UMTS-Wiki

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UMTS Network Architecture

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. The first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the underlying air interface but the system also covers TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Being a complete network system, UMTS also covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN) and the core network (Mobile Application Part or MAP), as well as authentication of users via SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module).

Unlike EDGE (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. However, it is closely related to GSM/EDGE as it borrows and builds upon concepts from GSM. Further, most UMTS handsets also support GSM, allowing seamless dual-mode operation. Therefore, UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing the close relationship with GSM and differentiating it from competing technologies.

The name UMTS, introduced by ETSI, is usually used in Europe. Outside of Europe, the system is also known by other names such as FOMA or W-CDMA. In marketing, it is often referred to as 3G or 3G+.

Contents: - 1 Features 2 Technology

2.1 Air interfaces 2.1.1 W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD) 2.1.2 UTRA-TDD HCR 2.1.3 TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate)

2.2 Radio access network 2.3 Core network

3 Spectrum allocation 4 Interoperability and global roaming

4.1 Handsets and modems 5 Other competing standards 6 Migrating from GPRS to UMTS 7 Problems and issues

8 Releases 8.1 Release '99 8.2 Release 4 8.3 Release 5 8.4 Release 6 8.5 Release 7 8.6 Release 8

9 See also 10 Literature 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

FeaturesUMTS, using 3GPP, supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 45 Mbit/s (with HSPA+),[3] although at the moment users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in the downlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), and—in competition to other network technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLAN—offers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices.

Precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, CDMA PHS and other 2G technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, to GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum of 140.8 kbit/s, though typical rates are closer to 56 kbit/s) and is packet switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in many places where GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern coding schemes. With EDGE the actual packet data rates can reach around 180 kbit/s (effective). EDGE systems are often referred as "2.75G Systems".

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.

The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB.

TechnologyUMTS combines three different air interfaces, GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech codecs.

Air interfaces

UMTS provides several different terrestrial air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All air interface options are part of ITU's IMT-2000. In the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used.

Please note that the terms W-CDMA, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA are misleading. While they suggest covering just a channel access method (namely a variant of CDMA), they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards.

Non-terrestrial radio access networks are currently under research.

W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)Main article: W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS transmitter on the roof of a building

W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz channels. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States).

The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110–2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.[6] While UMTS2100 is the most widely-deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility, New Zealand by Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G network.

W-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT Direct Spread.

UTRA-TDD HCRMain article: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into 10ms frames containing

fifteen time slots (1500 per second)[7]. The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight frequency bands.

TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT CDMA TDD.

TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate)Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous CDMA component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification.

Like TD-CDMA, it is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.

Radio access network: -

Main article: UTRAN

UMTS also specifies the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands.

UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network to GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS' and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN.

UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the later of which is also a part of IMT-2000.

The UE (User Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes - Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation where as UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to SDU of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters.

Set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties will decide the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical channel<->transport channel. Signaling message will be send on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) will be sent on data RBs. RRC and NAS messages will go on SRBs.

Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of message and also make sure that no one (third/unknown party) on radio interface has not modified message. Ciphering make sure that no one listens your data on air interface. Both integrity and ciphering will be applied for SRBs where as only ciphering will be applied for data RBs.

Core network

Main article: Mobile Application Part

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high.

The CN can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. abc

Spectrum allocation: -Main article: UMTS frequency bands

Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In Germany, bidders paid a total €50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the Sonera/Telefonica consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably KPN). Over the last few years some operators have written off some or all of the license costs. Between 2007..2009 all three Finnish carriers begun to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1–3 years.

The 2100 MHz UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with the 1700 MHz for the uplink. UMTS operators in North America who want to implement a European style 2100/1900 MHz system will have to share spectrum with existing 2G services in the 1900 MHz band.

AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T and is rolling out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of UMTS 850/1900 phones.

T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US will focus on the 2100/1700 MHz bands.

In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz band on the Rogers, Bell, and Telus networks. Recently, new providers Wind Mobile and Mobilicity, have begun operations in the 2100/1700 MHz bands and Quebecor and Shaw Communications are planning their own launches in coming years.

In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national 3G network, branded as NextG, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of the owning and administrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by Hutchison 3G Australia, and this is the primary network used by their customers. Optus is currently rolling out a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz band in regional areas. Vodafone is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band.

In India BSNL has started its 3G services since October 2009 beginning with the larger cities and then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional areas where greater distances separate subscriber and base station.

Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks.

Interoperability and global roamingUMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable—they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges.

Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global roaming an important issue. To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the USA use 850Mhz and 1900Mhz. T-mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands are also being adopted elsewhere in the Americas. A UMTS phone and network must support a common frequency to work together. Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the world—including frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services.

UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM (based on GSM's SIM) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user. In addition to user subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book contact. Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the (U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and the billing for calls made from the phone.

Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS network—using a pre-release specification, it was initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards, meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in December 2002) now use standard UMTS.

Handsets and modems

T-Mobile UMTS PC Card modem

The Nokia 6650, an early UMTS handset

All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though they can fall back to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world.

Using a cellular router, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a tablet PC or a PDA). Some software installs itself from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get online in moments. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a mobile WLAN access point.

There are almost no 3G phones or modems available supporting all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). However, many phones are offering more than one band which still enables extensive roaming. For example, a tri-band chipset operating on 850/1900/2100 MHz, such as that found in Apple's iPhone, allows usage in the majority of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed.

Other competing standardsThe main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the 3GPP2. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum.

Another competitor to UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE than having to install almost all brand-new equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS specification are jointly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode operation including vertical handovers.

China's TD-SCDMA standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macro cells. However, the lack of vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor.

While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely-populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and private in-house networks.

All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD.

On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and Flash-OFDM.

Migrating from GPRS to UMTS: -From GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:

Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent) Authentication Center (AUC) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused

Base station controller (BSC) Base transceiver station (BTS)

They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network.

The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP:

Node B (base transceiver station) Radio Network Controller (RNC) Media Gateway (MGW)

The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care of all data transfer in both circuit and packet switched networks. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The nodes are renamed to MSC-server and GSN-server.

Problems and issues: -Some countries, including the United States and Japan, have allocated spectrum differently from the ITU recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available. In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of different equipment for the use in these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace.

The early days of UMTS saw rollout hitches in many countries. Overweight handsets with poor battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even featured a detachable camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM), with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the world this is no longer an issue.

Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher base station density. For fully-fledged UMTS incorporating video on demand features, one base station needed to be set up every 1–1.5 km (0.62–0.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of the lower-band networks by operators since 2006.

Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS is still more power intensive than on comparable GSM networks. Apple, Inc. cited UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation iPhone only supported EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery life time for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improves, this issue is diminishing.

Releases: -The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to introduce new features and improve upon existing ones.

Release '99

Bearer services 64 kbit/s circuit switch 384 kbit/s packet switched Location services Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on Universal

Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

Release 4

Edge radio Multimedia messaging MExE (Mobile Execution Environment) Improved location services IP Multimedia Services (IMS)

Release 5

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc HSDPA

Release 6

WLAN integration Multimedia broadcast and multicast Improvements in IMS

HSUPA Fractional DPCH

Release 7

Enhanced L2 64 QAM , MIMO VoIP over HSPA CPC - continuous packet connectivity FRLC - Flexible RLC

Release 8

DC-HSPA HSUPA 16QAM

See also List of Deployed UMTS networks 3G 3GPP: the body that manages the UMTS standard. 3GPP Long Term Evolution, the 3GPP project to evolve UMTS towards 4G capabilities. LSTI GAN/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs. Opportunity Driven Multiple Access, ODMA: a UMTS TDD mode communications relaying protocol HSDPA, HSUPA: updates to the W-CDMA air interface. PDCP Subscriber Identity Module UMTS-TDD: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet service. UMTS frequency bands W-CDMA: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS. W-CDMA 2100

Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards:

CDMA2000: evolved from the cmdaOne (also known as IS-95, or "CDMA") standard, managed by the 3GPP2 FOMA TD-SCDMA WiMAX: a newly emerging wide area wireless technology.

UMTS is an evolution of the GSM mobile phone standard.

GSM GPRS EDGE ETSI

UMTS security: -The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the new ‘third generation’ 3G mobile cellular communication systems. UMTS builds on the success of the ‘second generation’ GSM system. One of the factors in the success of GSM has been its security features. New services introduced in UMTS require new security features to protect them. In addition, certain real and perceived shortcomings of GSM security need to be addressed in UMTS.

Contents 1 Entity authentication 2 Signalling data integrity and origin authentication 3 User traffic confidentiality 4 Network domain security

o 4.1 MAPSEC 5 IP multimedia system security

Entity authenticationUMTS provides mutual authentication between the UMTS subscriber, represented by a smart card application known as the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module), and the network in the following sense 'Subscriber authentication': the serving network corroborates the identity of the subscriber and 'Network authentication': the subscriber corroborates that he is connected to a serving network that is authorised, by the subscribers home network, to provide him with services.

Signalling data integrity and origin authentication Integrity algorithm agreement: the mobile station and the serving network can securely negotiate the

integrity algorithm that they use. Integrity key agreement: the mobile and the network agree on an integrity key that they may use

subsequently; this provides entity authentication.

User traffic confidentiality Ciphering algorithm agreement: the mobile and the station can securely negotiate ciphering algorithm that

they use. Cipher key agreement: the mobile and the station agree on a cipher key that they may use. Confidentiality of user and signalling data: neither user data nor sensitive signalling data can be overheard

on the radio access interface.

Network domain securityThe term ‘network domain security’ in the 3G covers security of the communication between network elements. In particular, the mobile station is not affected by network domain security. The two communicating network elements may both be in the same network administrated by a mobile operator or they may belong to two different networks.

MAPSEC

The basic idea of MAPSEC can be described as follows. The plaintext MAP message is encrypted and the result is put into a ‘container’ in another MAP message. At the same time a cryptographic checksum, i.e. a message authentication code covering the original message, is included in the new MAP message. To be able to use encryption and message authentication codes, keys are needed. MAPSEC has borrowed the notion of a security association (SA) from IPsec.

IP multimedia system securityThe IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is a core network subsystem within UMTS. It is based on the use of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)26 to initiate, terminate and modify multimedia sessions such as voice calls,

video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity is used only for authentication purposes

Radio Network Controller: -The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network (UTRAN) and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource management, some of the mobility management functions and is the point where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile. The RNC connects to the Circuit Switched Core Network through Media Gateway (MGW) and to the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in the Packet Switched Core Network.

Contents 1 Functionality 2 Interfaces 3 Protocols 4 RNC Roles 5 See also 6 External links

o 6.1 Specifications

Functionality: -The main functions of the RNC are management of radio channels (on the Uu-, or air-, interface) and the terrestrial channels (towards the MGW and SGSN). Radio Resource Management functionality includes the following:

Outer Loop Power Control Load control Admission Control Packet scheduling Handover control Macrodiversity combining (see also macrodiversity) Security functions Mobility Management

Additionally, RNC may also perform further resource optimization by deploying vendor-specific algorithms such as:

Dynamic Radio Bearer Control Adaptive Multi Rate Control Iub Overbooking (trunking efficiency) RNC is also a place to access all services which provided by CN (core network).

Interfaces

RNC Interfaces

The logical connections between the network elements are known as interfaces. The interface between the RNC and the Circuit Switched Core Network (CS-CN) is called Iu-CS and between the RNC and the Packet Switched Core Network is called Iu-PS. Other interfaces include Iub (between the RNC and the Node B) and Iur (between RNCs in the same network). Iu interfaces carry user traffic (such as voice or data) as well as control information (see Protocols), and Iur interface is mainly needed for soft handovers involving 2 RNCs though not required as the absence of Iur will cause these handovers to become hard handovers.

Until 3gpp R4, all the interfaces in the UTRAN are implemented using ATM only, except the Uu interface which uses WCDMA technology. Starting R5, IP bearers can be used over FE instead. Physically, these interfaces can be carried over SDH over optical fiber, E1 (sometimes referred to as PDH) - over a copper wire or microwave radio. Several E1s can be bundled to form an IMA Group. Since the interfaces are logical, many interfaces can be multiplexed onto the same transmission line. The actual implementation depends on the network topology; examples are chain, distant star,mesh and loop configurations.

Protocols: -Iub, Iu and Iur protocols all carry both user data and signalling (that is, control plane).

Signalling protocol responsible for the control of the Node B by the RNC is called NBAP (Node-B Application Part). NBAP is subdivided into Common and Dedicated NBAP (C-NBAP and D-NBAP), where Common NBAP controls overall Node B functionality and Dedicated NBAP controls separate cells or sectors of the Node B. NBAP is carried over Iub. In order for NBAP to handle common and dedicated procedures, it is divided into: NodeB Control Port (NCP) which handles common NBAP procedures and Communication Control Port (CCP) which handles dedicated NBAP procedures.

Control plane protocol for the transport layer is called ALCAP (Access Link Control Application Protocol). Basic functionality of ALCAP is multiplexing of different users onto one AAL2 transmission path using channel IDs (CIDs). ALCAP is carried over Iub and Iu-CS interfaces.

Signalling protocol responsible for communication between RNC and the core network is called RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part), and is carried over Iu interface.

Signalling protocol responsible for communications between RNCs is called RNSAP (Radio Network Subsystem Application Part) and is carried on the Iur interface.

RNC Roles: -In a relationship to a UE (in a soft handover situation) an RNC can play two different roles. These are:

D-RNC: Drift RNC S-RNC: Serving RNC

However, as far as the NodeB is concerned, the RNC may play a third role:

C-RNC: Controlling RNC

It is important to know that one RNC can assume more than one role at any time

Literature Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, John Wiley, September 2006,

ISBN 0-470-02676-6 Ahonen and Barrett (editors), Services for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on the services for 3G, ISBN 978-0-

471-48550-6 Holma and Toskala (editors), WCDMA for UMTS, (Wiley, 2000) first book dedicated to 3G technology, ISBN

978-0-471-72051-5 Kreher and Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures

Analyzed and Explained (Wiley 2007), ISBN 978-0-470-06533-4 Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on

radio network planning for 3G, ISBN 978-0-470-01575-9

Notes1. The term W-CDMA usually refers to UMTS' main air interface, UTRA-FDD, or networks which only operate on

UTRA-FDD. However, there are rare instances where it is used in a broader sense, as a synonym for UMTS or any UMTS air interface. For example, 3GPP refers to “[b]oth Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) variants” of W-CDMA, i.e. UTRA-FDD and UTRA-TDD.

Mobile telephony standards

0G (radio telephones)

MTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT · Autoradiopuhelin

1G

AMPS family

AMPS · TACS · ETACS

OtherNMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC

2G

GSM/3GPP family

GSM · CSD

3GPP2 familyCdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS familyD-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

OtherCDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

2G transitional GSM/3GPP HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS

(2.5G, 2.75G)

family

3GPP2 familyCDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

OtherWiDEN

3G (IMT-2000)

3GPP familyUMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)

3G transitional(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)

3GPP familyHSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family

EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B

OtherMobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20

4G (IMT-Advanced)

3GPP familyLTE Advanced

WiMAX family

IEEE 802.16m

5G unconfirmedunconfirmed

Related articlesHistory · Cellular network theory · List of standards · Comparison of standards · Channel access methods · Spectral efficiency comparison table · Cellular frequencies · GSM frequency bands · UMTS frequency bands · Mobile broadband

3GInternational Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT — 2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Compared to the older 2G and 2.5G standards, a 3G system must allow simultaneous use of speech and data services, and provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s according to the IMT-2000 specification. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to laptop computers and smartphones.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:

o The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.o The TD-SCDMA radio interface, was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China.o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the

downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.

Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Adoption

o 3.1 Europeo 3.2 Canadao 3.3 Iraqo 3.4 Philippineso 3.5 Syriao 3.6 Chinao 3.7 North Koreao 3.8 Africao 3.9 India

4 Features o 4.1 Data rateso 4.2 Security

5 Applications 6 Evolution 7 References

OverviewThe 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.[2]

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency allocations.[3] The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards[4]

ITU IMT-2000 common name(s) bandwidth of data

pre-4G

duplex channel description geographic

al areas

TDMA Single-Carrier (IMT-SC) EDGE (UWT-136) EDGE

Evolution none

FDD

TDMA

evolutionary upgrade to GSM/GPRS[nb 1]

worldwide, except Japan and South Korea

CDMA Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC) CDMA2000 EV-DO UM

B[nb 2]

CDMA

evolutionary upgrade to cdmaOne (IS-95)

Americas, Asia, some others

CDMA Direct Spread (IMT-DS)

UMTS[nb 3]

W-CDMA[nb

4]

HSPA LTEfamily of revolutionary standards.

worldwide

CDMA TDD (IMT-TC)

TD-CDMA[nb 5]

TDD

Europe

TD-SCDMA[nb 6] China

FDMA/TDMA (IMT-FT) DECT none FDMA/

TDMA

short-range; standard for cordless phones

Europe, USA

IP-OFDMA WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) OFDMA worldwide

1. ^ Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS.2. ^ development halted in favour of LTE.[5]

3. ^ also known as FOMA;[6] UMTS is the common name for a standard that encompasses multiple air interfaces.

4. ^ also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS, ignoring the other air interface options.[6]

5. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate (HCR)6. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate (LCR)

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality.

HistoryThe first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology.[7] The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[8][9] broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns over reliability.[10] The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. These were both on the W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three in March 2003.

Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide. [[File:Example.jpg]]

AdoptionIn December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems.

Europe

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3 (Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.

Canada

In Canada, Bell Mobility, SaskTel[12] and Telus launched a 3G EVDO network in 2005.[13] Rogers Wireless was the first to implement UMTS technology, with HSDPA services in eastern Canada in late 2006.[14] Realizing they would miss out on roaming revenue from the 2010 Winter Olympics, Bell and Telus formed a joint venture and rolled out a shared HSDPA network using Nokia Siemens technology.

Iraq

Mobitel Iraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was launched commercially on February 2007.

[Philippines

3G services were made available in the Philippines on December 2008.

Syria

MTN Syria is the first mobile 3G operator in Syria. It was launched commercially on May 2010.

China

China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading W-CDMA (UMTS) standard. The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go to China Telecom, which would then launch 3G on the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have all three main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009, Ministry of industry and Information Technology of China awarded licenses of all three standards: TD-SCDMA to China Mobile, W-CDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom. The launch of 3G occurred on 1 October 2009, to coincide with the 60th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China.

North Korea

North Korea has had a 3G network since 2008, which is called Koryolink, a joint venture between Egyptian company Orascom Telecom Holding and the state-owned Korea Post and Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) is North Korea's only 3G Mobile operator, and one of only two mobile companies in the country. According to Orascom quoted in BusinessWeek, the company had 125,661 subscribers in May 2010. The Egyptian company owns 75 percent of Koryolink, and is known to invest in infrastructure for mobile technology in developing nations. It covers Pyongyang, and five additional cities and eight highways and railways. Its only competitor - SunNet, uses GSM technology and suffers from poor call quality and disconnections.[16] Phone numbers on the network are prefixed with +850 (0)192.[17]

Africa

The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on the Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch was by Emtel-ltd in Mauritius in 2004. In late March 2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana in Morrocco.In East Africa (Tanzania) in 2007 a 3G service was provided by Vodacom Tanzania.

India

In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL). Later, MTNL launched 3G in Delhi and Mumbai. Nationwide auction of 3G wireless spectrum was announced in April 2010. The first Private-sector service provider that launched 3G services is Tata Docomo, on November 5, 2010. And the second is by Reliance Communications, December 13,2010. Other providers like Bharati Airtel,Vodafone, Idea and Aircel are expected to launch 3G services by January 2011.(Nov 20 th 2010 Now peak level 3G technology Spectrum) In India MTNL rental is the cheapest at Rs 99 for a 100 MB at 3.6 Mbps and Reliance Communication is charging Rs 199 versus Rs 350 that is being charged by Tata Docomo.

Features

Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers’ expectations of broadband data.

Security

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

ApplicationsThe bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be watched.

Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone. Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other. Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated

subscriber. Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or

the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

EvolutionBoth 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.

On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services." With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

High Speed Packet Access(HSPA)The Internet Protocol Suite

Application Layer

BGP · DHCP · DNS · FTP · GTP · HTTP · IMAP · IRC ·

LDAP · Megaco · MGCP · NNTP · NTP · POP · RIP ·

RPC · RTP · RTSP · SDP · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SOAP ·

SSH · Telnet · TLS/SSL · XMPP · (more)

Transport Layer

TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · ECN · (more)

Internet Layer

IP (IPv4, IPv6) · ICMP · ICMPv6 · IGMP · IPsec · RSVP

· (more)

Link Layer

ARP/InARP · NDP · OSPF · Tunnels (L2TP) · PPP ·

Media Access Control (Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, FDDI) ·

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols. A further standard, Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent adoption worldwide into 2010.

Contents 1 Overview 2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 4 Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) 5 Dual-Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) 6 Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA) 7 Multi-carrier HSPA (MC-HSPA) 8 See also 9 References 10 Literature 11 External links

OverviewHSDPA and HSUPA provide increased performance by using improved modulation schemes and by refining the protocols by which handsets and base stations communicate. These improvements lead to a better utilization of the existing radio bandwidth provided by WCDMA.

HSPA improves the end-user experience by increasing peak data rates up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in the uplink. It also reduces latency and provides up to five times more system capacity in the downlink and up to twice as much system capacity in the uplink, reducing the production cost per bit compared to original WCDMA protocols. HSPA increases peak data rates and capacity in several ways:

Shared-channel transmission, which results in efficient use of available code and power resources in WCDMA A shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI), which reduces round-trip time and improves the tracking of fast

channel variations Link adaptation, which maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate close to maximum

cell power Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions Fast retransmission and soft-combining, which further increase capacity

16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which yields higher bit-rates

HSPA has been commercially deployed by over 200 operators in more than 80 countries.

Many HSPA rollouts can be achieved by a software upgrade to existing 3G networks, giving HSPA a headstart over WiMax, which requires dedicated network infrastructure. Rich variety of HSPA enabled terminals, more than 1000 available today together with ease of use gives rising sales of HSPA-enabled mobiles and are helping to drive the HSPA.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)The first step required to upgrade WCDMA to HSPA is to improve the downlink by introducing HSDPA. The improved downlink provides up to 14 Mbit/s with significantly reduced latency. The channel reduces the cost per bit and enhances support for high-performance packet data applications.

HSDPA is based on shared channel transmission and its key features are shared channel and multi-code transmission, higher-order modulation, short Transmission Time Interval (TTI), fast link adaptation and scheduling along with fast hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ).

The upgrade to HSDPA is often just a software update for most WCDMA networks, and as of May 2008 90 percent of WCDMA networks are upgraded to HSDPA. With HSDPA mobile broadband becomes a reality and users can download files, read mails and browse web pages with the same end-user experience as that of fixed broadband.

Majority of deployments provide up to 7.2 Mbit/s in the down-link and 14 Mbit/s is already available as soon as the devices are available in the market.

Voice calls are usually prioritized over data transfer. Singapore's three network providers M1, StarHub and SingTel provide up to 28 Mbit/s throughout the entire island. The Australian provider Telstra provides up to 14.4 Mbit/s nationwide and up to 42Mbit/s in selected areas, the Swiss provider Swisscom. The Croatian VIPnet network supports the speed of 7.2 Mbit/s in down-link, as does Rogers Wireless in Canada. Rogers Wireless now supports 21 Mbit/s in the Toronto area. In South Korea, a nationwide 7.2 Mbit/s coverage is now established by SK Telecom and KTF. In Hong Kong, PCCW, CSL and Hutchison 3 provide 21 Mbit/s coverage, Smartone-Vodafone provides up to 28.8 Mbit/s. In Portugal all the mobile phone operators support 14 Mbit/s HSDPA, and the Sri-Lankan companies Airtel Pvt Ltd and Dialog GSM Pvt Ltd also provide 7.2 Mbit/s while Mobitel Pvt Ltd provides 28 Mbit/s in the Asian region.

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)The second major step in the WCDMA upgrade process is to upgrade the uplink, which is introduced in 3GPP Release 6. Upgrading to HSUPA is often only a software update. Enhanced Uplink adds a new transport channel to WCDMA, called Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). An enhanced uplink creates opportunities for a number of new applications including VoIP, uploading pictures and sending large e-mail messages. The enhanced uplink increases the data rate (up to 5.8 Mbit/s), and the capacity, and also reduces latency. The enhanced uplink features several improvements similar to those of HSDPA, such as multi code transmission, short Transmission Time Interval (TTI), fast scheduling and fast hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ).

In Singapore, Starhub announced a 1.9 Mbit/s HSUPA Service as part of its new MaxMobile plan in 1 August 2007. In Finland, Elisa announced on 30 August 2007 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA to most large cities with plans to add the service to its whole 3G network within months. 3 Italia and Ericsson announced on 16 July 2008 the successful tests of HSUPA 5.8 Mbit/s in the live network of 3 Italia.

Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

Evolved HSPA (also known as: HSPA Evolution, HSPA+, I-HSPA or Internet HSPA) is an upcoming wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 and 8 of the WCDMA specification. Evolved HSPA provides data rates up to 42 Mbit/s in the downlink and 11 Mbit/s in the uplink (per 5 MHz carrier) with multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) technologies and higher order modulation.

Dual-Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)Dual-Cell HSDPA, part of 3GPP Release 8, is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation. An HSPA+ network can theoretically support up to 28Mbit/s and 42Mbit/s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 (MIMO) and Rel8 (Higher Order Modulation + MIMO), in good channel condition with low correlation between transmit antennas. Alternatively DC-HSPA can be used from Release 8 where the MAC scheduler can allocate two HSPA carriers in parallel and double the bandwidth from 5 MHz to 10 MHz. Besides the throughput gain from double the bandwidth, some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be expected. This can particularly improve the QoS for end users in poor environment conditions that cannot gain from MIMO and Higher Modulation only. From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in combination with MIMO used on both carriers. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC-HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8.

Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)Similar enhancements as introduced with DC-HSDPA in the downlink for UMTS Release 8 are being standardized for UMTS Release 9 in the uplink called Dual-Cell HSUPA.[9] DC-HSUPA will have similar limitations, for instance that the carriers have to belong to the same Node-B and have to be adjacent. Furthermore, it is assumed that at least 2 carriers are configured simultaneously in the downlink and have the same duplex distance to the uplink. The dual carrier transmission will only be applied to HSUPA UL physical channels and DPCCH. The standardisation of Release 9 is expected to be completed in December 2009.

Multi-carrier HSPA (MC-HSPA)While the aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied, the 3GPP specification does not yet allow this option. Nevertheless it seems likely that such option will be added at a later state of the technology.

See also Global mobile Suppliers Association LTE

1. Ericsson.com

Literature Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, John Wiley, September 2006,

ISBN 0-470-02676-6

External links GSMworld.com, Official HSPA website nomor.de

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA)High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Megabits/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.[1]

Contents 1 Technology

o 1.1 HS-DSCH channelo 1.2 Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)o 1.3 Fast packet schedulingo 1.4 Adaptive modulation and codingo 1.5 Other improvements

2 HSDPA User Equipment (UE) categories 3 Roadmap 4 Adoption

o 4.1 Marketing as mobile broadband 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Technology

HS-DSCH channel

For HSDPA, a new transport layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), has been added to W-CDMA release 5 and further specification. It is implemented by introducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the user that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH 2 slots ahead. The Uplink High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of the user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much data to send to the user devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is the channel mapped to the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual user data.

Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)

Data is transmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can thus be corrected without retransmission; see forward error correction.

If retransmission is needed, the user device saves the packet and later combines it with retransmitted packet to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets are corrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet. Retransmitted packet may be either identical (chase combining) or different from the first transmission (incremental redundancy).

The round-trip time for retransmissions is improved since the retransmissions are done from base station instead of radio network controller.

Fast packet scheduling

The HS-DSCH downlink channel is shared between users using channel-dependent scheduling to make the best use of available radio conditions. Each user device continually transmits an indication of the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this information from all devices, the base station decides which users will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent for each user. More data can be sent to users which report high downlink signal quality.

The amount of the channelisation code tree, and thus network bandwidth, allocated to HSDPA users is determined by the network. The allocation is "semi-static" in that it can be modified while the network is operating, but not on a frame-by-frame basis. This allocation represents a trade-off between bandwidth allocated for HSDPA users, versus that for voice and non-HSDPA data users. The allocation is in units of channelisation codes for Spreading Factor 16, of which 16 exist and up to 15 can be allocated to HSDPA. When the base station decides which users will receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelisation codes will be used for each user. This information is sent to the user devices over one or more "scheduling channels"; these channels are not part of the HSDPA allocation previously mentioned, but are allocated separately. Thus, for a given 2 ms frame, data may be sent to a number of users simultaneously, using different channelisation codes. The maximum number of users to receive data on a given 2 ms frame is determined by the number of allocated channelisation codes. By contrast, in CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, data is sent to only one user at a time.

Adaptive modulation and coding

The modulation scheme and coding are changed on a per-user basis, depending on signal quality and cell usage. The initial scheme is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good radio conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data throughput rates. With 5 Code allocations, QPSK typically offers up to 1.8 Mbit/s peak data rates, while 16QAM offers up to 3.6. Additional codes (e.g. 10, 15) can also be used to improve these data rates or extend the network capacity throughput significantly.

Other improvements

HSDPA is part of the UMTS standards since release 5, which also accompanies an improvement on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s.

As well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for applications.

In later 3GPP specification releases HSPA+ increases data rates further by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO and Dual-Cell HSDPA operation, i.e. two 5 MHz carriers are used simultaneously.

HSDPA User Equipment (UE) categoriesHSDPA comprises various versions with different data speeds. The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 9 version of 3GPP TS 25.306 [2] and shows maximum speeds of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. In 2009 the most common devices are category 6 (3.6 Mbit/s) and category 8 (7.2 Mbit/s) with retail prices around 60 euros without subscription.

Protocol3GPP

ReleaseCategory

Max. number of

HS-DSCH codesModulation

MIMO, Dual-Cell

Code rate atmax. data

rate

Max. data rate

[Mbit/s]

HSDPA Release 5 1 5 16-QAM .76 1.2

HSDPA Release 5 2 5 16-QAM .76 1.2

HSDPA Release 5 3 5 16-QAM .76 1.8

HSDPA Release 5 4 5 16-QAM .76 1.8

HSDPA Release 5 5 5 16-QAM .76 3.6

HSDPA Release 5 6 5 16-QAM .76 3.6

HSDPA Release 5 7 10 16-QAM .75 7.2

HSDPA Release 5 8 10 16-QAM .76 7.2

HSDPA Release 5 9 15 16-QAM .70 10.1

HSDPA Release 5 10 15 16-QAM .97 14.4

HSDPA Release 5 11 5 QPSK .76 0.9

HSDPA Release 5 12 5 QPSK .76 1.8

HSPA+ Release 7 13 15 64-QAM .82 17.6

HSPA+ Release 7 14 15 64-QAM .98 21.1

HSPA+ Release 7 15 15 16-QAM MIMO .81 23.4

HSPA+ Release 7 16 15 16-QAM MIMO .97 28.0

HSPA+ Release 7 19 15 64-QAM MIMO .82 35.3

HSPA+ Release 7 20 15 64-QAM MIMO .98 42.2

Dual-Cell HSDPA Release 8 21 15 16-QAM Dual-Cell .81 23.4

Dual-Cell HSDPA Release 8 22 15 16-QAM Dual-Cell .97 28.0

Dual-Cell HSDPA Release 8 23 15 64-QAM Dual-Cell .82 35.3

Dual-Cell HSDPA Release 8 24 15 64-QAM Dual-Cell .98 42.2

DC-HSDPA w/MIMO

Release 9 25 15 16-QAMDual-Cell +

MIMO.81 46.7

DC-HSDPA w/MIMO

Release 9 26 15 16-QAMDual-Cell +

MIMO.97 55.9

DC-HSDPA w/MIMO

Release 9 27 15 64-QAMDual-Cell +

MIMO.82 70.6

DC-HSDPA w/MIMO

Release 9 28 15 64-QAMDual-Cell +

MIMO.98 84.4

16-QAM implies QPSK support; 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK support. The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates. Application layer data rate is approximately 85% of that, due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.

RoadmapThe first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release 5. Phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of 14.0 Mbit/s (see above). Newly introduced are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels (HS-DSCH), the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access protocol (MAC-hs) in base station.

The second phase of HSDPA is specified in the 3GPP release 7 and has been named HSPA Evolved. It can achieve data rates of up to 42 Mbit/s. It introduces antenna array technologies such as beamforming and Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Beam forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the user’s direction. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side. Deployments are scheduled to begin in the second half of 2008.

Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e. the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carrier. By combining this with MIMO transmission, peak data rates of 84 Mbit/s can be reached under ideal signal conditions.

After HSPA Evolved, the roadmap leads to E-UTRA (Previously "HSOPA"), the technology specified in 3GPP Release 8. This project is called the Long Term Evolution initiative. The first release of LTE offers data rates of over 320 Mbit/s for downlink and over 170 Mbit/s for uplink using OFDMA modulation.[1]

[edit] AdoptionAs of August 28, 2009, 250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile broadband services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput. A growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28 Mbit/s. Several others will have this capability by end 2009 and the first 42 Mbit/s network came online in Australia in February 2010. Telstra switches on 42 Mbit/s Next G, plans 84 Mbit/s through the implementation of HSPA+ Dual Carrier plus MIMO technology upgrade in 2011. This protocol is a relatively simple upgrade where UMTS is already deployed. First week in May 2010, Second-ranked Indonesia cellco: Indosat has launched the first DC-HSPA+ 42 Mbit/s fastest commercial networks in Asia-Pasific (first operator in Asia and the second in the world after Telstra). Indosat has beaten Australia's Telstra, Singapore's StarHub and Hong Kong's CSL to stake its claim as the first operator in Asia-Pacific to offer theoritical download speeds of 42 Mbit/s via HSPA+.

CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the early lead on performance, and Japanese providers were highly successful benchmarks for it. But lately this seems to be changing in favour of HSDPA as an increasing number of providers worldwide are adopting it. In Australia, Telstra announced that its CDMA-EVDO network would be replaced with a HSDPA network (since named NextG), offering high speed internet, mobile television and traditional telephony and video calling. Rogers Wireless deployed HSDPA system 850/1900 in Canada on April 1, 2007. In July 2008, Bell Canada and Telus announced a joint plan to expand their current shared EVDO/CDMA network to include HSDPA. Bell Canada launched their joint network November 4, 2009, while Telus launched November 5, 2009. In January 2010, T-Mobile USA adopted HSDPA.

Marketing as mobile broadband

During 2007, an increasing number of telcos worldwide began selling HSDPA USB modems as mobile broadband connections. In addition, the popularity of HSDPA landline replacement boxes grew—providing HSDPA for data via Ethernet and WiFi, and ports for connecting traditional landline telephones. Some are marketed with connection speeds of "up to 7.2 Mbit/s",[10] which is only attained under ideal conditions. As a result these services can be slower than expected, especially when in fringe coverage indoors.

Mobile telephony standards

AMPS family

AMPS · TACS · ETACS

OtherNMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC

GSM/3GPP family

GSM · CSD

3GPP2 familyCdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS familyD-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

OtherCDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

GSM/3GPP family

HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS

3GPP2 familyCDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

OtherWiDEN

3GPP familyUMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)

3GPP familyHSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family

EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B

OtherMobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20

3GPP familyLTE Advanced

WiMAX family

IEEE 802.16m

unconfirmedunconfirmed

Internet access

Network type

Wired Wireless

Optical Coaxial Twisted Phone line Power line Unlicensed Licensed terrestrial Satellite

cable pairterrestrial

bandsbands

LAN Ethernet G.hn EthernetHomePNA · G.hn

G.hn · HomePlug Powerline Alliance

Wi-Fi · Bluetooth · DECT · Wireless USB

WANPON · Ethernet

DOCSIS EthernetDial-up · ISDN · DSL

BPL Muni Wi-FiGPRS · iBurst · WiBro/WiMAX · UMTS-TDD, HSPA · EVDO · LTE

Satellite

W-CDMA (UMTS)W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. It is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS.[1] It utilizes the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes used today.

While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same core network as the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing dual-mode operation along with GSM/EDGE; a feat it shares with other members of the UMTS family.

Contents 1 Technical features 2 Development

o 2.1 Rationale for W-CDMA 3 Deployment 4 See also 5 References 6 Documentation 7 External links

Technical features Radio channels are 5 MHz wide. Chip rate of 3.84 MHz Supported mode of duplex: frequency division (FDD), Time Division (TDD) Employs coherent detection on both the uplink and downlink based on the use of pilot symbols and

channels. Supports inter-cell asynchronous operation. Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basis. Multicode transmission. Adaptive power control based on SIR (Signal-to-Interference Ratio). Multiuser detection and smart antennas can be used to increase capacity and coverage. Multiple types of handoff (or handover) between different cells including soft handoff, softer handoff and

hard handoff. 1:1 frequency reuse scheme

DevelopmentIn the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range DECT system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for UMTS.

As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the finalisation of the 3G Release 99 specification, their network was initially incompatible with UMTS. However,this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network.

Code Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by Qualcomm. Qualcomm was the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementation for consumer cell phones: its early IS-95 air interface standard, which has since evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3x which unified the W-CDMA (3GPP) and CDMA2000 (3GPP2) network technologies into a single design for a worldwide standard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58 countries as of 2006. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed.

Despite incompatibilities with existing air-interface standards, the late introduction of this 3G system, and despite the high upgrade cost of deploying an all-new transmitter technology, W-CDMA has been adopted and deployed rapidly, especially in Japan, Europe and Asia, and is already deployed in over 55 countries as of 2006.

Rationale for W-CDMA

W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a direct sequence CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000. The W-CDMA system is a new design by NTT DoCoMo, and it differs in many aspects from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view, W-CDMA provides a different balance of trade-offs between cost, capacity, performance, and density; it also promises to achieve a benefit of reduced cost for video phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and cross-licensing of patents between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.

W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements.