ulsu.ca 2720.docx  · Web view2011-12-07 · History 2720 Canada Since 1867. Jan 12, 2009. A Snap Shot of Canada at Confederation . Geography - Consisted of four provinces - Quebec,

History 2720 Canada Since 1867

Jan 12, 2009A Snap Shot of Canada at Confederation

Geography - Consisted of four provinces - Quebec, Ont, NS, NB and even these provinces aren’t complete as we know them today. Population - 3.5 million. 7% of the pop or 140,000 are first nations and the rest are immigrants. Economy- Agrarian and raw materials driven. vast majority of Canadians are self employed. 80% live rurally. Farming Fishing and Forestry. Industrialization had begun by the time of Confederation. Montreal, Hamilton, and St. John’s were the centers of manufacturing. Family - Family is the major unit of economic organization. household unit is very fluid. 1 in 4 household have a person living in the home that is non-related. family’s are the backbone of society. the birth rate was already falling in 1867. marriage age was rising and this is main reason why the birthrate was falling. Children are expected to work and to supplement the family income. 60% of Children went to primary school for at least a few years. Religion and Ethnicity - Religion is a dominant part of a person’s life in 1867. Roman Catholicism is dominant in Quebec and Protestantism is dominant in Ontario. Ethnicity and Religion combined to become the main way a person identified themselves i.e. Irish Catholic or Scottish Presbyterian. People from Great Britain make up the majority of the pop with a large pop of French immigrants and small amounts of Blacks, Jews, and Eastern Europeans. very few natives w/i the new nation of Canada (0.6%) most live in Western Canada. Why Confederation? - so that BNA wouldn’t be annexed by the USA. People were worried about the Americans especially as they had a large army that suddenly had nothing to do as the American Civil War had just recently ended. The other main reason was that Britain didn’t want to keep Canada as a colony anymore and STRONGLY encouraged confederation. Province of Canada had political deadlock. the maritimes were considering it anyway. trade and protection

for the majority of Canadians July 1, 1867 was no different than June 30, 1867. It is an arbitrary date and thus this course will feel like we are jumping onto a moving train. from 1867 to 1914 Canada slowly becomes its own nation. two forces that push the progression of nationalism.

Industrial Capitalism - from the time of confed to WW1 there is strong protectionism with national policies to encourage the growth of Canadian industries.

“The State as a nation building force” - the Nation of Canada is no coincident it was purposefully built by the national gov’t

Jan 14, 2010

Rupert’s land was HBC territory and they held a 200 year monopoly of the territory and had already received a 21 year extension so one of the main tasks of Canada’s new gov’t was to decide what to do with the territory and the Metis living in the Red River. the Metis in the Red River didn’t like the HBC at all as they had been forced into a 100 year monopoly.Ontario was very eager to claim some or all of Rupert’s land for the new nation of Canada. the Metis of Red River were well aware that Rupert’s Land would probably end up in Canada and this worried them as they thought that they would have no say in what happened to their land. The people of the Red River were unaware of what was going on politically until survey crews arrived from OntarioEnter Louis Riel (LR) he led the protest against the gov’t that so arrogantly sent out survey crews to land that was already settled. LR was a hero to the French, Devil to the English and the first and foremost voice of anti-federalism. LR was a french speaking Metis from the RRC. he was recognized as being smart at a young age so he was sent to a seminary in Montreal for his education. upon his fathers death he left seminary and worked at a Montreal law firm. He fell in love with a women but her family wouldn’t allow her to marry a Metis in 1866 he returned to RRC as an educated man with law experience. at the time RRC was still under control of the HBC although the council of assinabioa was its form of self gov’t.in 1869 the fed gov’t of Canada anticipating the transfer of Rupert’s land to Canada sent in surveyor’s and started to build a road. the survey crews made the Metis think that they would lose their land as the land wasn’t being surveyed for them.the Metis organized a National Committee with Riel as Secretary. this committee stopped the surveyors and wouldn’t allow the new Governor into RRC. a few days later Riel is called before the gov’t. he stated that the Metis wouldn’t allow any foreign invaders into the RRCthe Governor did make it into the RRC but he was forced into the USA and 400 armed Metis took Fort Gary. which was akin to a formal declaration of power in the area. the National Committee invited all groups w/i the RRC to meet with the provisional gov’t at fort Gary. They prepared the List of Right (Metis Rights) LR is elected as president of new gov’tSome Canadians in the Colony began to gather and form a resistance to the Metis provisional gov’t the RRC plans on taking the list of rights to the fed gov’t in Ottawa. mistakes have been made but a peaceful solution is still hoped for. Scott a leader of a delegation of 50 protestors that went to Ft Gary against the Metis gov’t they were imprisoned. Thomas Scott insulted the Metis

guards so much that LR was called on to do something abut it. LR called for execution by firing squad of Thomas Scott. Scott was charged with Insubordination, found guilty and executed the rest of the prisoners were set free and the Metis delegation was sent to Ottawa. the list of rights were mostly accepted and became the Manitoba Act. the act spoke of

the rights of people to elect their own legislature, sheriffs, magistrates, Constables, School Commissioners etc.

legislature has power to pass all local laws legislature had to approve of all fed lawsMilitary had to be composed of people living in the territoryEnglish and French be common and both official languagestreaties with natives and fed gov’t be signedhave fair and full representation in Ottawa

The Manitoba Act was passed May 1870 and was based on the Metis list of rights. Manitoba became the fifth province in Confederation. Bilingual services are guaranteed there is also a guarantee of Catholic and Protestant Schools. 1.4 million acres are set aside for the children of the Metis this is in addition to the Metis keeping the lands they currently resided on. the Metis lost control of local natural resources

Other outcomes of the Resistance it’s clear that the new nation is going to have some democracy in the NWT as they nation build across the prairies. there will be cultural duality across Canada. represents the first example of Western alienation. the first conflict b/w the people of the west and the fed gov’t. the Metis are dispersed they had been dominant in RRC but the disperse b/c there is deceit in the land grant system. the majority of the land grants were not honored so they split up. went from 50% of the RRC pop being Metis to only 7% in 1886. pop in 1886 was 109,000 (total) b/c of their dispersal Metis lost all hope of parliamentary representationPeople in Ontario saw the resistance as illegal they saw LR as a Murderer. People in Quebec saw LR as a leader and a defender of the faith and French Culture.

Jan 19, 2010

Development of Political Parties - before confederation political parties often arose out of single issues (issue based parties) issues like prohibition, clerical lands and money and western expansion. Parties in Canada evolved soon after confederation into the two main parties in Canada, the Conservatives (le bleus, Tories) and the Liberals (rouges, grits,

reformers) these parties have a basic premises. the Conservatives defend the federal gov’t while the Liberals defend the local gov’t.Conservatives were much more in favor of state interventions while the liberals wanted lassiz-faire economics. Conservatives loved huge expensive gov’t projects like railways and canals and liberals supported pay as you go projects. in the elections of 3 out of the four new provinces elect conservative gov’ts and confederations is affirmed. Nova Scotia is the lone dissenter and by electing a Liberal gov’t they show that even though they are a part of confederation they are against it.

BC (1871) and PEI (1873) enter confederation - BC is the 6th province to enter and they waited to enter confederation until they were promised a railway. BC had a debt of 1.3 million b/c of their own railway and road building endeavors. An insurmountable debt for the province of BC at the time. Canada took over BC’s debt and promised to give them an annual allowance of $100,000, a wagon road from New Westminster to Fort Gary and a railroad connection with the rest of Canada. BC was paid to join confederation. PEI the smallest and 7th province to enter. they too had a debt that they could never pay off. They too were interested in a railway. PEI wanted to get out of their system of absentee landlords. The federal gov’t agreed to buy out the remaining landlords. a clause is written that states that the fed gov’t will provide PEI with “continuous communication with the main land”Pacific Scandal of 1873 - the fed gov’t decided to award the contract for the construction of the CPR which was a 30 millions dollar plus 20,000 hectare contract (a massive contract) to a montreal firm. they were awarded the contract b/c they had gone to Cartier and threatened to end his career and then made a $360,000 “donation” to the conservative party. when the scandal broke in 1873 it caused the MacDonald gov’t to fall and the Conservatives to lose following election

Effect of Confederation on First Nations - it was clear in the BNA that Natives were under the prevue of the fed gov’t and that it was thought that it wouldn’t be a big issue.Royal Proclamation of 1763 - this was the precedent that was set by the British that was/is used by the fed gov’t in signing treaties with native groups. it is sometimes referred to as the Indian Bill of Rights or the Charter of Indian Rights. the basic premise is that unless land has been formally ceded to Whites then it still belongs to first nations. Treaties 1-7 - the fed gov’t began signing treaties with the natives in 1871. the treaties followed the movement of population across the prairies and the North/Arctic. there are usually more provisions in later treaties for ag provisions while there are very few in early treaties. some had medical clauses as well. the Gov’t saw these treaties as black and white and that the natives had surrendered all of their rights on the larger piece of land

while aboriginal people saw it as sharing the lands. commonalities of the treatiesthe aboriginal peoples giver up their rights for a larger piece of land in exchange for a reserve and a payment (often $3 per person that moved the the reserve) and then an annual allowance of people on the reserve. The size of the reserve is to be based on 160 acres per family. the fed gov’t provided a school on each reserve.there would be no sales of alcohol on the reserves.

- Ipaso-Muxika (Chief Crowfoot) 1830-1890. Was an influential native in negotiations b/w the blackfoot and the fed gov’t. he was Born into the Blood tribe but after his fathers death his mother married into the Blackfoot. He became a well known warrior and was wounded in the foot which is where he got his name of Crowfoot. demonstrated his leadership abilities among the Blackfoot in many battles. during the 1870’s he saw the damage that was happening to his people after confederation and he was very open with the gov’t and he encouraged the arrival of the NWMP to quell the Whiskey Trade. he encouraged his people to sign treaties. He went to Ottawa and was thanked by John A MacDonald personally. Indian Act of 1876 - essentially made “status Indians” wards of the crown. an Indian Women who married a non-Indian man under the act had her status as a native taken away from her and her children, this wasn’t amended until 1985. the Indian Act gave natives a legal status like children and their guardian was the fed gov’t. The Act was largely about centralization through increasing regulation. it was a nationwide framework with one fed department to over see them. assimilation was the goal of the Indian Act and even used the word commonly. it treated the natives as minor and did it’s best to get rid of the tribal system and integrate natives into the Canadian culture. Natives were under a system in which they didn’t have rights of citizenship but that they could gain citizenship right by surrendering their native rights and status. residential schools were created and run by christian missionaries

Jan 21, 2010 National Policy will be on the Midterm

Alexander MacKenzie (PM 1873-78) - Leader of the Liberal Party. the GG had asked him to take power in 1873 and this was solidified in the elections of 1874. He was an immigrant from Scotland. He was trained originally as a Stone Mason he became very successful aka he was a self-made man and very proud of that. Mackenzie doesn’t want to put public money into the national railway. in leu of that he wants each province to pay-as-you-go to build the railway.

MacDonald wins the 1878 election running on his National Policy. Successive PM’s use his National Policy and maintain the policy b/c it was impossible to argue against it.

MacDonald’s National Policy was a three pronged policy - Tariffs, Settlement of the West, and the CPR.

Tariffs - the primary purpose of tariffs was to protect Canadian industries by decreasing competition from the US. it was also meant to be the revenue generator for the construction of the CPR. there was a sliding scale which meant that the more finished a good was the higher the tariff.

- the tariff caused the consumer price index to rise (price of manufactured goods).

- Ontario and Quebec had more to benefit from the tariffs as that was where the factories were. Western Canada suffered under the tariff as they don’t have those high paying factory jobs and they have to pay more for the goods

- in its primary goal of increasing manufacturing, the tariff worked. it was so successful that in 1879 it was increased to 25% from 17.9% industrialization sped up at this time. Scholars agree that the Tariff was the most successful part of the National policy but it encouraged inefficiency in Canadian production.

- the number of workers increased 554% while the pop increased 102%

Canadian Pacific Railroad - it was crucial in the development of the West. MacDonald knew that gov’t intervention was necessary to complete the CPR. Costs were higher to build the CPR than equivalent US railways. the CPR was guaranteed a 20 year monopoly over a transcontinental railway. when completed the CPR was 2/3rd longer than any existing railway in the world. a Montreal Company got the contract that gave them $30 million, 710 miles of completed track and 20,000 acres that ran beside the rail line. Critics said that if that much subsidy was needed to build the line then clearly the line wouldn’t be profitable. b/c of cost over runs that 30 million was turned into 60 million. only 1/6th of the actual investment was Canadian.the last spike was driven in at Cragalachie in 1885. it took a train 85 hours to get from Montreal to Vancouver.

William Van Horne - Chief Engineer and superintendent of the CPR. He saw the project through to completion. he drove his workers to work extremely hard with terrible wages and he did it without compassion.

Settlement of the West - the settlement of the west focused heavily on promoting immigration to western Canada from Europe. The west needed to be filled in many Canadians minds so that the Americans wouldn’t take it. it was the least successful of the three policies. there was only a trickle of immigration. the biggest reason was that there was still free land in the US. the gov’t surveyed the west into townships made up of 36 sections. this was done in the Dominion lands act in 1872.

men 21 years of age or older and who pay a $10 registration fee can get 160 acres. they must build a house and clear at least 30 acres in the first 3 years. A settler could claim an adjacent quarter of land if he met the requirements

Study questions for midterm was the national policy necessarywas the national policy really national

Jan 28, 2010Riel in the Northwest Rebellion, 1885

the fed gov’t granted Riel an amnesty in 1875 if he leaves the country for five years. Riel enters a mental hospital and his mental health is called into question. he didn’t leave for the states right away because he had been committed to an insane asylum for the next three years. he thought he was called by god to create a north american church with a north american pope.

Riel in Montana 1878-84 he is released from the hospital in 1878 and goes to Montana , joined the republican party, became a teacher and got married to a metis woman.Invitation to Batoche, 1884 - the Metis people of the Sask valley invite Riel to come and help them. they are some of the same people that had been in Red River 15 years earlier. they had gone there b/c the gov’t of manitoba hadn’t honored their land rights. european and eastern settler began moving into sask in the 1880’s and many metis saw their lifestyle being threatened. The metis were also unhappy b/c the CPR was being built on the southernly route instead of the northern route which was originally planned and metis in the sask valley saw their land values plummet.

Metis Bill of rights - was adopted by the rebels on March 8, 1885. The bill is very similar to the manitoba bill of rights including language rights, schooling issues, and representation in Ottawa. a provincial gov’t is established in Batoche and is recognized as the local authority, not the fed gov’t. read that as the start of the rebellion as the prov. gov’t are seizing control of sask. Riel asks for $35,000 compensation for himself.

the rebellion really kicks into high gear when he takes control of the church at Batoche. this means he losses the support of the Church so now he has church and state pissed off at him. and he says that god is directing him. at the end of the fighting the rebellions hast cost the fed gov’t 5 million dollars and 200 lives are lost. Batoche the final battle is lost in 1885. Riel surrenders and is imprisoned.

tried for treason; hanged for murder - Riel was tried and convicted for treason against the gov’t and the nation but most historians agree that the people who convicted him were thinking about Thomas Scott and the role Riel played in his murder. Riel’s trial split the francophones and the anglophones in the nation he had lost the support of the church but he still had the support of many average francophones. Hanged on Nov 16th 1885 in Regina. there were no french speakers on the jury and only one Roman Catholic. Riel’s defense lawyer lobbies him hard to take a plea of insanity but Riel refuses. there were two appeals after the trial so the issue last many months and there is great public pressure for clemency from Quebec.

comparison of the Red River and Northwest Rebellions -

New Brunswick schools Question, 1871 - school questions were a huge deal back in the day. the ?’s were centered around religion and language in schools. Pop in NB were 1/3 French and Acadian Catholics. prior to 1871 the school act allowed for children to be educated in either church schools or public schools and that tax money would go to both the church schools and public schools. in 1871 a bill was put forward to have gov’t funding to go to only public schools. this started riots among the Catholics (public schools were controlled by protestants). Catholics wanted their own schools so they decided to pay for it out of their own pockets. they didn’t want to pay taxes if none of their tax dollars were going to catholics schools so they stopped paying taxes. so the gov’t took actions against people not paying taxes, they seized catholic goods and then sold them on public auctions. they seized the horse and carriage of the Bishop of St. John’s.the issue came to a head in 1875 when a police officer and a rioter were killed. 9 acadians were accused of his murder. a compromise was reached to end the school question. Catholic children could be taught by members of religious orders after regular school hours. Nuns could teach in public schools. Biblical passages were compromised on as well.

Joseph Guibord, d. 1871 - this conflict is an example of conflict within the catholic church in quebec. The church in Quebec had a reputation of being strong armed in their quelling of any dissent. there was one Bishop in Quebec for 30 years and he believed in the infallibility of the Pope. the Institute Canadien was founded in Quebec and it pushed back against this belief of the Infallibility of the Pope. the members of the institute were Catholics and Joseph Guibord was one of them. When he died he was refused burial on Consecrated ground in a church cemetery. over the next 5 years the family fought with the bishop to get him buried on

church grounds. Finally the fight was taken to court. the court ordered the church to allow him to be buried in the family plot. the fact that a religious matter went to court is a huge deal!!!! this is an overlap of Church and state.

Feb 2, 2010

Urbanization and Industrialization, 1870-1896.

Rise of Manufacturing - The Introduction of tariffs cause a manufacturing booms. there was 114% increase in manufacturing investment in the 1880’s compared to the 1870’s. wages increased by 70% this was a fact that more and more people were working in manufacturing not that people were getting raises. Textiles, boots, furniture, and others take off. Large steel works were built to accommodate the construction of the railway. capital began to accumulate in Montreal and Toronto in the 1890’s which is a downside of industrialization. with the accumulation of capital in a few areas across the country we also start to see the rise of monopolies.with the increase in Tariffs we also se an increase in American Branch Plants being built and producing goods in Canada. Life in Cities -sucked a lot for the working class - cities begin to grow at a rate much higher than the growth of Canada. Industrialization and urbanization are very connected. Cities grew too fast to have basic public sanitation and basic needs. It was often the working class people that suffered the most. Rate of Urbanization - really really high Work and the Family - urban families still had family gardens and had some form of livestock. the theory of industrialization was that one person could go out and work and make enough money to support the whole family. in reality this isn’t what actually happened and so many children were sent out to work. boys would go work in factories and as errand/delivery boys. young girls were often sent out as domestic servants. the Factory Act was passed in 1880 which prohibits boys and girls under the age of 14 from working in factories but it really isn’t enforced. Employers could dock a persons hours if they weren’t happy with their work. British Child Immigrants - called British Home Children about 100,000 age ten and up were sent to Canada from 1860 to WW2 to be adopted into Canadian families. IN some cases they were in British orphanages and in some cases their parents gave them up to the promises of an education and a good life. this often didn’t happen and these home children lived as servants in Canadian homes or used as cheap labour on Canadian farms. Royal Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labour, 1889 - travelled from town to town and heard testimonies from workers, factory owners as well as nurses and doctors who witnessed the injuries. one of the main recommendations was about having women's washrooms in factories and this reflected the attitude of the commission leader who was a prude and more concerned about women not having their own bathroom than

children dyeing in factories.

Feb 4, 2010

Social Reform, 1880’s-WW1Montreal had the 2nd highest infant mortality rate in the world and this caused many Canadians to pay attention to the need for social reforms. the social problems of the nation were largely problems that only the working class suffered. reforms in this era were related to overcrowding, and poverty and other urban issues like prostitution, prisons, parks, etc. etc. There were over 40 reform organizations.the biggest reform movement was the temperance and alcohol movement as it was seen as the common denominator in all issues.

Social Gospel - when the church became involved in social reforms it came to be known as the social gospel. It is an attempt to apply Christianity to the collective ills of an industrializing society. It was a good time for the Church to have a distraction to theology as evolution was becoming popular. by turning to reforms here on earth it gave the church a shot of credibility. They tried to bring the kingdom of God onto earth. Who were the Reformers? Woodsworth was a radical social reformers in the early 20th Ctended to be middle class Protestant’s it was very hard to get the Catholics involved in reforms (especially prohibition) they believed that misery and corruption aren’t inevitable, they can be avoided if society would prioritize on fixing these issues. middle class reformers were in some way trying to make the working class behave. Educational Reform - compulsory school attendance, new school subjects like temperance and PE, physical and moral hygiene and domestic science are all results of educational reforms. teachers were also targeted with reforms. the reforms were all about a teachers morality - teachers should be of a higher class so that they can teach manners and teach children of working class parents what their parents cannot. it was also believed that men made the best teachers as they could better administer discipline. students at teachers collages had to: go to church, be in your seat 10 min early for class, be at home every night by 9:30. Basically it was better for a teacher to have a good moral standing than to be actually smart. some teachers were paid only on the days where 80% attendance was achieved. this could be set by the school districts. school was held everyday but sunday. some teachers were also the janitors for their school. Reform in Institutions of Confinement - prison reform was all about rehabilitation not just punishment. there was also a movement against

capital punishment. there was far less sympathy for prison reform than the other reform movements

Prohibition - the major reform issue of the social reform movement. began in Canada in the 1880s along with the emerging temperance and women’s suffrage movement. Drinking and drunkenness were far more common at this time. Some loggers in BC were paid half in money and half in rum. the Scott Act of 1878 was a major step towards prohibition. it allowed local districts to decide if they wanted their area to be “dry” or not. it allowed Provincial and Fed gov’t to remain uninvolved. prohibition really fell by the wayside in the 1920’s

Woman’s Suffrage - a reform movement that was very connected to temperance. Women’s suffrage is a 100 year story in Canada starting in the 1840’s with the property act which allows a women to hold property. Women’s suffrage wasn’t a direct result of their involvement in the First World War. there was lots of opposition to women getting the vote. they were to emotional, they would only vote the way their husbands told them to, the woman’s place was in the home, women would loose their femininity and become infertile if they voted or went to university. it took a long time to get suffrage for women b/c it opposition was so strong.

Toronto Women’s Literacy Group 1876-1883 - was the nations first suffrage organization but it was camouflaged as a book club. it was organized by Emily Stone the first practicing female physician in Canada. in 1883, it got rid of its disguise and emerged as the Toronto Women’s Suffrage Association.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union - the largest voluntary group of any kind in Canada w/ 40,000 members just in Ontario in the late 19th C. they were radical prohibitionists and blamed all other problems in society on alcohol. they pushed for full prohibition and would ask the gov’t to hold a plebiscite but the gov’t never did b/c they knew the issue was so hotly debated. Eventually Laurier did finally hold one in 1898 and his worst nightmare came true. A majority in every province except Quebec voted for prohibition. Lauirer refused to implement the issue. Eventually prohibition was brought in but that was because of the war.

Initially the WCTU was against women’s suffrage but they realized that the only way they would get prohibition was if women voted for it so they came on board the suffrage issue.

National Council of Women formed in 1893 with Lady Aberdeen the Gov. Gen’s wife as its chair. they wanted to improve the status of women but were not originally for suffrage. they wanted better public health measures and for women to be able to own land. they to realized that they wouldn’t get what they wanted until women had the vote so they became suffragettes.

Prairie Suffrage Movement. - Nellie McClung was a leader of the suffrage movement. On the prairies there was less separation of the private

and public spheres, women were hard workers on the farm and were an important part of the family farm. and there was more openness and political discussion on the issue of suffrage. The UFA supported suffrage in the west women got the vote earlier than the rest of Canada and Quebec is way behind.

Feb 11, 2010

Presentism - evaluating the past based on our current standards and views. BAD BAD BAD

when Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914 Canada was automatically involved in the War. Canada did choose how much support Canada gave to Britain. the war came at a good time for PM Borden as he would not have won the election in 1914. b/c of the war he was able to get an extension w/o an electionthe reformers welcomed the war as well. they would get some of their reforms pushed through b/c of the warthe working class may have welcomed the war b/c they know that it will raise employment as war production ramps up. Canada entered the war quite eagerly. Even the leader of the Opposition was totally supported the War. Canadians believed that Britain would quickly win.

War Measures Act, 1914-1920 - this was one of the first things the Canadian gov’t did at the beginning of the war. The WMA gives the gov’t every power that they could need or want for the duration of the war. gives fed gov’t full authority to do everything necessary for the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canadathe gov’t can censor whatever they want to newspapers, magazines, maps, books, texts, blueprints, photosarrest, detain and deport w/o due process. about 8,500 people were interned across Canada during the war. Gave the gov’t control of all harbors and vesselscontrol of all transportation gov’t control over trading, exporting, manufacturing, production - the market in generalappropriation and control of property. the aim of the gov’t was to get 25,000 volunteers. eventually 31,200 people volunteered in the war effort. 65% of these volunteers were born in the UK. 17 Battalions were sent from Canada early in the war. almost 50% of these early Battalions were from Western Canada. Their training was very poor (some were trained in sword fighting) they were unprepared for modern warfare and their officers had often not seen any fighting. a 2nd division was gathered in Canada, it was slow to get formed up (not enough uniforms and recruits)

• First Crisis - Ross Rifle - was chosen for its unique design and tremendous accuracy ini match competition

o the minster of Militia and Defense – Samuel Hughes – ordered it to be used by Canadian troops

o in combat it was a deeply, tragically flawed weapon – fired rapidly – it jammed; exposed to mud – it jammed

o crisis – the first internal crisis of WWI

o the Canadian Core commander General Alderston – argued with Hughes – the Canadian Soldiers had already started taking the British rifles from fallen soldiers

o The British War office insisted it be removed – Shitty Canadian leadership – people died because of the jamming

o Source of embarrassment

• The Canadians casualties almost 25,000 troops – impact on conscription

• Vimy Ridge

o The largest amount of casualties – 10.600 men with 3,600 dead

o Canada was not known to the world until Canada took Vimy Ridge – it was all around the world about this achievement

o Happened on Easter Monday: April 9, 1917 an assault was launched

o For the first time all 4 of the Canadian Divisions found themselves fighting alongside each other

1. The Canadians begged to be allowed to all fight together under a Canadian commander – this was actually a huge idea – but it was a success by military terms

o Canada became a nation on the Vimy slopes. Canada was finally seen as separate from Britain

o Though the victory at Vimy was swiftly, it did not come without a cost – all the casualties

o The high casualty rates lead to conscription – Canadian’s are criticised by the government – when Britain needs us the most, we have no soldiers – conscription

• Enlistment dropped – not successful recruitment

• Borden is pressured to do something about this, and in 1917, he implements conscription – The Military Service Act

o Due to heavy losses the government decided to introduce conscription by passing the Act

o At first only single men were called up

1. Got 20,000

o Certain groups could originally apply for exemption under specific faiths

1. 300,000 people

o Seen as a political necessity by English Canada and a disaster in French Canada – a lot of assumption that the French are not doing their share

1. Many French Canadians did not consider this their war

2. Military English was ALL English

3. This is bigger than Riel or anything else before – divides the French and English and nearly rip the nation apart. Many Quebecers felt that they should not have to fight under the British Crown. Activists formed protests and marches against the act, resulting in riots in Quebec City.

o Exemptions were eventually cancelled, and there were 38,000 defaulters in the summer

o When the conscription was completed, the number of people were 99,999

o It did produce the results they wanted – may have been poorly administered but it did what it needed to do

• Quebec’s Reaction to Conscription

• Borden had to do a lot of manipulating to get the conscription passed

o Had to have an election in 1917 and the main issue would be conscription

o Laurier could not support conscription (opposition)

o Borden took the votes away from people who would not support it and gave it to people who would

1. Took votes away from enemy countries, and gave the vote to relatives (females) of men serving oversees (just for this election)

2. He offered a union government as well- Laurier did not join – committed to conscription, prohibition and abolition of party patronage.

First nation perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????

Feb 23, 2010.

the union gov’t which wasn’t a union at all was formed to get conscription through. he took the vote away from internationals from enemy nations and gave the vote to women with men serving overseas. the federal gov’t came up with 3 ways to finance the war

the Income War Tax Act 1916 - the first income tax in Canada - Personal Income tax was one provision of this act and like other wartime taxes was conceived as a temporary measure for funding the war. still have it today. It wasn’t a significant amount of money

the gov’t printed money during the war. they authorized an increase in currency.

the gov’t created victory bonds with a guaranteed levels of interest. they raised 400 million dollars through the sale of bonds and they were aiming for only 100 million.

on top of the war 1918 was also the year of the Spanish flew epidemic. Germany surrenders in 1918. Canada with a pop of 8 million had sent 40% of it’s able bodied fighting age men to the war. About 600,000 served with a rate of casualties was about 1/3 and 1/3 of those died. in total about 61,000 died, another 173,000 returned with permanent injuries. first nations had higher enlistment rates than any other ethnic group.

1919: Canadian Labour Revolt

1919 is considered the most important year in the Canadian labour struggle. the Winnipeg General strike is the most famous but there were hundreds of smaller and shorter strikes. labour’s frustrations had been growing throughout the war but they had let things slide b/c of the war effort. After the war workers across the nation saw a class conflict brewing against them. they realized that during the war the factory owners had grown very rich and labourers had remained poor. during the war employers had become less tolerant and more aggressive against unions. the Borden gov’t was seen as an enemy of the worker. He was blamed for not insisting factory workers in munitions factories be paid a fair minimum wage with good working conditions. It seemed his gov’t, rather than trying to help the workers, was always working against them i.e. prohibition. under the war measures act there was censorship and anything that was produced by unions was harshly censored.

in 1918 the gov’t legislated against strikes, making strikes illegal. inflation nailed the working class very hard. prices increased for some staple goods from 40-60%. Some businessmen would profiteer (hold back goods from the market place to force the price to rise and then sell at a measured pace so that all goods can be sold at the inflated price.

Albert Ginger Goodwin - was a member of a union and was one of the thousands of men who were conscripted in 1917. he went to the conscription office and applied for an exemption and got it b/c he was medically unfit. After this he started to organize a union in Trail BC. He was reclassified and called up by the army, he fled and was found by a police constable who later said that he killed Goodwin in self defence. this angered workers across the nation and led to an increase in labour support in the nation.

all of these frustrations led to increased union activity. b/w 1916-1918 membership in Canadian unions more than doubled to almost 400,000. Groups that had never organized before, such as police, began to organize into unions.

in 1917 there were 222 official strikes in Canada and there were 305 in 1918. Strikes increased again, in a big way, in 1919. the situation was exasperated by the return of thousands of soldiers from the war. workers were striking for

higher wagesbetter conditionsthe 8 hour workday

Feb 25, 2010

A Playful New Nation

Social forces that led towards the development of sport and leisure in Victorian CanadaUrbanization and Industrializationtransition from a rural economy and calenderconcepts of time begin to change - the advent of “free-time” and regular holidays and weekendsrapid pop growth in the cities the growth of of railways and steamship routesrail links connected cities and towns and decreased travel times, enabling teams to travel and organized leagues to developrail links allowed Canadians to travel to parts of the nations that they had been previously been unable to make it to. with free time and money all the people needed was a way to get around and thats what the railways provided- improved methods of communication

railways, telegraphs and newspapers begin to carry information faster than ever and from further and further awayNewspapers started to have the sports sections

new technology in equipmentstandardized and mass produced sporting goods made equipment more

affordable and available to the working class. improvements in design made equipment safer and more efficientnew facilities became lighted and indoor which mean that people could play

after work Middle class victorian values

men- value on strength and courage, myth of the wilderness hero, muscular christianity, public sphere, doctrine of amateurism. 19th C sporting clubs became influential centers of male power

women - value on maternity, morality, the domestic and private sphere, too much or too strenuous physical activity could have negative effects on health. Were encouraged to attend certain masculine sporting events to bring civility, moral credibility and to meet “promising” young men.

first nations and minorities - viewed to be social inferior, banned from competitions for fear of outperforming white competitors, the “Noble Savage”, admired for skill and physical prowess only when set within stereotypical wilderness context.there is a paradox of Urbanites trying to experience nature and yet to conquer it. value is placed on science particularly through the organization of natural world through natural history and collecting - rational recreationnation building/empire building is a moral responsibility and sport was a major item used to spread British culture to aboriginal people

Some popular victorian sports and leisure activitieshockey, lacrosse, baseball, rowing, track and field, snowshoeing, figure

skating, cricket, soccer, football, rugby, golf, curling, boxing, and horse racingSome outdoor pursuits: Natural history and collecting, photography, fishing,

hunting, sketching, tramping and excursions, climbing, canoeing, swimming, archery, etc.

Some more controversial: Bicycling, gambling, billiards and other tavern entertainment. there were few opportunities for organized sport before the 1880’s and the new woman movement. there are acceptable activities such as fishing, climbing, skating, rowing, sketching and walking. WW1 was a turning point in women being acceptable in more and more sporting events

the emergence of organized sport in Canada

hockey, lacrosse and baseball are uniquely canadian and people being to to identify with these sports and with being canadian.

a new sport for a new nation: Dr. George Beers and lacrosse - Lacrosse was the most popular sport in Canada from about 1860 to 1914. George is a dentist in Montreal and in 1867 he organized a lacrosse game with 5000 spectatorshis goal with lacrosse was for it to become the national game of Canadians. He believed that it knocked the timidity and nervousness out of young men, training them in temperance, confidence and pluck. by the mid 1880’s lacrosse was the most popular sport in canada and had mass spectators and civic appeal. the gov’t sponsored a native tribe and the Montreal Lacrosse club to go over to Britain and play exhibition games for the Queen and across the nationAs lacrosse grows in popularity towns begin to identify themselves with their team and emotions run very high. lacrosse’s popularity led to increased commercialization as clubs took in gate revenue and concession sales and used the money to pay for transportation and upkeep of the club. to attract more fans they hire highly skilled players rowdy crowds wagered on games and frequently brawled with rival fans. at the time professionalism was equal to prostitution. pro’s who played for money had no allegiances and were mercenaries of sport who would sell their roles as athletes to any team that could afford them.

Lacrosse is important in Canadian history b/cit initially reflected the optimistic middle-class view of a new nation

and created a sense of national identity and civic pride. it highlighted middle-class concerns about larger social issues and was

intended to be a vehicle for social reformit reflected Victorian views on gender, race, and class based on who

could and couldn’t play

why does play matter to historians?the way society plays and the rules that govern this play provide a

lens into the larger values and structures of that society. for example the relationship b/w how people play and:

classgendereconomicseducationreligionidentityrace

MIDTERM COMES TO HERE

when Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914 Canada was automatically involved in the War. Canada did choose how much support Canada gave to Britain. the war came at a good time for PM Borden as he would not have won the election in 1914. b/c of the war he was able to get an extension w/o an electionthe reformers welcomed the war as well. they would get some of their reforms pushed through b/c of the warthe working class may have welcomed the war b/c they know that it will raise employment as war production ramps up. Canada entered the war quite eagerly. Even the leader of the Opposition was totally supported the War. Canadians believed that Britain would quickly win.

War Measures Act, 1914-1920 - this was one of the first things the Canadian gov’t did at the beginning of the war. The WMA gives the gov’t every power that they could need or want for the duration of the war. gives fed gov’t full authority to do everything necessary for the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canadathe gov’t can censor whatever they want to newspapers, magazines, maps, books, texts, blueprints, photosarrest, detain and deport w/o due process. about 8,500 people were interned across Canada during the war. Gave the gov’t control of all harbors and vesselscontrol of all transportation gov’t control over trading, exporting, manufacturing, production - the market in generalappropriation and control of property. the aim of the gov’t was to get 25,000 volunteers. eventually 31,200 people volunteered in the war effort. 65% of these volunteers were born in the UK. 17 Battalions were sent from Canada early in the war. almost 50% of these early Battalions were from Western Canada. Their training was very poor (some were trained in sword fighting) they were unprepared for modern warfare and their officers had often not seen any fighting. a 2nd division was gathered in Canada, it was slow to get formed up (not enough uniforms and recruits) • First Crisis - Ross Rifle - was chosen for its unique design and tremendous accuracy in

match competition

o the minster of Militia and Defense – Samuel Hughes – ordered it to be used by Canadian troops

o in combat it was a deeply, tragically flawed weapon – fired rapidly – it jammed; exposed to mud – it jammed

o crisis – the first internal crisis of WWI

o the Canadian Core commander General Alderston – argued with Hughes – the Canadian Soldiers had already started taking the British rifles from fallen soldiers

o The British War office insisted it be removed – Shitty Canadian leadership – people died because of the jamming

o Source of embarrassment

• The Canadians casualties almost 25,000 troops – impact on conscription

• Vimy Ridge

o The largest amount of casualties – 10.600 men with 3,600 dead

o Canada was not known to the world until Canada took Vimy Ridge – it was all around the world about this achievement

o Happened on Easter Monday: April 9, 1917 an assault was launched

o For the first time all 4 of the Canadian Divisions found themselves fighting alongside each other

1. The Canadians begged to be allowed to all fight together under a Canadian commander – this was actually a huge idea – but it was a success by military terms

o Canada became a nation on the Vimy slopes. Canada was finally seen as separate from Britain

o Though the victory at Vimy was swiftly, it did not come without a cost – all the casualties

o The high casualty rates lead to conscription – Canadian’s are criticised by the government – when Britain needs us the most, we have no soldiers – conscription

• Enlistment dropped – not successful recruitment

• Borden is pressured to do something about this, and in 1917, he implements conscription – The Military Service Act

o Due to heavy losses the government decided to introduce conscription by passing the Act

o At first only single men were called up

1. Got 20,000

o Certain groups could originally apply for exemption under specific faiths

1. 300,000 people

o Seen as a political necessity by English Canada and a disaster in French Canada – a lot of assumption that the French are not doing their share

1. Many French Canadians did not consider this their war

2. Military English was ALL English

3. This is bigger than Riel or anything else before – divides the French and English and nearly rip the nation apart. Many Quebecers felt that they should not have to fight under the British Crown. Activists formed protests and marches against the act, resulting in riots in Quebec City.

o Exemptions were eventually cancelled, and there were 38,000 defaulters in the summer

o When the conscription was completed, the number of people were 99,999

o It did produce the results they wanted – may have been poorly administered but it did what it needed to do

• Quebec’s Reaction to Conscription

• Borden had to do a lot of manipulating to get the conscription passed

o Had to have an election in 1917 and the main issue would be conscription

o Laurier could not support conscription (opposition)

o Borden took the votes away from people who would not support it and gave it to people who would

1. Took votes away from enemy countries, and gave the vote to relatives (females) of men serving oversees (just for this election)

2. He offered a union government as well- Laurier did not join – committed to conscription, prohibition and abolition of party patronage.

First nation perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????

Feb 23, 2010.

the union gov’t which wasn’t a union at all was formed to get conscription

through. he took the vote away from internationals from enemy nations and gave the vote to women with men serving overseas. the federal gov’t came up with 3 ways to finance the war

the Income War Tax Act 1916 - the first income tax in Canada - Personal Income tax was one provision of this act and like other wartime taxes was conceived as a temporary measure for funding the war. still have it today. It wasn’t a significant amount of money

the gov’t printed money during the war. they authorized an increase in currency.

the gov’t created victory bonds with a guaranteed levels of interest. they raised 400 million dollars through the sale of bonds and they were aiming for only 100 million.

on top of the war 1918 was also the year of the Spanish flew epidemic. Germany surrenders in 1918. Canada with a pop of 8 million had sent 40% of it’s able bodied fighting age men to the war. About 600,000 served with a rate of casualties was about 1/3 and 1/3 of those died. in total about 61,000 died, another 173,000 returned with permanent injuries.

1920’s regional Protest and 1930’s Great depression

Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 - the largest and most complete strike in North American History. It began on May 15, 1919. the first group to go out on strike was the telephone operators. this means that by the time that employers knew there was a strike going on, they couldn’t talk to each other. They were followed by mailmen, street car drivers, milk delivery and many other groups. 25000-30000 workers went on strike for 6 weeks. b/c the police went on strike the city of Winnipeg hired special constables who were unable to maintain control. 2 people actually ended up being killed. but for the most part it was peaceful. one cause of the strike was the rapid industrialization in Winnipeg. the shift from cottage industry to factory industry took only 10-20 years. Skilled labour was no longer able to find work that paid up to their skill level.there was a large demographic change as well. Rapid immigration b/w 1900 and WWI (3 million people with half of them moving to the west and many of them were skilled workers)class relations in Winnipeg were very poor. Winnipeg had militant leadership in it’s unions that was on the ground and ready to go.inflation and high unemployment also lead to the strike.

a city wide vote of all unionized workers lead to strong support for a general strike. within a few hours almost every worker in Winnipeg was on strike. half of the soldiers supported the strike. the city was paralyzed. Citizens committee of 1000 - the middle class employers who tried to keep the city running. ran out of the Winnipeg Industrial Bureau. they tried to get

volunteers for all jobs (firefighters, gas station workers, etc, etc,)general strike committee - ran the strike. they asked the police to go back to work to maintain the peace. they allowed some other workers to go back to work to try and keep the city functioning. b/c the strike was so complete there was no need for picket lines. The police force is fired by the city of Winnipeg b/c they didn’t think they could trust them. 1800 special constables were hired and sworn in. in mid june these special constables rounded up strike leaders and took them to a jail outside winnipeg to await deportation. Bloody saturday is the last day of the strike. Mounted special constables arrived at a riot and two people were shot and killed and 30 people were injured and 20 people were arrested. this ended the strike very quickly. 200 left wing aliens were rounded up deported. THE MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE is that the moderate and radical workers and organizations across Canada had united but the Winnipeg General Strike totally destroyed the labour movement in Canada b/c no one in Canada wants to see unarmed citizens getting shot by untrained cops in the street.

Progressive Party (1st election in 1921) - Farmers were a very alienated group after WWI so they formed the Progressive party in Dec 1920. 1916-1926 are the driest years on the prairies and cause 80% of farmers in S. AB to have to leave farming. Freight rates are very high and favour eastern industry rather than western grain growers, farmers saw the CPR and the fed gov’t as directly connected. farmers had to pay very high interest rates at the banks and also high fee’s at elevators. T.A. Crerar was the parties first leader and it provided a third option during the 1921 federal election. They won 1/4 of all seats in the H of C. J.S. Woodsworth was a radical social reform in the early 20th C and he went on to lead the party after Crerar quit. They declined forming the official opposition even though they had the 2nd most seats in the house in the 1925 election b/c there was too much corruption. this was highly principled but they suffered in the next election winning only 20 seats. Maritime Right Movement 1919-1929 - The Maritimes also had a protest movement at the same time as the western protests. the Maritimes rights movement is harder to define as it didn’t have a political party, it crossed all parties. It was a movement that protested the clearly declining importance of the maritimes and the increasing importance of central and Western Canada. A Royal commission is set up to investigate the relationship b/w the fed gov’t and the different provinces. called the Royal-Sirois commission. the report was released in 1930 which of course is a terrible time as its a world depression.

March 16, 2010

The Great Depression

The Great depression was not the first depression in Canada. it was the first world-wide depression. Canadians had come to expect the boom and bust cycle but they never expected something of this breadth and length.Canada was vulnerable for 2 reasons. Canada depended on few exports (mainly wheat which is hit really hard). Canada only has 2 countries to which it exports, US and Briton, and both of them are also hit very hard by the depression.

World Context - Depression starts with the crash of the NYSE on Black Tuesday October 1929. When the US economy crashed they put up higher tariff walls and this happened all over the world. which lead to an even harder time for Canada and made the Depression worse. Wheat prices fell world wide to their lowest price in a century. The Worst time of the depression was the winter of 1932-33 there are about 1.5 million people out of work. There is no safety net for people.

Keynesian Economics - developed by John Maynard Keynes. it states that the state must initiate public investment through deficit spending to create jobs. Relief Camps - young single men could get work in a relief camp out in the middle of no where. they were known as the 20 cent men b/c they made 20 cents a day. there is no delegation of relief so it starts in the municipalities but they run out of money in no time flat. relief camps were run mainly by the fed gov’t but there were some provincial relief camps in the west. Relief camps solved the problem of getting work and also it got these crowds of young men out of the city. Some of the work was simply make work projects (building roads to nowhere) In 1936, in response to relief camp strikes and the On to Ottawa march by relief workers all relief camps were closed.

The Dionne Quintuplets b. 1934 - Canadians went crazy over the birth of these 5 babies. it was something fun for the people to look forward to. the Dionne quintuplets were the worlds first surviving quintuplets. They were born to a Francophone couple in northern Ontario on May 28, 1934. 5 days after the birth the father was approached and asked if he would exhibit the girls at the Chicago World Fair a few months later and he agreed to do so after consultation with his priest. The gov’t when it found out came in and took the children from them.

Scientific Mothering - the medical profession capitalized on the quints. they argued that without scientific motherhood the quints would not have survived. Scientific mothering is all about habit forming in children. they thought that mothers were lazy. Dr’s were trying to make mothers depend on their advise. the quints were key to this b/c in the past Dr’s had only been able to give devise but couldn’t enforce it. the quints were scientific motherhood experiments.

Dr. Dafoe - the man in charge of the Dionne Quintuplets. for two years the provincial gov’t and he would be their parents (it was later extended to 9 years)

The Ontario gov’t created Quintland to let people come see the quints.

by 1943 about 3 million people had come to see the quints. They are by far the largest tourist attraction in Canada. The Ontario gov’t made massive amounts of money off using the quints to endorse different products.

youth/coming of age - riding the rails was a common trait of young men during the time. these men would create and live in hobo village. During the depression there was a lot of sympathy for youth and it was thought that they would be the most permanently scared by the depression. the theory was that youth needed to get launched into adulthood. to get into adulthood you had to accomplish a few things like getting an education, a job, married, owning things like a car or house. people believed that youth would be scarred by the depression b/c they couldn’t attain the required elements to become adults and that they would then remain youths forever.

March 18, 2010.

- WWI did not end with a peace treaty, it ended with a truce. a few short years later the world was back at it for round 2. Canada commits to the war a week after Britain on september 190, 1939.

King’s War Policy - King is also happy (like Borden) that the war is starting because it comes near the end of the Depression. King is determined to make sure that he doesn’t make the same mistakes that Borden did in WWI. He promised Canadians no debt, a pay as you go war. and he promised no conscription. In December of 1939 Canada supports the British Commonwealth Air training plan. Canada will train the Pilots of the British Commonwealth for the war. about 20,000 airmen a year are trained across Canada. The cost was to be 600 million and Canada would pay 350 million. King once let it slip that WWII “was not our war” and this shows his attitude to the war. The opposition in Canada criticized this heavily so King called a snap election and won a crushing majority. he never would have won it a little as even a month later. With the Defeat of France Canada become Britain’s major ally and all the promises about no debt and all that stuff about not to much commitment are thrown out the window. National Selective Service, Oct 1941 - formed to control wartime employment. it was a registration of all Canadians over the age of 18. it controls, as it sees fit, the work that people did. If you were in a job that was considered an essential occupation you had to get approval from them to change jobs. Wartime Prices and Trade Board - King was determined to control inflation and it was this boards job to do so. It dealt with Inflation, profiteering and hoarding. As of december 1, 1941 all wages in the nation were frozen. there was rationing in Canada as well, sugar, gas, meat, tires, rubber, and many

other goods were restricted. because of rationing as well as regular radio reports Canadians felt like they were more involved in the war and their daily lives were more affected by the war. Conscription Crisis, 1942 - many people asked why Canada wasn’t conscripting, after all they were doing everything else. Canada was having trouble filling the ranks of it’s different service arms (mainly the army, the Air Force and Navy were not having any trouble getting enough people). According to a November 1941 gallup pole 60% of Canadians wanted conscription and that number would have increased after Pearl Harbor. Conscription is not implemented at that time but tempers are very high. King Doesn’t want conscription, after all he did make a promise. King holds a plebiscite to see if the Canadian people will release the gov’t from their promise not to have conscription. The result is very geographically and ethnically divided. 80% of english Canadians agreed to release the gov’t. 80% of french speakers were against it. Casualties were not as high in WWII as they were in WWI. in 1942, 5000 Canadians were killed. that many could die in a day during WWI. this war was much closer to Canada than had been WWI. German U-boats are known to be in the St. Lawrence river and around the maritime provinces. 1942-43 was the worst year for the young Canadian navy they only killed 4 U-boats and lost, in november alone, 114 ships which was twice the rate of replacements. 25,000 seamen and 11 RCAF were dedicated to the Battle of the Atlantic. Dieppe, 1943 - Canada was often cautious about getting involved into amphibious landings and land battles. Dieppe was widely considered a mistake. Canadians were agitated by the fact that they had not been involved in the war so they asked to be chosen for the Dieppe Raid. through a combination of bad luck and poor planning over half of the 5000 soldiers were killed or captured. D-Day June 6th, 1944 - Canadians were part of D-Day landing on Juno Beach. 5000 ships were involved in D-Day, 107,000 soldiers and 7000 vehicles. 2 Days after D-Day the Canadians had the misfortune of running into the 12th SS Panzer Division which was the elite unit in the Wermacht. At the end of the Normandy Campaigns 18,500 Canadians had died. ends august 1944. from this point the Canadians are taken to the Italian Front. Casualties from the two fronts cause a shortages of troops at this unusual time King is forced to bring in conscription in 1944. 16,000 conscripted men were sent over seas and of that on 69 were killed. Canada sent a million men into service during WWII. Bodies of service men, unlike WWI, were not sent home but buried in Europe, 10% of the Canadian Population had served in WW2. 1.1 million service men.

March 30, 2010

King’s Post-war concerns - King promises that Canada will come out of the war

better than it went is. He associates the 1930s depression with the end of WW1 and is proactive to make sure that it doesn’t happen again. He is also concerned that he may lose the next election to the CCF so his policies are influenced by them. he tried to keep voters in his party by offering the same thing. there is a worry that with the end of the war the war industry will collapse. The nation is highly divided b/w the French and the English and King is worried about holding the nation together. Cooperative Commonwealth Federation - founded in 1932 and connected to the progressive party. They were very left leaning aka Socialists. they believe that the gov’t needs to be more proactive in taking care of people and make wealth more evenly distributed. they become very popular during the war. They form the provincial gov’t in Sask and are led by Tommy Douglas.

Veteran’s Charter 1945 - the first social program to be started. 1.1 million people served and 54,000 are wounded need hospitals and support. it is a 1.2 billion dollar package and considered to be one of the best veterans packages in the world. there is $100 for clothes, $100/year gratuity for service, free university if you qualified, health care for life (this is before universal health care), interest free farm loans. female veterans were given the same program. Social Programs at the ends of the war - varied by province, some provinces were angry about Kings actions as they thought social programs were their jurisdiction. Some provinces had only the very basic programs. King wanted to make the programs even across the nation.

Leonard Marsh and the Marsh Report, 1943 - it is the blueprint for the post war social security state. It asked and talked about what the minimum standard at which Canadians should live and how can the gov’t make up the difference for those that cannot make that level. The foundation of the report is Keynesian economics. Marsh argued that this would actually stimulate the economy. it argued for universal health care, old age pension plan, mothers allowance, continuation of unemployment insurance. all these programs were to be paid for by tax payers. this was possible b/c there had been a massive increase in gov’t income through new taxes.

Dominion provincial relations - King tried to take power from the Premiers by keeping taxation a federal prerogative. Several of the Premiers lost their shit. King calls a conference in 1946 to go over his green book proposals which were supposed to give the fed gov’t more power to guide the nation through a possible depression. NS, Ont, Que lead the charge against these proposals

Creation of Suburbs - everyone could agree that at the end of the war the biggest problem was a lack of housing. it was a real crisis as there had been virtually no new houses built since 1928. there was a lot of over crowding and 48,000 war brides coming home with the returning soldiers.

Canadians believed that they could be a nation of home owners and that they deserved to own houses. the clearest response to the housing crisis was the suburbs. low cost mortgages are given out to allow Canada to become a nation of home owners. Suburbs were designed to be bedroom communities outside the city, yet close enough to the city to drive in every day. with the development of suburbs the areas around citied grew much faster than the cities themselves. the most common house was a 3 bedroom bungalow. land in the suburbs was cheap. some suburbs were very homogenous and some were fairly mixed. there were huge gender implications in the suburbsPost war gender concerns - the suburbs were part of the private sphere and were the domain of the woman. there is also a giant baby boom in canada from 1945-60. jumps from 3 children/woman to 3.8 children/woman. There was a lot of pressure for women to go back to the home and not work anymore. Post war Pop increase. - Baby boom from 1945-1960 and also a large influx in immigration. Immigration peaked in and around 1957 when about 275,000 came to Canada in one year. Immigration never went below 60,000. Canadian pop increases from 1961 -1991 from 18-27 million people. Fertility peaks in 1959. there is also a massive decrease in infant mortality plus increased life expectancy.

April 1, 2010NFLD joins Confederation

NFLD had a very small pop (only half of NS in 1864) 89% of the workforce is involved in the fisheries. 1/3 of pop in 1900 was illiterate (only 13% illiterate in NS). THe school system was denominational, at one point there were 7 different school boards in NFLD and this is part of the reason of the illiteracy.a railway was built right through the middle of NFLD and it was thought that this would help diversify the economy. It didn’t. all it did do was cost a crap load of money. 85% of NFLD’s exports were Cod and seal. NFLD had a very strong connection to the Empire. NFLD wasn’t like Britain, it was Britain. Dialects, customs and accents were all very close to that of the British. NFLD participated enthusiastically in WW1 with 6000 men enlisting. their casualty rates were 60% During WW1 the Fisheries boomed so NFLD benefitted economically from the War. NFLD financed the cost of the war through loans and that debt was added to the railway debt. the 20’s didn’t roar in NFLD they went right into a depression that was followed by the great depression. in 1932 the gov’t was so far in debt that they defaulted. Amulree Report, 1934 - a Royal Commission of inquiry in the the NFLD Crisis. it was organized in 1932. the commission was a condition that NFLD had to agree to if NFLD wanted help from Canada and Britain. the report recommended huge reforms including a commission interim gov’t. Basically democracy is suspended. 3 British civil servants and 3 NFLD’ers

are appointed to govern the colony and they do so for the next 15 years. WW2 brings a lot of money to NFLD. Military bases are built by the US, British, and Canadian forces. NFLD sends lots of soldiers again. Once the war is over and their sons had died to protect freedom NFLD’ers began to stir against the Commission gov’t and they begin to consider confederation.

Referenda (june 1948, july 1948) - there are three choices on the first referendum - Return to responsible gov’t (got 44.6% of vote), confed with Canada (41.1%), continue commission gov’t (14.3%). the results were so close so another referendum was called and commission gov’t was cut out 52% of the people voted for confed and 48% for responsible gov’t. the closeness of the vote led to intense bitterness. St. Johns and area voted for responsible gov’t and the rest of the province voted for confed. mainly they did this for the social programs as there was often intense poverty in the country side. Joey Smallwood (1900-1990) - He was a major factor in bringing NFLD into Confederation and the first Premier of NFLD.

Post War Canadian Culture

Massey CommissionGrowth of Pop cultureFowler Commission, 1955 SEE CANADA SINCE O’Leary Commission, late 1950’s 1939 NOTESAmerican Cultural ImperialismFree Trade Agreement

April 6, 2010

Canada and Aboriginal Peoples since WWII

there are 530,000 status Indians, 110,000 non-status indians, 300,000 Metis, 40,000 Inuits - a total of about 980,000 or about 4% of the popthe Department of Indian Affairs started way back in 1750 as a branch of the British Military. With Confederation it became part of the Federal Bureaucracy. The Indian Act was passed in 1876 based upon legislation from Upper and Lower Canada in the 1850’s to protect their lands and make them wards of the state.

6000 Native Veterans returned to poverty and discrimination, restrictions of Indian Act (natives couldn’t vote), under the power of Indian Agents - they controlled life on the reserves. reserve populations were growing in the post-war period. they had been stagnant up until WWII. pops were growing b/c of better health care. this larger pop forced change there was a disillusion with segregationist policies and theories of Racism were

discredited partly b/c of the actions of the Nazis and partly b/c of the early success of the japanese army which forced the change of the belief that the white man was superior to all other races

Natives demanded more control over their lives and self gov’t. they wanted better economic opportunities and rejected assimilation. A joint committee on Aboriginals was set up in 1946 and ran to 1948. Never before in the history of Canada were Aboriginal people consulted so muchthe committee led to the repealing of some of the worst clauses of the Indian Act:

Indians could now go to pool hallsIndians could consume alcoholthey could participate in potlaches and sun dancesIndians could hire lawyersWomen could now vote in band council electionssecret ballot in council electionsgreater control of band funds was given to Aboriginal bands

the committee proposed a new policy of integration - ending segregation. integration became the new catch word but what actually changed for natives is debatable. Natives however, were suspect of integration as they though tit might just be another form of assimilation. provinces were encouraged to deliver education and social services to indians. the welfare state required that they get better services and provinces were better equipped to offer the services than the fed gov’t was. the fed gov’t was going to farm out a lot of it’s responsibilities to the provinces but it would still pay for them in the case of status Indians

Education Policy

before the war Indians went to either Residential schools on or near the reserves or day schools on the reserves. reserve schools were concentrated on the Prairies and in BC. there were very few east of Manitoba. the system didn’t work in 1951, 8 out of 20 Indians over age 5 was without formal schooling. part of this b/c reserves were isolated and it was tough to get teachers to got to the schools the Indian Department made agreements with provincial school boards to accept Indian Children. This happened but they were always brought in as a minority pop of the school.in 1968 50% of indian children are in provincial schools of the reserve. this is following a large migration of Natives off the reservesDay and residential schools are in rapid decline.

about 60% of of the status Indian population live on one of Canada’s 610 reserves.

the Median Native age is 22 the Canadian median age is 36.

Parliamentary Committee 1960-61native submissions to the committee were hostile to integrationthey emphasized land claims and treaty rights as well as policies to combat poverty . these were ignored. the committee did change the Indian Act to allow status indians to vote in Fed elections. this gave status Natives new political clout and their votes meant that in some ridings the native vote could affect the outcome

The White Paper of 1969Trudeau was uncomfortable with the idea of group rights and he didn’t want one group of Canadians having a treaty with another group of Canadians. he called for the total dissolution of the Department of Indians, the Indian Act or any special rights that Indians had. he claimed that their poverty was a product of their special legal status in CanadaThe Natives vigorously opposed the White paper, led by the National Indian Brotherhood nationwide protests were held by native groups. in the summer of 1970 Trudeau shelved the White paper and agreed to consultation with the Native groups. the National Indian Brotherhood pressed for self gov’t, control of local child welfare, child protection, and education.

in 1973 ottawa agreed to Native communities controlling their own schools. Thus integrations was reversed: children were now returning to reserve schoolscurriculum was modified to reflect Native Culture and there was a significant growth in natives trained as teachers. Natives saw control of schools as a form of self gov’t. in the constitutional act of 1982 the existing rights of aboriginal treaty rights was recognized and affirmed. this is vague as there was no definition of what existing rights were.in 1974 the Office of Land Claims was formed. It dealt with Specific and Comprehensive claims.

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 1991-96Established after the Oka Crisis and the residential school scandalit recommended a form of self gov’t, expansion of aboriginal land use and resource base, initiatives to improve social, economic and health issues

Residential school disputegov’t acted in response to lawsuits , in 2005 there was an agreement on compensation package. $10,000 for the first year and $3,000 for each additional year at residential schoolsmore compensation for those sexually of physically abusedit cost $2 billion from taxpayers and a truth and reconciliation commission that is operating now.

in 2008, Harper and all members of the House of Parliament apologized for residential schools.