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Ultra-High Power Density Piezoelectric Energy
Harvesters
Tian-Bing Xu and Jin Ho Kang National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666
Emilie J. Siochi NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681
Lei Zuo and Wanlu Zhou Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
Xiaoning Jiang Department of MAE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
Energy Harvesting & Storage USA 2015
Santa Clara, CA November18-19,2015
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160006660 2018-07-05T10:10:45+00:00Z
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Outline
~ Introduction: Background and motivation
~ Methodologies for harvesting more electrical energy
);;> Enhanced mechanical energy capture
);;> Increased mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency
);;> Increased energy storage efficiency
~ Experimental results and validation
)- Low cost piezoelectric harvester
~ Conclusions
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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Applications
Structural health monitoring
Bridge
Automobile Building
Power for portable devices
A soldier with portable electronics
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Vibration Sources
Vibration source Acceleration Frequency peak
(m/s2) G (9.8 m/s2) (Hz)
Car engine compartment 12 1.22 200
Base of 3-axis machine tool 10 1.0 70
Blender casing 6.4 0.65 121
Clothes dryer 3.5 0.36 121
Person tapping their heel 3 0.31 1
Car instrument panel 3 0.31 13
Door frame just after door closes 3 0.31 125
Small microwave oven 2.5 0.26 121
HVAC vents in office building 0.2-1.5 0.02-0.15 60
Windows next to a busy road 0.7 0.07 100
CD on notebook computer 0.6 0.06 75
Second story floor of busy office 0.2 0.02 100
Railway 1.078 - 1.568 0.11-0.16 12-16
Truck 1.96-3.43 0.2-0.35 8- 15
Ship 0.98-2.45 0.1-0.25 12- 13
4 Smart. Mater. Struct. 17 (2008) 043001; MRS Bulletin 37 (2012) 1039.
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-c 0
Power Consumption of Wireless Sensors
1£1 C P U Sleep • CPU On D CPU on + Radio D Max. power
250
200
);> Wireless sensors need power sources on the order of 1 00 mW
http://www.btnode.ethz.ch/Projects/SensorNetworkMuseum 5
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~
~
~
Cantilever Beambased Harvesters
S. Roundy and P. K. Wright, Smart Mater. Struct. 13(5}, 1131-
1142,2004
0.21-JW -4 mW Resonance mode operation >1 000 papers
State-of-the-Art Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters
Edge Clamped Circular Diaphragm
Harvesters • • • - ··- ••• •• • 211
Non P'lT Pli:~\UIIl CPnl
Kim, S., W. W. Clark and Q.-M. Wang, Journal of
Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 16: 847-854, 2005
~ ~ 1-20 mW ~ High resonance
frequency> 1000Hz
» Suitable for ~ acoustic pressure
Flextensional Harvesters
- Cymbal Multilayer stack
Kim, H.-W., A. Batra, S. Priya, Sosnicki, 0 ., N. Lhermet, K. Uchino, D. Markley, R. E.
Newnham, and H. F. F. Claeyssen, ACTUATOR
Hofmann, 2004, JJAP Vol. 43, 2006, 14 - 16 June 2006, No. 9A,pp. 6178-6183 Bremen, Germany
52 mW of electrical ~ 50 mW electrical power to a 400 kO power at the matched resistive resonance load under 70 Nrms frequency of 110 force at 1 00 Hz Hz with 0.85g Energy conversion acceleration efficiency: 7 .8°/o
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Vibration source
coupling to active element
Mechanical Engineering
Multidisciplin.ary Challenge
Piezoelectric elernent
energy conversion efficiency and its
measurement
Materials Science
charge transport and delivery to load
Electrical Engineering
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Outline
~ Methodologies for harvesting more electrical energy
)' Enhanced mechanical energy capture
)' Increased mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency
)' Increased energy storage efficiency
s
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Approach 1: Capture More Mechanical Energy Two-stage Force Amplification Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (TS-FAPEH)
B
B Fcc = cot(~) cot( 82 )FAA . 2
EocFcc
If (}1=(}2= 11 o , then 625 times more mechanical energy can
be captured/transferred into each piezoelectric element
Tian-Bing Xu, Emilie J. Siochi, Lei Zuo, Xiaoning Jiang, and Jin Ho Kang, "Multistage Force Amplification of Piezoelectric Stacks" U.S. Patent 9,048,759 82, June 2015. 9
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Approach II: Increase Energy Conversion Efficiency Piezoelectric Material Selection and Mode
poling direction
"31 " energy conversion efficiency (k231)
"33" energy conversion efficiency (k233)
k~3 z ( 3 - 5) k~1
*TRS: http://www. trstechnologies.com
"33" mode Fz
0.55
"31" mode
0.53 0.46
SC-PMN-32% PT = Single
crystals of lead magnesium
niobate-lead titanate 10
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Approach Ill: Increase Energy Storage Efficiency Optimization of Multilayer Stacks
Rectifier
uper capacitor for energy storage C8
::-:· :::-::.;::<:f:<: ::< :;·;. ;:;·;:: :;·;:~t::: :;·:: ::·: ;::·::~ :;·;:~ ::·::l .:·::
~ :~~l!.t~~~:l!:~~i:i: ~~~:; ~~~: ·=:=· .:.:::.:,.:::.:. :::.:. :::.
<: ·<J>: :>:l ::: {: >:::·t :>: :::·~ :::
!t F
q = nd33F
Rectifier ~ >------.1 + ......__..... _ ______.! -
Super capacitor for energy storage C8
~ Optimize number of layers, n, for charge generation and collection
where ~ Q0 initial electric charge in the super-capacitor 11
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Multidisciplinary Integration and Design Optimization
Design Fabrication Integration --·-·-· .,..-·-· ...... .,-• .... ..... ·-· ..... .... ~ • . .,_ .
' ' ~ . • Parameters of Pl\lrN-PT ~
• Single C~stal MultilaJer •
\ Stack ' I . \ \ I . I .
I . \ . 62 piezoelectric layers \ . I . I • I . ' . \ .
I . I 22 mm x 5 mmx5 mm ., . ' . '· I • I
4.5 gram ; . •• 'I j I . . . ' ' .
I • ,, . . . ' I \ . . .
\ \ I . . . ' \ I
\ \ , •
' ~
' • ' .... .... ~ ' ~ • ~ . .... . _ . ....... .... .... .,_ .... . .. ___ . ... . ·-·--
).> Frame geometry and parameters design is critical
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Outline
I"" Backaround ....
e r e
se a tO eiectrica 1 0~ RifJ .r .......
energv
~ Experimental results and validation
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Harvesting Electrical Power
Directly Power 50 LEOs
34 gram
Generated Open Circuit Voltage
V = 18.5 V f = 3.25 Hz, Power = 6.0 mW nns'
........ 40-----.....----> i 3o ~ " ,. ~ n n ~ s 20 0 > 10 ""'C
2 0 ~
~ -10 ~ (!) -20 v v ~ ~ ~ ~
0 1
Time (s)
2
~ Two finger compression can directly power 50 LEOs.
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Off-resonance Mode Operation 34 gram TS-FAPEH
248mW
--15N rms
--10N rms
5N rms
10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
> The generated electrical power is proportional to
- frequency
- the square of the applied force. 15
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Resonance Mode Operation Without Proof Mass 34 gram TS-FAPEH
Frequency spectra Charging a 6,600 ~F Super-capacitor at 213 Hz with 1 g acceleration 100 -rn
"'0 e a>> .............. e Q) 10 Q) C) c ca Q)~
(!)~ 1
1000 -"'0 - ~ 100 2 ~ E ca ·- .......... (i5 u (i5 10 c: Q) 3: Q) w 0 1 (!) a..
0 "~50
366mW 754 mW/g2
@213Hz @213Hz
200 250
1.5 c 0
1.0 :t:#-ca (/) "- E Q) C)
a>-0.5 (.)
~
0.0 C'l c 1000 .Q
+-' ca 100 "- -Q)C'I
- C)
8 ~ 10 ~ E s.... ..........
1 Q)
~ 3o8-1 a..
~
150 e' Q) c:
100 w ""0
2.8
~ .8 en
Frequency (Hz}
0.5 1.0 1.5 Time (s)
)- It only took 1.4 seconds to charge a 6,600 J..LF super-capacitor
from 0 to 6.8 V (full) for 1 9rms acceleration
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.
Comparison With the State-of-the-Art
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters
Off-resonance mode operation Harvesters Weight Applied force Generated power density
(gram) Force Frequency electrical normalized by weight,
(Nrms) (Hz) power(mW) force2, and frequency {1JW/[kg.(Nrms)2. Hz]}
Cymbal 10.5 49.5 100 52 20.2 (K. Uchino and T. Ishii, Ferroelectncs,
400, 305 (201 0)
This TS-FAPEH 34 15 128 248 253
Resonance mode operation Type ofPEH Weight Excitation Generated Power density
(gram) Acceleration Frequenc electrical normalized by power(mW) weight and accel.2
(9rms) y (Hz) ~/(kg.g2)]
One-stage Flex tensional 269 0.9 110 50 0.23 (0. Sosnicki, N. Lhennet, and F. Claeyssen,
ACTUATOR 2006}
This TS-FAPEH 34 0.7 213 366 22
~ Power density is more one order of magnitude higher than others 17
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Outline
r s .... ... :")rc
r~oti
:rs•r
storaae
~ Low cost piezoelectric harvester
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Low Cost PZT Polycrystalline Ceramic Stack-Based TS-FAPEH
Overall: 20 . . 70 mm x 38 mm x 31 mm - 4.5 Hz, 3.5 mW >
Weight = 88 grams - ~ Q) 10 A C) " ro
~ +J
PZT ceramic stack: ~ 7 mm x7mm x 32.4 mm, 0·
"C
Weight = 9 grams Q) +J
~ Capacitance= 2.5 ~F Q) -10 . ~ ~ ~ c:: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ Q)
' (!) • .
.
-28 .0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time (s)
;..... Generated 3.5 mW electrical power from low frequency manual compression
;..... PZT polycrystalline material cost is 10 times lower than PMN-PT single
crystal material
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10 -C/)
Resonance Mode Operation PZT MS-FAPEH without Proof Mass
Frequency spectra Charging a 6,600 IJF Super-capacitor
--0.5 gnns a= 0.5 9rms• 108Hz a= 1 9rmS' 108Hz -c E a>> (5- 8 200 8 ~-----.------.200
'- Q) 1 Q) C'> c: ro Q) .....
(!)~
0.1
ro (.) 0.5 g ~ s;-1001-- rms Q) > 0.25 grms w .s 101----"'0 ....
$ ~ 1 ~ 0 Q)Q..
~ 0.1 (!)
0.1 g
0.01....,.......w .......................... _...__...~ 90 95 1 00 1 05 11 0 115 120
Frequency (Hz)
-. > -Q) ....
.J:; 0 -~6 '- 0 .E ca Q) a. 0>~ ca t!. 4 .=:: Q)
~g. ocn Q)~2 > 0> Q) II...
.....J ca .J:;
()0 0
-. > -Q) -. '-..., .J:; 0
150 E ..... ..... 6 '- '(3 - .E tV >- (I) a. ~ 0>~ Q)
100 c: ca t!. 4 .=:: Q) w ~g. "0 ~ -en 0 0 - "0 50 ..... Q) Q) 2 en > ~ Q)
.....J ca .J:; ()
0 00 2 4 6 8 10 1 2
Charging Time (S) Charging Time ( s)
» It took 8 seconds to charge a 6,600 J..LF super-capacitor from 0 to 6.8 V (full)
for 0.5 9rms acceleration and 2 seconds for 1 9rms acceleration.
150 S' E ->-~
100 Q) c: w "0
50 ~ 0 -en
30
20
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- 10 Ul
-c e (J)> +.J-
~ (l) (l) 0> r:::: co (l)~
(!)~
1
-No proof Mass - 20gram
Resonance Mode Operation PZT TS-FAPEH with Proof Masses
--No Mas --20gram --40 gra --50 gram
60 80 100 120 Frequency/Resonance Frequency
Frequency (Hz)
)> Adding proof mass
Lowered the resonance frequency
- Significantly increased the generated electrical power
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Resonance Mode Operation at 0.25 9rms Acceleration PZT TS-FAPEH with 50 gram Proof Mass
Power delivered to resistive loads
1200 ...c: - 400n 975 mW to 500 i ~1000 500n @ 85.8 Hz L.. s 600 n a> E 800 ~-a.. c
0 600 'U ·-+"" Q) ~ N
Q) 400 m Q) E (.) L.. (.) 200 0 <( z
80 85 90 Frequency (Hz)
Charging a 6,600 IJF Super-capacitor At 0.25 grms with 50 gram proof mass
>a 200 -(J) L..
J:: 0 -+"" +"" """")
L.. ·u 6 150 g J2 ca ~ Q) a.
0)~ C) L..
100 ~ ca s!. 4 ~ (J) 0 a. w > ::J "C '+-(/) (J) 0 50
L..
-"C2 0 (J) (J) +""
> C) Cl) (J) L..
_J m n o0 2 4 6 8 1 ~ Charging Time (S)
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'"', " ....
e
a
);> Conclusions
Outline
' nt" r~ tic -
es
sa r.
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Comparison of Two-Stage and Single-Stage
Flextensional Harvesters
Two-stage At 0.5 grms acceleration
§' E -'- 100 ~ ~
1
-Two Stage - One Stage
~ 400 -Two-stage S 350 - One-stag ....
~ 300 a.. ~ 250 ·c o 200 52 X (I)
w 150 /device "'0
2 100 ~ (I) c:: (I) C)
13 X /stack
10 100 Frequency (Hz)
1000 Frequncy/{Resonance Frequency)
One-stage
-~ The power density of the two-stage is more than one order of magnitude higher than the same-
stacked one-stage
~ The operational frequency of the TS-FAPEH is in the range of practical applications 24
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Conclusions
)> TS-FAPEH energy harvesters gave high energy (>10 times) density via three
approaches:
)> Two-stage structures that capture orders of magnitude more mechanical
energy
)> ~~3 ?? mode piezos that increase energy conversion efficiency
)> Optimized multilayer stacks that increase energy storage efficiency many
times
)> The TS-FAPEH generated significantly higher electrical power both off
resonance and at resonance -- with and without proof masses
)> A lower-cost PZT-multilayer TS-FAPEH also exhibits excellent performance
)> The resonance frequency of the TS-FAPEH is in the range of many practical
applications.
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Contact Information
~ For licensing/other business POC
»- Dr. Rhea I P. Turcotte »- NASA Langley Research Center »- Email: rhea• n turconel<y,nasa.ge:"' Phone: 757-864-8881
~ Questions?
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