Ultra Low Emission Vehicles: The business case, the ... · Ultra Low Emission Vehicles: The business case, the technology ... operational project brokerage ... RPC –Reduced Pollution

Ultra Low Emission Vehicles: The business case, the technology

and best practice

Luke RedfernCommercial Partnerships Manager

[email protected]

Cenex Overview of LCV Technology

Cenex partners and clients

Economic development, business case advice, techno-market consultancy, due diligence

Trial management and implementation support of Low carbon vehicle technology and energy infrastructure

Advice and implementation support for fleets and cities (e-,H2,CH4)

Policy, public affairs and operational ‘project brokerage’ support, project dissemination including the LCV event

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Where to begin?

CAZ – Clean Air ZoneEuro IV, V, VI, EEVULEV – Ultra Low Emission VehiclePiVG – Plug-in Van GrantPiVC – Plug-in Car GrantOLEV – Office for Low Emission VehiclesGUL – Go Ultra LowEV – Electric VehiclePHEV – Plug-In Hybrid Electric VehicleCVTF – Clean Vehicle Technology FundLEZ – Low Emission ZoneRPC – Reduced Pollution CertificateREEV – Range Extended Electric VehiclePiP – Plugged-In PlacesEuro 4, 5, 6

DfT

ULEVs

OLEV

EVs, PHEVs, REEVs

PiVG & PiCG

PiP & GUL



Technology is moving forwards

Conventional ICE

Simple Hybrid

Plug-In Hybrid

Pure EV Hydrogen

2010 2015 2020 2025

Adapted from Automotive Council 2013 Roadmaps

• General acceptance that there is a need to lower the emissions impact of vehicles

http://www.automotivecouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Automotive-Council-Roadmaps.pdf


Benefits to the business

Plug-in Van/Car

GrantClass 1A NI

BIK tax savings

VED Fuel CostsReduced

SMR Costs

Whole life cost saving / total cost of ownership


Low Emission Vehicles: The Vehicle Technology


Battery Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Costs can be anywhere from £13,945 to £100,000+


Plug-In Hybrid (PHEVs)



Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REx, REEV)

Costs can be anywhere from £35,000+


Simple Hybrid Technology

• A hybrid vehicle combines two power sources, an ICE and battery.• A stop-start system, plus energy recovery from braking and limited engine assist

under acceleration


Hydrogen



Low Emission Vehicles: The Infrastructure Technology


Charging Electric Vehicles

Case B Case C

Case A

Conductive



Inductive




Charging Speeds

Slow or standard charging is typically:• 0-100% in 10-12 hours• 13-16 Amps AC single phase• UK household or “caravan hook-up” style

plug and socket (BS1363) or “Blue Commando” (EN60309)

Fast charging is typically:• 0-100% in 4-6 hours• 16-32 Amps AC single phase• Type 2 plug and socket

Semi-rapid charging is typically:• 0-100% in 1-2 hours• 32 Amps AC three phase• Type 2 plug and socket

Rapid charging is typically:• 0-80% in 20-30 minutes• 63 Amps AC three phase or 100

Amps DC• Type 2 (AC), JEVS/G105 (DC) or

CCS Combo 2 (DC)


Charge Point Costs


Charge Point Costs


Siting Chargepoints

• Identify major routes through the region and the traffic flow on them

• Determine what charge point sites are planned within the region

• National and regional EV registration data should be utilised to identify clear locations that possess an EV customer base

• Sites that allow a good dwell time should be considered, with a criteria that evaluates;• proximity to attractions• space size and utilisation• power supply availability• ownership and contract obligations• security (e.g. CCTV)• existing infrastructure (e.g. availability of walls for wall

mounted points).


Hydrogen Refuelling

• UK hydrogen infrastructure deployment only emerging

• Typically for research purposes or for specific fleets

• Dispensed at either 350 or 700 bar gas

350 bar provided by TK16 nozzle 700 bar provided by TK17 nozzle


Case Studies


British Gas, and the eNV200

• Cenex was commissioned by British Gas to examine the potential cost, emissions and performance implications of integrating electric vehicles into their fleet operations. British Gas operates the third largest fleet in the UK, covering over 160 million miles per year.

• e-NV200 could be a commercial, environmental and operational success in city environments given the (TCO) identified.

• Variations in range due to differing driving duties and high auxiliary loads in cold weather were not overlooked


Segmentation• May need to change the way we segment, and think past the usual ‘categories’

Grey Fleet & Company Cars

HGVs

White Fleet


Segmentation• Start to segment vehicles on their average usage, and change driver behaviour

200miles+

Long distance company car

Rural deliveries

Pool car

Back to base vehicles

Urban deliveries


Wyre Forest Council

Vehicle make & model Ford Transit Connect T220 L75

Vehicle reg. number KT07 OAJ

Data date range 12/04/2016 to 26/04/2016

Average daily mileage 36.7 miles

Days/week usage 6.1 days

Extrapolated annual mileage 11600 miles

Average journeys per day 14.9 journeys

Average journey mileage 2.5 miles

Average daily driving time 2 hours and 36 mins

Average journey driving time 10 mins 30 seconds

In an electric vehicle:

Average daily % charge used 60% State of Charge

Average daily battery capacity used 12.5 kWh out of 21kWh

Driving habit distribution based on observation of usual routes followed

by the vehicle.


Wyre Forest Council

27% of the days the vehicle would need charging during the day, approximately a 20% SoC top-up charge. Using a fast charger (6.6 kW) this would take ca. 40 mins, while a slow charger (3.3 kW) would take ca. 1 hour 30 mins.


Wyre Forest Council

This model, based on 5 years of ownership, proves thestrong economic and environmental advantage of theelectric vehicles against the diesel vehicle. The lack of taxes,the plug-in van grant, and the lower fuel and maintenancecosts combine to allow strong whole life cost savings. TheNissan e-NV200 shows a better economic performancecompared to the Renault Kangoo ZE due to its lowerdepreciation rate (thus higher resale value). The electricvehicles offer a 100% reduction in tailpipe CO2 emissionsand a 42% reduction in well-to-wheel CO2 emissions.


West Midlands Police Service

• Cenex ran a consultancy project with West Midlands Police (WMP) to test the possibility of using the Nissan LEAF as “diary cars” in their fleet operations

• After a successful trial with Cenex, in June 2013 the force ordered 30 LEAFs to be split evenly across all 10 local policing units (LPUs) as diary cars to attend pre-arranged meetings with victims of crimes who have contacted the police

• The cars typically travel 40 to 45 miles a day, but this varies depending on the LPU. They are currently exploring other opportunities for further LCVs in their fleet operations.


West Midlands Police Service

• After eight months, the real-world data showed…

Total EV miles:256,200

Total fuel cost saving:£24,472

Equivalent to the cost of a year's pay for one new police recruit!

Reduced tailpipe emissions:68 tonnes CO2


Van Cost and Carbon Calculator Tool

• Cenex’s VC3 tool enables fleet decision makers to assess the feasibility of incorporating new low carbon vans into their fleet. The tool is based on real-world driving cycles, meaning it predicts real-world fuel consumption.

• By providing a realistic whole life cost, the VC3

de-risks the implementation of low carbon fleet solutions.

• The VC3 tool was developed by Cenex with funding from the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership (LowCVP).

• http://vc3.cenex.co.uk/

http://vc3.cenex.co.uk/

Thank you for listening

Luke RedfernCommercial Partnerships [email protected]@CenexLCFC

Ultra Low Emission Vehicles: The business case, the ... · Ultra Low Emission Vehicles: The business case, the technology ... operational project brokerage ... RPC –Reduced Pollution

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