UML (Unified Modeling Language )

UML(Unified Modeling Language)

Prof Hyoung-Joo Kim

OOPSLA Lab.

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Seoul National University

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Contents Introduction Software Development Object-Oriented Analysis Object-Oriented Design Summary

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Introduction UML?

The successor to the wave of OOA&D methods that appeared in the late ’80s and early ’90s

Unification of the methods of Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson

The standard of OMG (Object Management Group)

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History(1/2) UML motivation

To create a set of semantics and notation that can adequately address all scales of architectural complexity across all domains

Each of OO methods were recognized as having certain strengths

Base methods Booch, Rumbaugh(OMT), Jacobson(OOSE)

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History(2/2)

other methods

UML 1.0

UML 0.9 & 0.91

Unified Method 0.8

Booch ’93 OMT-2

Booch ‘91 OMT-1 OOSE

UML Partner s’Expertise

Fragmentation

Unification

Standardization

Industrialization

Publication ofUML 1.0, Jan ‘97

Jun ‘96 & Oct ‘96

OOPSLA ‘95

Standard Object Modeling Language by OMG, Sep ‘97

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Scope of the UML(1/2) Language for specifying constructing, visualizin

g, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system

Fusing the concepts of Booch, OMT, and OOSE Envelop of what can be done with existing meth

ods Standard object modeling language adopted by

OMG, Sep., 1997

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Scope of the UML(2/2) Object-Oriented Analysis

Use Case diagram Object interaction diagram Class diagram State diagram Activity diagram

Object-Oriented Design Process diagram Architecture diagram Deployment diagram

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Comparing to Others(1/2) Not a radical departure from Booch, OMT, and

OOSE Legitimate successor to all three methods More expressive yet cleaner and more uniform Value in moving to the UML

It will allow projects to model things they could not have done before

It removes the unnecessary differences in notation and terminology

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Comparing to Others(2/2)

UML Class Association Generalization Aggregation

Booch Class Uses Inherits Containing

CoadClass & Object

Instance Connection

Gen-Spec Part-Whole

Jacobson ObjectAcquaintanceAssociation

Inherits Consists of

Odell Object type Relationship Subtype Composition

OMT Class Association Generalization Aggregation

Shlaer/Mellor Object Relationship Subtype N/A

Class Diagram Terminology

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Contents Introduction Software Development Object-Oriented Analysis Object-Oriented Design Summary

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Phases of a Development Cycle0. Requirement

analysis

1. Analysis

2. Design

3. Code

4. Test

UMLdiagram

UMLdiagram

Use Caseanalysis

Requirementspecification

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Phase of Development Requirement Analysis Analysis Design Code Test

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Contents Introduction Software Development Object-Oriented Analysis Object-Oriented Design Summary

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OO Analysis

Phase 1. Use Case Modeling

Phase 2. Class Finding & Refinement

Phase 3. Object Finding

Phase 4. Class Relationship

Phase 5. Class Specification

Phase 6. Analysis Refinement

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OOA Phase 1. Use Case Modeling Introduced by Jacobson(1994) Use Case modeling by user requirement Relationship among actors and Use Cases Actors carry out Use Cases Use Case is a typical interaction between a user

and a computer system <<extends>> relationship : similar but do a bit more <<uses>> relationship : a chunk of behavior similar

across more than one use case

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Use Case Diagram

Trading Manager

Set Limits

Capture Deal

Trader

Limits Exceeded

Valuation

Salesperson

Price Deal

Analyze Risk

UpdateAccounts Accounting

System

<<uses>>

<<uses>>

Use Case

Actor

<<extends>>

Use Case for a financial trading system

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OOA Phase 2. Class Finding & Refinement

For each Use Case, finding classes Class Finding

Class Diagram Class Refinement

Remove redundant Name same, semantics different

aaa 18

Class The name of a class has scope within the

package in which it is declared and the name must be unique (among class names) within its package

References Show a reference to a class defined in another

package Package-name::class-name

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Class Diagram Showing the static structure of the system A graph of modeling elements shown on a

two-dimensional surface A collection of (static) declarative model e

lements, such as classes, types, and their relationships, connected as a graph to each other and to their contents

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Type A type is descriptor for objects with abstract

state, concrete external operation specification, and no operation implementations

Classes implement types Shown as a stereotype of a class symbol with the

stereotype <<type>> May contain lists of abstract attributes and of

operations May contain a context and specifications of its

operations accordingly

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Examples of Class Diagram

Windows

Windows

size: Areavisibility: Boolean

display ( )hide ( )

Windows{abstract, author = Joe,status=tested}

+size: Area=(100,100)#visible: Boolean=invisible+default-size: Rectangle#maximum-size: Rectangle-xptr: Xwindow*

+display ( )+hide ( )+create ( )-attachXWindow(xwin:Xwin*)

attributes

methods

class name

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Name Compartment Displays the name of the class and other

properties in up to 3 sections An optional stereotype keyword, the name, a

property list

<< controller >>PenTracker

{ abstract }

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OOA Phase 3. Object Finding

For each class, finding objects, and making object interaction diagram

Sequence Diagram Collaboration Diagram

Finding messages within objects

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Object Diagram A graph of instances Static object diagram is an instance of a class dia

gram Dynamic object diagram shows the detailed state

of a system over some period of time Class diagrams can contain objects, so a class di

agram with objects and no classes is an “object diagram”

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Sequence Diagram(1/2) Showing an interaction arranged in time s

equence Showing the explicit sequence of message

s Better for real-time specifications and for

complex scenarios

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Sequence Diagram(2/2)

:caller :exchange :receiver

a

b

c

d

d’

lift receiver

dial tone

dial digit

....route

phone rings

answer phone

stop ringingstop tone

ringing tone

{b-a < 1 sec.}

{c-b < 10 sec.}

The call isrouted throughthe network{d’-d < 5 sec.}

At this pointthe partiescan talk

The horizontal dimension represents different objects

The vertical dimension represents time

Sequence diagram for concurrent objects

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Collaboration Diagram(1/2) Showing the relationships among objects Better for understanding all of the effects

on a given object and for procedural design

Showing an interaction organized around the objects in the interaction and their links to each other

Not showing time as a separate dimension

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Collaboration Diagram(2/2): Order Entry Window

: Order

Macallan line : Order Line

: Delivery Item

Macallan stock : Stock Item

: Reorder Item

Object

1: prepare()

2* : prepare()

7: [check == true] new

3: check()

4: [check == true] remove()

6: new

Message

Sequence number

Self-Delegation

5 : needToReOrder()

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OOA Phase 4. Class Relationship

Finding class relationships from Object Diagrams

Is-A Aggregation Link

Relationship which is not Is-A, nor Aggregation

Between classes that exchange messages

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Association Relationship Association relationship is drawn as a solid path

connecting two class symbols OR-association

Only one of several potential associations may be instantiated at one time for any single object

Company Person* Works-for 1..*

employer employee

Jobsalary

boss

Manages

0..1worker *

Account

Person

Corporation

{or}

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Aggregation & Composition Aggregation

Part of relationship Composition Relationship

Form of aggregation with strong ownership and coincident lifetime of part with the whole

The multiplicity of the aggregate end may not exceed one

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Example of Aggregation and Composition

Graphics Bundle

colortexture

Polygon

Point

{ordered} 3..*

1

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Aggregation relationship

Composition relationship

Aggregation and Composition

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Generalization Taxonomic relationship between a more g

eneral element and a more specific element

Shape

Polygon Ellipse Spline

{overlapping}

Shape

Polygon Ellipse Spline

{overlapping}

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OOA Phase 5. Class Specification

Attribute Behavior

By object interaction diagrams Operation

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Attribute A text string that can be parsed into the various

properties of an attribute model element The default syntax

Visibility name:type-expression=initial-value{property-string}

Visibility + public # protected - private

A class-scope attribute is shown by underlining the entire string

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Operation A text string that can be parsed into the various

properties of an operation model element Visibility name (parameter-list): return-type-expr

essoin=initial-value{property-string} Visibility

+ public # protected - private

Parameter-list name: : type-expression = default-value

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Examples of Attributes and Operations

Windows

Windows

size: Areavisibility: Boolean

display ( )hide ( )

Windows{abstract, author = Joe,status=tested}

+size: Area=(100,100)#visible: Boolean=invisible+default-size: Rectangle#maximum-size: Rectangle-xptr: Xwindow*

+display ( )+hide ( )+create ( )-attachXWindow(xwin:Xwin*)

attributes

methods

class name

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OOA Phase 6. Analysis Refinement

Review all processes of analysis

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Other UML Diagrams By user needs State Diagram Activity Diagram

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State Diagram(1/2) A familiar technique to describe the

behavior of a system Describe all the possible states a particular

object can get into and how the object’s state changes as a result of events

Drawn for a single class to show the lifetime behavior of a single object

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State Diagram(2/2)

Activephone#

Timeoutdo/play message

DialTonedo/play dial tone

Dialing

Invaliddo/play message

Connecting

Idle

lift receiver/get dial tone

caller hangs up/disconnect

15 sec. 15 sec.dial digit(n)[incomplete]

dial digit(n)

dial digit(n)[invalid] dial digit(n)[valid]/connect

state

transition

guard

transition : event[guard(logical condition)]/action

start

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Activity Diagram(1/2) A special case of a state diagram in which all of

the states are action states and in which all of the transitions are triggered by completion of the actions in the source states

Use activity diagrams in situations where all or most of the events represent the completion of internally-generated actions

Use ordinary state diagrams in situations where asynchronous events occur

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Activity Diagram(2/2)

Find Beverage

Put Coffee in Filter Add Water to Reservoir Get Cups

Put Filter in Machine

Turn on Machine

Brew coffee

Pour Coffee

Get cans of cola

Drink

[no coffee]

[found coffee]

[no cola]

[found cola]

^coffeePot.turnOn

light goes out

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Contents Introduction Software Development Object-Oriented Analysis Object-Oriented Design Summary

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OO Design Add implementation classes (DLL, …) Process

Consider the performance Deployment Diagram

Architecture diagram System placement

Component Diagram Interface

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Interface The use of type to describe the externally-

visible behavior of a class component, or other entity

String

.....

isEqual(String):Booleanhash():Integer

HashTable*contents

Hashable

Comparable

<<interface>> Comparable

isEqual(String) : Booleanhash():Integer

<<uses>>

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Types and Implementation Class

<<type>>Collection

<<implementation class>>HashTable

<<type>> Set

elements : Collection

addElement(Object)removeElement(Object)testElement(Object) : Boolean

<<implementation class>> HashTableSet

elements : Collection

addElement(Object)removeElement(Object)testElement(Object) : BooleansetTableSize(Integer)

Realize relationship

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Implementation Diagram Show aspects of implementation, including sour

ce code structure and run-time implementation structure

Component Diagrams Show the structure of the code itself

Deployment Diagrams Show the structure of the runtime system

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Deployment Diagram

Scheduler

Planner

GUI

reservations

update

Scheduler

Planner

<<database>>meetingsDB

AdminServer:HostMachine

Joe’sMachine:PC

reservations

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Summary UML is a standard for OOA&D Software Development

Requirement Analysis Object-Oriented Analysis Object-Oriented Design Code Test