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US vs. Blind Needle Insertion/Anatomic ULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMIC Localization ULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE
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ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle...

Feb 26, 2018

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Page 1: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

US vs. Blind Needle Insertion/Anatomic 

ULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMICLocalizationULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE

Page 2: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

GENERAL STUDIES ON USGENERAL STUDIES ON US GUIDANCE

Page 3: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Guided interventions in MSK US:( )J. Davidson, S. Jayaraman Clinical Radiology 66(2011) 140‐152

• Review Article: US guided interventions, injections,Review Article: US guided interventions, injections, adults – included BoNT injections

• Reported little evidence regarding  efficacy of  infection control methods – Practice: clean  site with alcohol – Sterile saline used as coupling agent.– Probe  cleaned (using alcohol directly may damage probe)– Probe covers used only for deep injectionsAudited injection rates: 0 in > 2000 injections– Audited injection rates:  0 in > 2000 injections 

Page 4: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Guided interventions in MSK US:( )J. Davidson, S. Jayaraman Clinical Radiology 66(2011) 140‐152

• Categories of Us guided proceduresCategories of Us guided procedures– Guided intervention: Lavage, dry needling, Brisement electro coagulation cryotherapyBrisement, electro coagulation, cryotherapy

– Injections: LA, corticosteroid, autologous substances, sclerosants, Prolo, BoNTsubstances, sclerosants, Prolo, BoNT

– Future Direction: Mesenchymal stem cells for tendon repairp

Page 5: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Guided interventions: what’s the evidence?J. Davidson, S. Jayaraman Clinical Radiology 66(2011) 140‐152J. Davidson, S. Jayaraman Clinical Radiology 66(2011) 140 152

Continued

• Evidence  for  better results with US guided  interventions:de ce fo be e esu s US gu ded e e o s– Anecdotal: Dry Needling– Prospective, non randomizedp ,

• Brisement: 1 study, 30 patients improvement in symptoms following injection LA, steroid

• Electrocoagulation: 1 study 11 patients, Achilles T: symptomatic relief g y p , y p

– Cochrane reviews: Numerous for steroid injections

– RCT : BoNT: several  for psoas spasticity , plantar fascitis,  lateral Epicondylosis– Numerous studies: Sclerosants: + outcome US guided injections of stump 

neuromata, Achilles and patellar tendinosis

– Small studies: Prolotherapy, autologous substances, enocyte like cells  

Page 6: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Berweck and Heinen: Movement Disorders Supplement 2004

• US guided BoNT injections (20 000 injections)US guided BoNT injections (20,000 injections)– Precise, real‐time, visually guided injection into the center of every targeted muscle belly incenter of every targeted muscle belly in lower/upper extremity is possible

• US enables differential target selectionUS enables differential target selection. – Precisely choose injection: adductor longus gracilis

• Based on US/clinical evaluationBased on US/clinical evaluation– Observe for  adductor spasm with knee flexion or extension.

Page 7: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Berweck and Heinen: Movement Disorders Supplement 2004

• ConclusionsConclusions– US prevents:

• Accidental sub‐Q or intravascular injections • Mis‐directed injection in deep or atrophied muscles

– Compared to conventional methods US surpasses th i i t h iother imaging techniques

– As an add‐on procedure it demands little additional time and avoids X‐ray exposureadditional time and avoids X‐ray  exposure

– US images may be stored electronically or printed for documentation

Page 8: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

ULTRASOUND PROSPECTIVEULTRASOUND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES

Page 9: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

US‐guided BoNT‐A injection Iliopsoas Muscle in  Children with CP 

Depedhbi et al NeuroRehabilitation 2008 

• Prospective study:Prospective study: – 18 patients, CP – Multilevel BTX‐A injections j– Dose of 15 U/kg

• Assessments:Assessments: – Before, weeks 5 and 12 post‐injection: 

• Thomas test, Duncan‐Ely test, PROM , distance between knee (DBK), Selective Motor Control (SMC) scale,  MAS modified Physician rating scale (mPRS)

– Before and week 12: GMFM WeeFIMBefore and week 12: GMFM, WeeFIM

Page 10: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

US‐guided BoNTA injection iliopsoas Children, CP dhb l h b lDepedhbi et al NeuroRehabilitation 2008 

• Results • Improvement not lasting – Wk 5:  significant 

improvements  • Spasticity (p < 0.01)

p gto week 12– MAS (p > 0.05)

Tardieu (adductors) (p >Spasticity (p < 0.01)• mPRS and PROM,  • No improvement in SMC

– Tardieu (adductors) (p > 0.05)

• Conclusion: SMC

• Week 12: Improved – GMFM  (p< 0.001)

• BoNTA enhanced function/motor abilities

• US facilitated muscle– WeeFIM (p< 0.001).– Improved PROM, mPRS

(p< 0.01)  

• US facilitated muscle localization

Page 11: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Boon A et al: Cadaver Study, Blind Needle Pl US G id d PlPlacement vs. US Guided Placement

• 14 lower limb muscles, 2 fresh frozen cadavers14 lower limb muscles, 2 fresh frozen cadavers– Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement– Fine wire placed under US guidance 

• 2 clinicians– Experienced EMG AttendingExperienced EMG Attending– Resident with 6 months EMG experience

• Fine Wire placement checked by CT• Fine Wire placement checked by CT

Accuracy of electromyography needle placement in cadavers: non‐guided vs. ultrasound guided. Boon AJ et al  Muscle Nerve. 2011 Jul;44(1):45‐9. 

Page 12: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

ULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMICULTRASOUND VS. ANATOMIC LOCALIZATION

Page 13: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Boon et al, Blind Needle Placement vs. USBoon et al, Blind Needle Placement vs. US

• Accurate placement = in target muscle or ≤ 5mmAccurate placement   in target muscle or  ≤ 5mm deep to muscle

• Location of needle relative to vital structures wasLocation of needle relative to vital structures was also noted ( ≤ 5mm )

• For inaccurate placement, trajectory of the wireFor inaccurate placement, trajectory of the wire was recorded i.e. correct or not

• Overall AccuracyOverall Accuracy – Blind placement: 39%– US Guided: 96%

Page 14: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Boon et al, Blind Needle Placement vs. USBoon et al, Blind Needle Placement vs. US

• Blind placement range of accuracyBlind placement, range of accuracy– 0%  :FDI, Semi T, Semi M, Rectus fem

• US Guidance: 100% for these musclesUS Guidance: 100% for these muscles

– 100% Tib, Ant, Short head biceps femoris

Boon A 

Page 15: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Non‐guided  Ultrasound‐guidedMuscle      # Correct             %  # Correct     % 

Attempts Placement    Accuracy Attempts Placement Accuracy

Rect F   4 0 0 4 4 100

Gracilis    4  3  75 4  4  100

BF SH  4 4 100  4  4  100

BF LH 4  1  25 4 4  100

ST 4 0 0 4 2 50ST  4 0  0 4 2  50

Poplit. 4  0 0  4 2 50  

Tib ant 4  4              100 4   4  100

Page 16: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Non‐guided  Ultrasound‐guidedMuscle Number Correct  %  Number of           Correct            % 

Attempts Placement Accuracy Attempts          Placement Accuracy

EHL 4 0 0 4  4  100

Per Long 4  3  75  4  4     100g

Per tertius   4  3  75 4              4  100

Tib post       4               2  50  4  4 100

FHL 4  1  25  4  4  100

Abd hal 4  1  25 4  4  100

FDI pedis 4 0 0 4 4 100FDI pedis     4 0 0 4  4  100

Page 17: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Boon et al.Boon et al.

• Does experience matter?Does experience matter?– No statistical difference between the more experienced and less experienced clinicianexperienced and less experienced clinician

– Experienced clinician had a more accurate trajectory (82% vs. 50%)trajectory (82% vs. 50%)

Page 18: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Accuracy of Manual Needle Placement Checked by US E J Y lUS Eun Joo Yang et al, Archives PM&R 2009

• Prospective study: 272 injections, 39 children• Injection site selected by anatomic landmarks• Needle site checked by second clinician using  ultrasound• Accuracy of injection

– 64% lateral gastrocnemius• Accuracy lower in younger/smaller patients

– 92 %medial gastrocnemius

• Conclusion: landmark based injection guidance not• Conclusion: landmark based injection  guidance not acceptable for lateral gastrocnemius

Page 19: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Conclusions: Even in a relatively superficial , l l US i i t t ilarge muscle US is superior to anatomic 

localization

Lateral Gastrocnemius Medial Gastrocnemius

Page 20: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

UPPER LIMBMUSCLESHenzel et al 2010

UPPER LIMB MUSCLES

Page 21: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Surface vs US Localization to Identify Forearm Flexor Muscles for BoNTMuscles for BoNT 

Henzel, Munin et al PMR 2010

• 18 Patients, problematic upper limb spasticity18 Patients, problematic upper limb spasticity– Excluded  patients with: severe contractures or trauma

• Anatomic localization techniques:q• Delagi: FPL, FCR, PT, • Bickerton: FDS individual fascicles

– Method: • Proximal‐distal: reference line: medial epicondyle‐psiform. 

– Relative prox:distal distances calculated ,  expressed as % length

• Medial‐lateral coordinated: perpendicular to above line– Measured in mm lateral (radial) to reference lineMeasured in mm lateral (radial) to reference line

Page 22: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Surface vs US Localization Forearm Flexor Muscles for BoNT: continuedBoNT: continued Henzel et al PMR 2010

• Results:• Results:• Optimal site for injection were expressed as

• US localization technique – Coordinates as above

• Proximal Distal were expressed as  – % LL – Lateral coordinates (mm)

• Proximal‐ Distal,• Medial ‐lateral 

• Localization methods  ( )compared by – Wilcoxon signed rank test– 1 Sample T Test

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Surface vs US Localization Forearm Flexor Muscles for BoNT: continuedBoNT: continued Henzel et al PMR 2010

• Results: Significant differences in optimal site:Results: Significant differences in optimal site:– Proximal‐Distal  site: 

• FPL (p 042)FPL (p.042)• PT (p .003) • Trend FCR (.066).( )

– Lateral distance from reference line: • FDS3 (.011)• FCR (.023)• Trend in FDS2 (.052), FDS4 (.088)

Page 24: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Surface vs US Localization Forearm Flexor Muscles for BoNT: continuedBoNT: continued Henzel et al PMR 2010

• Conclusion:Conclusion: • US localization revealed significant differences in optimal muscle injection site compared toin optimal muscle injection site compared to surface guided recommendations– May be due to many factorsy y

• Cadaver specimens used for surface references• Patient size

h f f• Positioning patients with spasticity for surface techniques

• 3D distortion from spasticityp y

Page 25: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Why Use Ultrasound Guidance: Is There Evidence to Support IncreasedThere Evidence to Support Increased 

Accuracy?

Page 26: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

US Guided BoNT Injections in Children with CP Annals Phys Med 2009CP Annals Phys Med 2009

Py AG, Zein Addeen G, Perrier Y, Carlier RY, Picard A 

Prospective Study:  Efficacy BoNT

• Lower limbs children with CP according to :• Lower limbs, children with CP according to : – Age,  dose,  dilution,  injection site N dl l h i ( l US)– Needle placement technique (manual  vs.  US) 

– Patient Selection: All children /CP  over 1 year who i d B NTA ( dd HS t / l ) ld breceived BoNTA (add, HS,  gastroc/soleus)  could be 

included

Page 27: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Py AG et al continuedPy AG et al continued

MethodsMethods• 54 patients participated

30 i d B NT ith US id– 30 received BoNT with US guidance• Pre‐/post‐ BoNT evaluations were done 

Cli i l i ti– Clinical examination – GMFM‐88. 

• RESULTS: Overall clinical effectiveness for 51% of• RESULTS: Overall clinical effectiveness for 51% of  children

• Efficacy significantly higher for children < 6 or > 12• Efficacy significantly higher for children < 6  or > 12

Page 28: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

Py AG et al continuedPy AG et al continued

Efficacy Functional OutcomeEfficacy

Higher when:Doses > 0 8 UI/kg/muscle Botox

Functional Outcome– At 1 month improved in 24%– Improvement significantly– Doses >  0.8 UI/kg/muscle Botox

– When the injected muscles were hamstrings or gastrocnemius,

Improvement significantly better for • < 6 years old 

I j ti d lt d– When the injections were 

guided by ultrasoundil i h d ff li i l

• Injections under ultrasound – CONCLUSIONS: study confirmed  

effectiveness of  BoNT was – Dilution had no effect on clinical 

effectiveness. • Higher in younger children• With injected doses higher than 0.8 

UI/kg per muscle Botox I j ti id d b lt d• Injections guided by ultrasound.

Page 29: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

US VS. E‐STIMUS VS. E STIM

Page 30: ULTRASOUNDVS. ANATOMIC TECHNIQUES: WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE · PDF file– Pros pp, ective , non randomized • Brisement: ... – Fine wire placed using standard manual needle placement

BoNT Calf  Muscles, Equinus in CP: Controlled Trial Comparing US and E‐Stim: p g

Kwon Am J Phys Med Rehab 2010

• 32 children CP equinus gait32 children CP, equinus gait  – Enrolled in separate categories based on GMFCS  

• 2 groups US and E Stim• 2 groups: US  and E‐Stim • Gastrocnemius (n 30)

– Equal dose  BoNT , 4‐6 sites, 30 children

• Injection guidance: 14 E‐Stim 16 US• Evaluation: baseline, 1, 3 months post injection

– MAS M‐Tardieu selective motor control PRS‐gaitMAS, M Tardieu, selective motor control, PRS gait 

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BoNT calf muscles for treatment of equinus in CP: controlled trial comparing US and E‐stim Kwon Am J Physcontrolled trial comparing US and E stim Kwon Am J Phys 

Med Rehab 2010

• ResultsResults– US Group: significantly improved PRS subscales 

• Gait pattern • Hindfoot position• Maximum foot/floor contact during stance  

l d ff d• No statistical differences noted – MAS– M‐Tardieu Scale– Selective Motor Control.

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OTHER RELEVANT STUDIESOTHER RELEVANT STUDIES

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In Ho Lee, et alAJR:192, April 2009

Experience  with Imaging Guided BoNT in Cervical Dystonia (CD)

Results

Aft CT US id d IM BTXBoNT in Cervical  Dystonia (CD)

• 2005‐2008, 14 patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia

• After CT or US guided IM BTX injections, all 8 pts had markedly reduced pain/neck  by Tsui and TWSTRS b l

p y• Evaluated clinically, with 

EMG, PET and CT

TWSTRS subscale• Conclusion: Imaging guidance 

mandatory for injections into • 8 Patients had BoNT 

injections performed under US (5) or CT (1), both (2)

deep neck muscles or  those with  focal area of high SUV by CT

• Imaging provides accurate( ) ( ), ( )• 13 Sessions

– 7 US, 6 CT

Imaging provides accurate targeting,  avoids injury to important structures including carotid vesselscarotid vessels

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Case Report: Vasogenic  TOSDanielson and Odderson Am J Phys Med 2008Danielson and Odderson Am J Phys Med 2008 

• Vascular  TOSR d d BF d i di l t– Reduced BF measured in radial  artery

– 3 x increased velocity across stenotic area of subclavian artery with arm h per abd ctedhyper‐abducted

• Tx: 15 Units OnabotulinumtoxinAinjected into anterior scalene, US  Pre OnabotulinumtoxinAguided

• Post injectionI d bl d fl i ti– Improved blood flow in provocative position

– Decreased symptoms

Post BotulinumtoxinADaniel & Odderson Am J Phys Med 2008