Ukraine_Prague_June 2011

Long-term study of the stable system of

protection of corn crops against weeds with

various methods of soil cultivation in Ukraine

Olexandr Ivaschenko, Viktor Zadorozhnyi, Mykola Kosolap,Yuri Manko

Ukraine

Content

Ukraine : introduction to agriculture

General weed situation

Long term trials ( previously results)

Conclusions

Structure of Landowners, Ukraine,2010.

Type of enterprises

Acreage of tillage Share in Internal Gross Production

(farming), %Million hа share, %

1.Private community 10,1 37 27

2. Personal plot of land 10,7 40 50

3. Farmers 4,0 15 17

4. State farms 1,2 4 3

5. Сollective agricultural enterprise

0,13 1 1

6. Cooperatives 1,0 3 2

All arable area 27,0 100 100

Acreage of the cash cropsin Ukraine, mln. ha

Crops Years2000 2005 2009 2010

All sown area 27,173 26,044 26,990 26,952

Grain and Grain Legumes 13.646 15.005 15.837 15.09

Winter Wheat 5.619 6.665 6.852 6.451

Barley 3.985 4.500 5.122 4.505

Maize 1.364 1.711 2.149 2.709

Oil Seed Rape 0.065 0.439 0.644 1.08

Sunflower 2.943 3.743 4.232 4.572

Soybean 0,065 0,439 0,644 1,076

Crops Years

2000 2005 2009 2010

Winter Wheat 1.41 3.26 2.90 3.27

Spring Barley 1.48 2.45 2.06 2.61

Maize 3.46 3.86 4.32 4.43

Sunflower 1.12 0.89 1.28 2.1

Oil Seed Rape 0.4 1.81 1.70 1.80

Soybean 1.22 1.41 1.45 1.62

Sugar Beet 20.1 23.8 24.8 29.5

Yield of the major crops in Ukraine,t/ha

Thus, the reasons of existing level of productivity are the following:

Negative influence of structural transformations of agricultural farms of Ukraine, such as farm division;Unseasonable and low quality fulfillment of a field work complex;Withdrawal of stubble shelling from the essential system of cultivation Breach of rotation ;Oversaturation of the rotation by sunflower ;Simplification of the maintenance to row crops and fallow;Increasing of spring ploughing volume, shallow and surface tillage without appropriate herbicide applicationsIncreasing of level of weed infestation by persistent perennial weed species;Insufficient level of weed control on uncultivated lands . As result –expansion of quarantine weeds, first of all - allergens

Content

Ukraine : introduction to agriculture

General weed situation

Long term trials ( previously results)

Conclusions

Enough precipitation:550-670 mm

Unstable precipitation: 480-550 mm

Deficient precipitation: 230-480 mm

Vinnitsa

Kiev.Kharkiv

. Dnipropetrovsk

.Odesa

Crimea

. Lviv

Quantity of the most wide spread species of weeds

Soil-climatic zone Species quantity

Enough precipitation 62

Unstable precipitation 46

Deficient precipitation 38

Wide spread annual weed species of Ukraine

Weed species Soil-climatic zoneenough

precipitationunstable

precipitationdeficient

precipitation

Ambrosia artemisiafolia (L.) - + +++Amaranthus retroflexus L. +++ +++ +++Amaranthus lividus L. +++ +++ +++Apera spica venti (L.) P.B. +++ ++ -Avena fatua L. ++ ++ +++Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Medik +++ ++ ++Cardus acanthoides L. ++ ++ +++Chenopodium album L. +++ +++ +++Centaurea cyanus L. ++ +++ +Descurainia sophia (L/) Webb. + ++Echinocloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. +++ +++ ++Galinsoga parviflora Cav. +++ +++ ++Galium aparine L. +++ +++ ++

Wide spread annual weed species of the Ukraine

Weed species Soil-climatic zone

enough precipitation

unstable precipitation

deficient precipitation

Matricaria perforata Merat +++ ++ -Papaver agremone L. +++ +++ -Polygonum lapathifolium L. ++ +++ +++Raphanus raphanistrum L. - + +++

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. +++ +++ +++

Sinapis arvensis L. ++ +++ +++

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. +++ ++ -

Solanum nigrum L. ++ ++ +++

Stelaria media (L.) Cyr. +++ +++ +

Spergula vulgaris Boenn. +++ ++ -

Thlaspi arvense L. +++ +++ +

Veronica arvensis L. +++ ++ -

Viola arvensis L. +++ +++ +

Xantium strumarim L. + ++ +++

Wide spread perennial weed species of Ukraine

Weed species Soil-climatic zone

enough precipitation

unstable precipitation

deficient precipitation

Acroptilon repens (L.) DC - - ++

Agropyron repens (L.) Pal.Beauv. +++ +++ ++

Cirsium arvense (L.) +++ +++ +++

Convolvulus arvensis L. + + +++

Cyodon dactylon (L.) + + +++

Euphorbia virgata W.K. ++ ++ ++

Equisetum arvense L. +++ +++ +

Rumex crispus L. +++ +++ +

Sonchus arvensis +++ +++ ++

Taraxacum officinale L. +++ +++ +++

Weed seed bank

Soil-climatic zoneSeeds,

Billion per ha

Enough precipitation 0.4-1,47

Unstable precipitation 0.5-1,71

Deficient precipitation 0.55-1,14

Seed reserve of the most wide spread botanic families, %

Families

Soil-climatic zone

Enough precipitation

Unstable precipitation

Deficient precipitation

Chenopodiaceae 62.7 51.8 59.6

Amaranthaceae 21.6 16.5 12.8

Poaceae 6.4 8.8 11.2

Polygonaceae 4.5 5.3 5.8

Brassicaceae 6.2 3.0 1.6

Current weed control system includes the reasonable

combination of :Rotation;

Using of the different methods of the essential pre-emergence and intercropping cultivations;

Treatment by herbicides.

More appropriate herbicides fitting into integrated control systems (i.e. post-emergence compounds) be made available, particularly for the following crops ranked in ascending order of weed competitiveness: sugar beets, maize, soya beans, potatoes, sunflower, legumes, oilseed rape, winter cereals and spring cereals.

To improve the efficiency of chemical weed control it is highly necessary to improve the precision of its application.

In order to allow optimal use of herbicides the concept of economic thresholds must be practiced.

The critical period for weed competition, as it has been elaborated for maize for Ukrainian conditions, has to be taken into account in order to avoid irreversible yield losses.As herbicide resistance may become a threat to future chemical weed

management, an appropriate monitoring system must be installed. Prevention of herbicide resistance will depend largely on the aveliabilitiy of a wider range of compounds.

Introduction of a more integratedweed management system can`t besuccesfull unless it is precededand/or accompanied by significantimprovements in the abovementioned elements of cropproduction.

Rotation1. Clover2. Winter wheat3. Sugar beet4. Corn, silage6. Corn, grain7. Peas8. Winter wheat9. Sugar beet10. Barley

Comparison of average multiyear temperatures during vegetative period

(April - September)

8.07

15.08

17.86 18.49 18.15

14.239.88

16.19

18.93

21.8320.7

14.82

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6

Температура

, ˚С

Місяці вегетаційного періоду

1975-1984 рр.2001-2010 рр.

Changing of average multiyear quantity of precipitates during vegetative season

339.94 300.68

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Опади

, мм

1975-1984 рр.2001-2010 рр.

Changing of biological structure of weed groups during 30 years

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ярі Озимі Зимуючі Багаторічні

1982-1986

2002-2010

Changing of spring weeds share in weed groups during 30 years, %

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Changing of perennial weeds share in weed groups during 30 years, %

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

Березка польова Осот рожевий Осот жовтий пирій повзучий Хвощ польовий

Changing of autumn weeds share in weed groups during 30 years, %

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Дескуранія Софії Жовтушник лакфіолетовий

підмаренник чіпкий Триреберник непахучий Фіалка польоваSeries1

Changing of quantity and species saturation of weed components in

soybean agrophytocenosis,1984 - 2010.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

37 22 11

111.33

437.6

144.1 Видове різноманіттяКількість штук на М2

1984 р. 2010 р. no-till 2010 р.. традиц

Correlation of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in weed groups of soybean agrophytocenosis

61.1

38.620.5

38,9

61.479.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% класу

бур

`янів

Дводольні

Однодольні

1984 р. 2010 р. традиційна 2010 р. No-till

According to the forecast Ukrainian farmers will do

Ploughing – to 13,5 million hа

Minimum tillage- 16 million hа

No-tillage – tо 2,5 million hа

Content

Ukraine : introduction to agriculture

General weed situation

Long term trials ( previously results)

Сonclusions

Concepts of weed controlConcept 1: application of a reduced amount of Acetochlor (1200 g ai) before emergence of cornfollowed by Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) around the 3 leaf stage of corn.Concept 2: application of a tank mix of a residual herbicide (Callisto) and Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) aftercrop emergence.Concept 3: application of Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) after crop emergence followed by Roundup(max. 1080 g ae) at a later stage.Concept 4: application of Roundup (max. 720 g ae) after crop emergence followed by a tank mixof Dicamba (240 g ai) and Roundup (1440 g ae) at 8 leaf stage (latest) of corn.Concept 5: usually applied conventional herbicide program (Stellar, 1 l/ha + Metolat, 1 l/ha)

Vinnitsa, May,2011

Vinnitsa, May,2011

Wide-spread weed species in different zones of corn growing

Weed species Vinnitsa Byla Tserkva Vecelyi Podil

Amaranthus retroflexus L. + + +

Ambrosia artemisifolia L. - - +

Galeopsis tetrahit L. - + +

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. + + -

Chenopodium album L + + +

Cirsium arvense Scop. + + +

Convolvulus arvensis L. + + -

Echinochloa crus galli + - -

Elytrigia repens L. + + +

Euphorbia virgata W. K - + -

Polygonyum convolvulus L. + + +

Polygonum scabrum Moench. - + -

Polygonum persicaria L. - - +

Setaria glauca L. + - -

Sinapis arvensis L. - - +

Solanum nigrum L. - + +

Sonchus arvensis L. - - +

Thlaspi arvense L. - + -

Fumaria officinalis L. - + -

Stellaria media L. - + -

Melandrium album Garcke. - + -

Anagallis arvensis L. - + -

Plantago major L. + - -

Influence of cultivation methods and herbicides on weed invasion, corn (Vinnitsa,2010)

Weed species Cultivation types

Farm practice Ploughing, 20-22 сm Mini-tillage, 10-12 сm No-tillage

Mass of weed species ,g/m2

Concept of weed control

Control,Without treatment

Harness,2,5 l/гh

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Elytrigia repens L. 7 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - - -

Echinochloa crus galli 50 2 - - - 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 3 2 1 1 3

Setaria glauca L. 77 3 - 2 - 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 4

Chenopodium album L 1 - - - - 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 - - - 1

Cirsium arvense Scop. - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - -

Convolvulus arvensis L - 3 - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - -

Polygonum 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

Amaranthusretroflexus L.

2 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - -

Galinsoga parvifloraCav

- - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - 1 -

Plantago major L. 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 -

Total 138 12 - 2 - 5 9 7 3 4 6 8 11 3 3 6 9

Quantity of weedsper m2

58 7 0 1 1 4 8 7 3 2 2 8 9 3 3 5 8

Mass dicreasing tocontrol, %

- 90 100 99 99 97 93 95 95 98 96 94 92 98 98 96 94

Influence of cultivation methods and herbicides on corn yield ( grain, t/ha, 2010 ) .

Cultivation methods Concept of weed control Yield, t/hа

Farmer practice Control, without treatment 5,43

Harness, 2,5 l/hа 6,81

Ploughing,20-22 сm

1 7,91

2 7,53

3 7,60

4 7,15

5 7,01

Mini tillage10-12 см

1 7,12

2 7,35

3 7,42

4 7,01

5 6,97

No-till

1 6,70

2 7,22

3 7,32

4 6,85

5 6,74

Conclusions

Weed infestation had a mixed character and was very high . The most mass weeds were annual monocotyledonous : Echinochloa crus galli (L.) Beauv. and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Efficiency of weed control concepts didn`t have the essentially difference on the background of the different cultivation methods. The best weed control was registered in variant ploughed at depth 20-22cm and treated by Harness, pre-emergence (1,2 kg a.i./ha) and following application of corn inter rows by Roundup Max 1080 g a.i./ha).The lowest projective cover degree (3%) and (poor) weed infestation level were registered in variant treated by Harness , pre-emergence (1,2 kg a.i./ha) and Roundup Max, 3 leaf stage (1080 g a.i./га.)Maximum increase of yield 2,48 т/га was harvested in variant ploughed at depth 20-22cm and treated by Harness, pre-emergence (1,2 kg a.i//ha) and following application of corn inter rows by Roundup Max (1080 g a.i./ha). Yield of corn (grain) was fairly lower in the No-tillage variants versus the Tillage variants

Conclusions6-10 species of weeds are considered to be the most harmful in sowings;

weed control measures should be over by the beginning of herbacritical period;

preparations for soil influence should be used in conditions of annual weeds domination;

roundup must be used in the system of the basic soil cultivation when having long term weed infestation;

To prevent occurrence of resistant biotypes it is necessary to alternate different herbicides or use 2-3 component herbicide compositions.

Future of Ukrainian weed control

More restrictions and herbicide bans are expectedMinimize ‘environmental footprints’ of farmingFarm size increasing: Call for rational and robust herbicide solutions (insurance)Reduced tillage on the increaseGM crops: Still uncertain how they will be adoptedSite-specific weed control may help to solve many problems, but technology must be cheapNeed to keep focus on integrated approaches, e.g. crop rotations, competitive crop varieties, tillage, etc.

Thank you for your attention!

AgroSoyuz, 14/06/2011