 Liberia 1973
Djibouti 1994 Sierra Leone 1973 Egypt 1994 Economic Community of
the GreatEritrea 1994 Lakes Countries (3) - CEPGL Southern African
Development Ethiopia 1994 Burundi 1976 Community (15) - SADCKenya
1994 Democratic Republic of the Angola 1992 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
2005 Congo 1976 Botswana 1992 Madagascar 1994 Rwanda 1976
Democratic Republic of the Malawi 1994 Congo 1992 Mauritius 1994
Economic Community of West Lesotho 1992 Rwanda 1994 African States
(15) - ECOWAS Madagascar 2005 Seychelles 1994 Benin 1975 Malawi
1992 Sudan 1994 Burkina Faso 1975 Mauritius 1992 Swaziland 1994
Cape Verde 1977 Mozambique 1992 Uganda 1994 Cte dIvoire 1975
Namibia 1992 Zambia 1994 Gambia 1975 Seychelles 2007 Zimbabwe 1994
Ghana 1975 South Africa 1994 Guinea 1975 Swaziland 1992 East
African Community (5) - EAC Guinea-Bissau 1975 United Republic of
Tanzania 1992 Burundi 2007 Liberia 1975 Zambia 1992 Kenya 2001 Mali
1975 Zimbabwe 1992 Rwanda 2007 Niger 1975 Uganda 2001 Nigeria 1975
West African Economic and United Republic of Tanzania 2001 Senegal
1975 Monetary Union (8) - UEMOA Sierra Leone 1975 Benin 1994 Togo
1975 Burkina Faso 1994 Cte dIvoire 1994 Guinea-Bissau 1997 Mali
1994 Niger 1994 Senegal 1994 Togo 1994 AMERICA Year of accession
Year of accession Year of accessionAndean Community (4) - ANCOM
Central American Common Market (5) - Dominican Republic 1994
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1996 CACM Ecuador 1994 Colombia
1996 Costa Rica 1962 El Salvador 1994 Ecuador 1996 El Salvador 1961
Grenada 1994 Peru 1996 Guatemala 1961 Guatemala 1994 Honduras 1961
Guyana 1994 Caribbean Community (15) - CARICOM Nicaragua 1961 Haiti
1994 Antigua and Barbuda 1974 Honduras 1994 Bahamas 1983 Free Trade
Area of the Americas (34) - Jamaica 1994 Barbados 1973 FTAA Mexico
1994 Belize 1974 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 Nicaragua 1994 Dominica
1974 Argentina 1994 Panama 1994 Grenada 1974 Bahamas 1994 Paraguay
1994 Guyana 1973 Barbados 1994 Peru 1994 Haiti 2002 Belize 1994
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1994 Jamaica 1973 Bolivia (Plurinational
State of) 1994 Saint Lucia 1994 Montserrat 1974 Brazil 1994 Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1974 Canada
1994 Suriname 1994 Saint Lucia 1974 Chile 1994 Trinidad and Tobago
1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1974 Colombia 1994 United
States of America 1994 Suriname 1995 Costa Rica 1994 Uruguay 1994
Trinidad and Tobago 1973 Dominica 1994 Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of) 1994 xix DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE
GROUPAMERICA (concluded) Year of accession Year of accession Year
of accessionLatin American Integration Organization of American
States (34) - OAS Peru 1951 Association (12) - LAIA Antigua and
Barbuda 1981 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984 Argentina 1980 Argentina
1948 Saint Lucia 1979 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1980 Bahamas
1982 Saint Vincent and the Brazil 1980 Barbados 1967 Grenadines
1981 Chile 1980 Belize 1991 Suriname 1977 Colombia 1980 Bolivia
(Plurinational State of) 1948 Trinidad and Tobago 1967 Cuba 1999
Brazil 1948 United States of America 1951 Ecuador 1980 Canada 1990
Uruguay 1951 Mexico 1980 Chile 1948 Venezuela (Bolivarian Paraguay
1980 Colombia 1948 Republic of) 1951 Peru 1980 Costa Rica 1948
Uruguay 1980 Cuba 2009 Organization of Eastern Caribbean Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic of) 1980 Dominica 1979 States (7) - OECS
Dominican Republic 1948 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Mercado Comn del
Sur (4) - MERCOSUR Ecuador 1948 Dominica 1981 Argentina 1994 El
Salvador 1948 Grenada 1981 Brazil 1994 Grenada 1975 Montserrat 1981
Paraguay 1994 Guatemala 1948 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1981 Uruguay
1994 Guyana 1948 Saint Lucia 1981 Haiti 1948 Saint Vincent and the
North American Free Trade Jamaica 1969 Grenadines 1981 Agreement
(3) - NAFTA Mexico 1948 Canada 1994 Nicaragua 1948 Mexico 1994
Panama 1948 United States of America 1994 Paraguay 1948 ASIA Year
of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAsiaPacific Trade
Agreement (6) - APTA Philippines 1967 Gulf Cooperation Council (6)
- GCC Bangladesh 1975 Singapore 1967 Bahrain 1981 China 2001
Thailand 1967 Kuwait 1981 India 1975 Viet Nam 1995 Oman 1981 Lao
Peoples Democratic Qatar 1981 1975 Economic Cooperation
Organization (10) - Saudi Arabia 1981 Republic of Korea 1975 ECO
United Arab Emirates 1981 Sri Lanka 1975 Afghanistan 1992
Azerbaijan 1992 South Asian Association for Association of
South-East Asian Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1985 Regional
Cooperation (8) - SAARC Nations (10) - ASEAN Kazakhstan 1992
Afghanistan 2007 Brunei Darussalam 1984 Kyrgyzstan 1992 Bangladesh
1985 Cambodia 1999 Pakistan 1985 Bhutan 1985 Indonesia 1967
Tajikistan 1992 India 1985 Lao Peoples Democratic Turkey 1985
Maldives 1985 Republic 1997 Turkmenistan 1992 Nepal 1985 Malaysia
1967 Uzbekistan 1992 Pakistan 1985 Myanmar 1997 Sri Lanka 1985
EUROPE Year of accession Year of accession Year of
accessionEuropean Free Trade Association (3) - Hungary 2004 Euro
area (17) EFTA Ireland 1973 Austria 2002 Iceland 1970 Italy 1957
Belgium 2002 Norway 1960 Latvia 2004 Cyprus 2008 Switzerland 1960
Lithuania 2004 Estonia 2011 Luxembourg 1957 Finland 2002 European
Union (27) - EU Malta 2004 France 2002 Austria 1995 Netherlands
1957 Germany 2002 Belgium 1957 Poland 2004 Greece 2002 Bulgaria
2008 Portugal 1986 Ireland 2002 Cyprus 2004 Romania 2008 Italy 2002
Czech Republic 2004 Slovakia 2004 Luxembourg 2002 Denmark 1973
Slovenia 2004 Malta 2008 Estonia 2004 Spain 1986 Netherlands 2002
Finland 1995 Sweden 1995 Portugal 2002 France 1957 United Kingdom
1973 Slovakia 2009 Germany 1957 Slovenia 2007 Greece 1981 Spain
2002 Republic xx DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUPOCEANIA
Year of accessionMelanesia Spearhead Group (4) - MSG Fiji 1998
Papua New Guinea 1993 Solomon Islands 1993 Vanuatu 1993 African,
Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (79) - ACP Angola Gambia
Rwanda Antigua and Barbuda Ghana Saint Kitts and Nevis Bahamas
Grenada Saint Lucia Barbados Guinea Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines Belize Guinea-Bissau Samoa Benin Guyana Sao Tome and
Principe Botswana Haiti Senegal Burkina Faso Jamaica Seychelles
Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cameroon Kiribati Solomon Islands Cape
Verde Lesotho Somalia Central African Republic Liberia South Africa
Chad Madagascar Sudan Comoros Malawi Suriname Congo Mali Swaziland
Cook Islands Marshall Islands Timor-Leste Cte dIvoire Mauritania
Togo Cuba Mauritius Tonga Democratic Republic of the Congo
Micronesia (Federated States of ) Trinidad and Tobago Djibouti
Mozambique Uganda Dominica Namibia United Republic of Tanzania
Dominican Republic Nauru Vanuatu Equatorial Guinea Niger Zambia
Eritrea Nigeria Zimbabwe Ethiopia Niue Fiji Palau Gabon Papua New
Guinea Year of accession Year of accession Year of
accessionAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (21) - Black Sea
Economic Cooperation (12) - Commonwealth of Independent APEC BSEC
States (11) - CIS Australia 1989 Albania 1992 Armenia 1991 Brunei
Darussalam 1989 Armenia 1992 Azerbaijan 1991 Canada 1989 Azerbaijan
1992 Belarus 1991 Chile 1994 Bulgaria 1992 Kazakhstan 1991 China
1991 Georgia 1992 Kyrgyzstan 1991 Hong Kong, Special Greece 1992
Republic of Moldova 1991 Administrative Region of China 1991
Republic of Moldova 1992 Russian Federation 1991 Indonesia 1989
Romania 1992 Tajikistan 1991 Japan 1989 Russian Federation 1992
Turkmenistan 1991 Malaysia 1989 Serbia 2004 Ukraine 1991 Mexico
1993 Turkey 1992 Uzbekistan 1991 New Zealand 1989 Ukraine 1992
Papua New Guinea 1993 Peru 1998 Philippines 1989 Republic of Korea
1989 Russian Federation 1998 Singapore 1989 Taiwan Province of
China 1991 Thailand 1989 United States of America 1989 Viet Nam
1998 DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY INTERREGIONAL GROUPINGxxi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
of States ANCOM Andean Community APEC AsiaPacific Economic
Cooperation APTA Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (former Bangkok
Agreement) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BPM
Balance of Payments Manual (IMF) BSEC Black Sea Economic
Cooperation CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean
Community CCSA Committee for the Coordination of Statistical
Activities CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries c.i.f. cost,
insurance and freight CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COMESA
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DAC Development
Assistance Committee (of OECD) DRS Debtor Reporting System EAC East
African Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African
States ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission
for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation
Organization ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA
European Free Trade Association EIU Economic Intelligence Unit
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union
excl. excluding FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations FDI foreign direct investment f.o.b. free on board FTAA
Free Trade Area of the Americas GATS General Agreement on Trade in
Services GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP gross domestic product
GFCF gross fixed capital formation GNP gross national product HIPC
heavily indebted poor countries HS Harmonized System ILO
International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund
LAIA Latin American Integration Association LDC least developed
country MERCOSUR Mercado Comn del Sur MFN most favoured nation MRU
Mano River Union MSG Melanesia Spearhead Group NAFTA North American
Free Trade Agreement n.e.s. not elsewhere specified NIE newly
industrialized economies n.i.e. not included elsewhere NPISHs
non-profit institutions serving households OA official aid OAS
Organization of American States ODA official development assistance
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OOF other official flows
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries SAARC South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADC Southern African
Development Community SAR Special Administrative Region SDR special
drawing right SFR Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia
(former) SIDS Small Island Developing States SITC Standard
International Trade Classification TFYR The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia TNC transnational corporation TRAINS Trade
Analysis and Information System UMA Arab Maghreb Union UN/DESA/SD
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Statistics Division UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund USSR Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary
Union WITS World Integrated Trade Solution WTO World Trade
Organization xxii NOTES GNRALESCes notes gnrales prsentent le
contenu de chaque tableau du Manuel de statistiques ainsi que les
modifications introduites dans cette nouvelle dition, sil y a lieu.
Les tableaux inclus dans cette publication constituent un rsum
analytique des sries chronologiques compltes publies dans le Manuel
de statistiques 2011 de la CNUCED sur DVD. PREMIRE PARTIE Commerce
international des marchandises Les tableaux 1.1 donnent la valeur
des exportations (f.a.b.) et des importations (c.a.f.) totales de
marchandises, exprime en millions de dollars et en pourcentage du
monde, des pays et rgions gographiques (1.1.1), groupements
conomiques (1.1.2) et groupements commerciaux (1.1.3). Les flux du
commerce prsents dans le tableau 1.1.1 se rfrent au Systme du
Commerce Gnral, lexception des pays et territoires qui utilisent le
Systme du Commerce Spcial et qui sont munis dun astrisque. Le
Systme du Commerce Gnral est utilis lorsque le territoire
statistique dun pays concide avec son territoire conomique, et en
consquence, les importations comprennent tous les biens admis sur
le territoire du pays dclarant et les exportations tous les biens
qui le quittent. Le Systme du Commerce Spcial est utilis lorsque le
territoire statistique ne comprend quune partie du territoire
conomique lintrieur de laquelle les biens peuvent tre couls
librement sans restriction douanire . Dans ce cas, les importations
comprennent tous les biens qui entrent dans la zone de libre
circulation du pays dclarant, cest--dire qui ont t ddouans pour
mise la consommation et les exportations comprennent tous les biens
qui quittent la zone de libre circulation du pays dclarant. Les
taux dvolution annuels moyens du commerce international des
marchandises, calculs partir des valeurs des tableaux 1.1, figurent
dans les tableaux 1. 2. Les tableaux 1.3 prsentent les balances
commerciales (exportations f.a.b. moins importations c.a.f.), ainsi
que ces mmes balances en pourcentage des importations des pays,
rgions gographiques et groupements conomiques. Le tableau 1.4
indique limportance des changes entre pays membres de groupements
commerciaux par rapport aux exportations rgionales et totales de
ces groupements. DEUXIME PARTIE Commerce international des
marchandises par rgions Le tableau 2.1 prsente la structure des
exportations et des importations des pays par rgions de destination
et dorigine. Le plus grand nombre possible de pays en dveloppement
sont inclus tandis que les partenaires commerciaux sont regroups en
14 groupes considrs comme particulirement importants pour lanalyse
du commerce international. Les tableaux 2.2 (A L) indiquent la
structure des exportations par destination ainsi que des
importations par origine et par groupes de produits pour le monde
et une slection de 12 groupements de pays. Le tableau fournit une
information dtaille sur le rseau du commerce international avec le
monde, 19 rgions dorigine et de destination, et pour six diffrents
groupes de produits. Les totaux du commerce international des
marchandises prsents dans les tableaux des premire et deuxime
parties ne sont pas strictement comparables en raison de sources
complmentaires mais diffrentes et dune marge dexportations et
dimportations non distribues, en dpit des efforts dploys pour
rpartir les flux commerciaux par destinations et origines. Les
exportations ventiles par destinations peuvent accuser un cart
parfois considrable par rapport aux importations dclares par les
pays destinataires en raison de divers facteurs dont les plus
importants sont les suivants : - Les importations sont dclares en
principe valeur c.a.f. plutt que valeur f.a.b.; - Les importations
de marchandises peuvent arriver destination et tre enregistres
longtemps aprs la date de leur enregistrement lexportation ; -
Dimportantes diffrences peuvent exister entre la destination des
exportations dclare par les pays exportateurs et la destination
relle telle quindique dans les statistiques dimportation. TROISIME
PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par produits Le
tableau 3.1 fournit la structure des exportations et des
importations des pays par produits classs en 9 groupes (total,
produits alimentaires, matires premires dorigine agricole,
combustibles, minerais et mtaux, produits manufacturs, dont
produits chimiques, machines et matriel de transport, articles
manufacturs divers) pour plusieurs annes. Les tableaux 3.2A, B et C
prsentent respectivement les exportations par produits du monde,
des conomies en dveloppement et dveloppes, un niveau trs dtaill
(CTCI rvision 3, position trois chiffres). Les parts que reprsente
chaque produit dans les exportations du monde et de la rgion, sont
calcules pour chaque groupe dconomies, ainsi que le taux annuel de
croissance et lcart de ce dernier par rapport au taux de croissance
mondial. Le tableau 3.2D tablit, pour chaque conomie, la liste des
principaux produits quelle exporte (CTCI rvision 3, position trois
chiffres). La part de chaque produit dans le total des exportations
du pays, de la rgion et du monde est galement indique. Le tableau
3.2E liste les plus gros exportateurs de 70 produits parmi les
produits les plus exports par les conomies en dveloppement (CTCI
rvision 3, position trois chiffres), ainsi que les parts
correspondantes dans le commerce mondial. Le tableau 3.3 fournit
les indices de concentration et de changements structurels des
exportations et des importations des produits au niveau de la CTCI
(rvision 3, position trois chiffres). Le premier indicateur a
vocation montrer comment le march dun produit est concentr sur
quelques pays ou rparti de faon plus homogne entre les pays.
Lindicateur de changement structurel indique si la rpartition du
commerce dun produit entre les pays exportateurs ou importateurs a
connu une volution importante par rapport une anne de rfrence. Les
totaux du commerce international des marchandises prsents dans les
tableaux de cette troisime partie peuvent aussi tre diffre