Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 2 Understand how the stability and manoeuvrability of an aeroplane are controlled Part 4: describe how aircraft and controls can be used for manoeuvrability Revision 2.00
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Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 2 Understand how the stability and manoeuvrability of an aeroplane are.
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Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment
Principles of Flight
Learning Outcome 2
Understand how the stability and manoeuvrability of an aeroplane are controlled
Part 4: describe how aircraft and controls can be used for manoeuvrability
Revision 2.00
Principles of Flight
Revision
Questions for you …..
1. What are the 3 planes of an aircraft’s movement?
a. Pitching, lateral and rolling
b. Pitching, rolling and yawing
c. Yawing, longitudinal and rolling
d. Longitudinal, lateral and normal
2. Which one of the following will REDUCE lateral stability?
a. Dihedral
b. A large fin
c. Sweepback
d. Anhedral
3. What are the 3 axes about which an aircraft can move?
a. Pitching, lateral and longitudinal
b. Pitching, rolling and yawing
c. Yawing, longitudinal and normal
d. Longitudinal, lateral and normal
4. Which three terms describe static stability?
a. Stable, neutral and unstable
b. Stable, rolling and unstable
c. Yawing, neutral and stable
d. Neutral, unstable and pitching
Primary flying controls and trimming devices
Objectives:
• List the pilot’s primary flying controls
• Describe pitching, rolling and yawing movements
• Understand how pitching, yawing and rolling are all related to the pilot
• Identify and state the purpose of trimming tabs
• Describe how trimming devices work
• Explain the use of elevators, ailerons and rudder
Flying controls
We know how an aircraft flies, but how do we control it?
There are three primary flying controls:
Elevators
Ailerons
Rudder
Pitch
Roll
Yaw
Nose up/down
Wings one up/one down
Nose left/right
ALL control inputs are relative to the pilotregardless of the aircraft’s attitude or position
Elevators Rudder
Ailerons
Elevators
Longitudinal control affecting pitch
Flight
path
Ailerons
Lateral control affecting roll
Rudder
Directional control affecting yaw
Flightpath
Trimming
We are flying straight and level, but something changes .....
We have:• Increased or decreased speed• Used our fuel• Dropped bombs• Fired our guns• (Eaten all of the rations!)
The aircraft is now out of balance and we may be holding a “stick force” to fly
This will be tiring and prevent the pilot from carrying out other tasks such as navigation
What can we do?
Trim the aircraft
Trim tabs
+ + + + +Pull force
Stick force remains
Pull force
Stick force remains
+
Larger moment arm
Stick force removed
+ + + + +
To control column
Fixed tab
To reduce the pilot’s physical workload
Fixed tabs
Can be adjusted in the air
To control column
Trim tab
To trim wheel
Trim Tabs
Trim tabs help to reduce the pilot’s physical workload
Aerodynamic balancing
Geared tab
Trim Tabs
Remember - Trim tabs work in the natural sense
i.e.
If you are pulling back on the control column to
control the aircraft, then you trim back on the trimmer
Any questions?
Questions for you …..
1. Which surfaces control an aircraft in the rolling plane?
a. Elevators
b. Ailerons
c. Rudder
d. Tabs
We pitch an aircraft by using the:
a. Elevators
b. Ailerons
c. Rudder
d. Tabs
3. What may cause an imbalance in roll?
a. Uneven tyre pressures
b. Rudder not central
c. Wing fuel imbalance
d. A heavy co-pilot!
4. On an aircraft with two wing mounted engines, which control would be used to keep the aircraft straight if one engine failed?