UK Energy Balances Iain MacLeay – Head Energy Balances, Prices and Publications Date May 2009.

UK Energy Balances

Iain MacLeay – Head Energy Balances, Prices and Publications

Date May 2009

Outline of Presentation

1.UK Balance

2.Simplified balance

3.Other issues

UK Practice - part 1

1.Raw data collection – mainly surveys, but some admin data

2.Aggregates produced – eg production of steam coal, coking coal, anthracite etc. Imports, exports, consumption split by industry etc.

3.Balances produced by fuel in natural units

UK Practice - part 21.Data translated to standard unit (UK

chooses to use tonne of oil equivalent)2.Start with matrix of 50+ columns (see next

slide)3.Conversion made using Gross Calorific

Values (though also done using Net CVs to meet EU needs (20/20 targets etc))

4.CVs obtained from industry and survey responses

Columns in UK Energy Balance

Coal - tonnes

Steam coal

Coking coal

Anthracite

Manufactured fuels – solids - tonnes

Coke

Breeze

Coal products for open appliances

Coal products for closed appliances

Manufactured fuels – liquids - GWh

Benzole

Tars

Manufactured fuels – gases - GWh

Coke oven gas

Blast furnace gas

Combustible renewables

- toe

Wood

Wood waste

Straw

Poultry litter

Farm waste digestion

Sewage gas

Landfill gas

Non biomass wastes - toe

Municipal solid waste

Hospital waste

General industrial waste

Tyres

Chemicals

Other renewables - toe

Geothermal

Solar

Liquid biofuels for transport

Primary oil - tonnes

Crude oil

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Condensates

Feedstocks

Gas - GWh

Natural Gas

Colliery methane

Primary electricity - GWh

Nuclear

Large scale hydro

Small scale hydro

Wind and wave

Heat sold - GWh

Petroleum products - tonnes

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Other petroleum gases

Naphtha

Aviation spirit

Motor spirit

Industrial spirit

White spirit

Aviation turbine fuel

Burning oil

Gas oil (inc MDF)

Marine diesel oil

Fuel oils

Lubricants

Bitumen

Petroleum wax

Petroleum Coke

Orimulsion

Other miscellaneous products

UK Practice - part 31.Calculations performed

2.Results analysed – statistical differences considered

3.Data aggregated into 9 columns for final publication

4.Flow charts and other summary charts produced

Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent

Coal Manufactured fuel(1)

Primary oils Petroleum products

Natural gas(2) Renewable & waste(3)

Primary electricity

Electricity Heat Total

Supply

Indigenous production 10,668 - 84,211 - 72,125 3,975 14,928 - - 185,906

Imports 28,200 728 62,311 26,090 29,065 378 - 741 - 147,512

Exports -401 -182 -55,754 -32,108 -10,590 - - -292 - -99,326

Marine bunkers - - - -2,513 - - - - - -2,513

Stock change(4) 1,896 -22 856 1,084 471 - - - - 4,286

Primary supply 40,362 524 91,625 -7,446 91,071 4,354 14,928 448 - 235,865

Statistical difference(5) +107 -28 -117 -95 +131 - - +130 - +127

Primary demand 40,255 552 91,741 -7,351 90,941 4,354 14,928 318 - 235,738

Transfers - -126 -3,211 +3,234 -7 - -892 +892 - -110

Transformation -38,578 1,725 -88,530 87,808 -32,155 -3,487 -14,036 32,865 1,190 -53,197

Electricity generation -32,897 -937 - -677 -30,397 -3,487 -14,036 32,865 - -49,566

Major power producers -31,964 - - -211 -27,501 -683 -14,036 30,116 - -44,279

Autogenerators -933 -937 - -466 -2,896 -2,805 - 2,749 - -5,287

Heat generation -286 -51 - -60 -1,758 - - - 1,190 -966

Petroleum refineries - -88,530 88,755 - - - - - 225

Coke manufacture -4,319 4,170 - - - - - - - -149

Blast furnaces -904 -1,633 - -210 - - - - - -2,747

Patent fuel manufacture -172 176 - - - - - - - 5

Other - - - - - - - - - -

Energy industry use 4 881 - 4,553 6,406 - - 2,404 60 14,308

Electricity generation - - - - - - 1,555 - 1,555

Oil and gas extraction - - - - 5,523 - - 48 - 5,571

Petroleum refineries - - - 4,553 291 - - 401 60 5,304

Coal extraction 4 - - - 8 - - 85 - 96

Coke manufacture - 424 - - 26 - - 8 - 458

Blast furnaces - 458 - - 62 - - 41 - 561

Patent fuel manufacture - - - - - - - - - -

Pumped storage - - - - - - - 104 - 104

Other - - - - 497 - - 162 - 658

Losses - 216 - - 1,038 - - 2,270 - 3,524

Final consumption 1,673 1,053 - 79,139 51,335 866 - 29,402 1,130 164,599

UK Energy Balance 2007

Energy Balance 2007 con’t

Final consumption 1,673 1,053 - 79,139 51,335 866 - 29,402 1,130 164,599

Industry 1,173 861 - 6,827 11,760 256 - 10,123 692 31,693

Unclassified - 237 - 2,640 3 256 - - - 3,137

Iron and steel 1 624 - 20 631 - - 423 - 1,699

Non-ferrous metals 22 - - 48 292 - - 673 - 1,035

Mineral products 691 - - 197 964 - - 705 - 2,558

Chemicals 91 - - 192 3,201 - - 1,829 278 5,592

Mechanical engineering etc 7 - - 107 673 - - 750 2 1,539

Electrical engineering etc 4 - - 36 342 - - 625 - 1,007

Vehicles 35 - - 123 759 - - 510 - 1,427

Food, beverages etc 30 - - 268 2,289 - - 1,058 1 3,645

Textiles, leather etc 52 - - 119 549 - - 288 - 1,008

Paper, printing etc 101 - - 65 945 - - 1,178 1 2,291

Other industries 140 - - 2,843 881 - - 1,945 411 6,220

Construction - - - 169 231 - - 137 - 537

Transport (6) - - - 59,104 - - - 710 - 59,814

Air - - - 13,971 - - - - - 13,971

Rail - - - 700 - - - - - 700

Road - - - 42,815 - - - - - 42,815

National navigation - - - 1,618 - - - - - 1,618

Pipelines - - - - - - - - - -

Other 501 192 - 4,377 38,676 610 - 18,569 437 63,362

Domestic 487 192 - 2,877 30,090 426 - 9,893 52 44,015

Public administration 5 - - 487 3,834 91 - 1,879 376 6,673

Commercial 4 - - 409 3,091 - - 6,469 9 9,982

Agriculture 3 - - 294 172 74 - 329 - 872

Miscellaneous 1 - - 310 1,490 20 - - - 1,821

Non energy use - - - 8,830 899 - - - - 9,730

Simplified Balances – part 1

1.Not reasonable to expect all countries to produce such a comprehensive picture of their energy system

2.The following slide shows the energy balance for the Channel Island of Jersey

3.With the one after showing the UK quarterly balance.

Energy BalancesJersey Energy Balance, 2007

Figures are in tonnes of oil equivalentCoal and Other

Solid FuelPetroleum products

Gas Electricity Total

Production 1,396 1,396Imports 1,545 144,788 51,188 197,521stock change 3,390 0 3,390Primary supply 1,545 148,178 52,584 202,306

TransfersElectricity generation -19,377 6,057 -13,320Gas supply -10,144 9,949 -194

Available supply 1,545 118,657 9,949 58,641 188,791

Energy industry own use and losses 149 4,992 5,141

ConsumptionIndustry and government 25,361 4,561 29,132 59,054Air and marine 21,909 21,909Road 42,169 42,169Domestic 1,545 29,218 5,239 24,265 60,267

Final consumption 1,545 118,657 9,800 53,397 183,398

Source: States of Jersey Statistics Unit Jersey Energy Trends - 2007

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SUPPLY Indigenous production 3,147 - 19,914 - 18,266 1,185 3,388 - - Imports 7,863 57 15,652 6,609r 10,696 87 - 176 - Exports -163 -30 -13,527 -7,209 -3,075 - - -62 - Marine bunkers - - - -718 - - - - - Stock change1 + 65 -51 + 254 -456 + 587 - - - -

Primary supply 10,912 -24 22,293 -1,773 26,474 1,272 3,388 114 -

Statistical difference2 + 1 -2 -65 -393 -124 - - + 18 -Primary demand 10,911 -22 22,358 -1,380 26,598 1,272 3,388 96 -

Transfers3 - -29 -937 + 1,083 - - -326 + 326 -TRANSFORMATION -10,446 547 -21,422 21,326 -8,222 -1,002 -3,062 8,517 343 Electricity generation -9,115 -143 - -231 -7,707 -1,002 -3,062 8,517 - Heat generation -80 -13 - -15 -515 - - - 343

Petroleum refineries - - -21,422 21,606 - - - - - Coke manufacture -1,031 990 - - - - - - - Blast furnaces -153 -347 - -34 - - - - - Patent fuel manufacture -67 60 - - - - - - -

Energy industry use - 194 - 1,259 1,593 - - 606 15 Losses - 49 - - 317 - - 643 -FINAL CONSUMPTION 463 253 - 19,770 16,465 270 - 7,690 328 Iron & steel - 132 - 26 125 - - 103 - Other industries 309 58 - 1,840 2,805 66 - 2,322 173 Transport - - - 13,918 - - - 180 - Domestic 152 64 - 1,085 10,920 141 - 2,849 18 Other final users 2 - - 389 2,391 63 - 2,237 136 Non energy use - - - 2,514 225 - - - -

2008 Quarter 4 p

UK Quarterly Energy Balance

AccuracyImportant to focus on key aggregates. For the UK these are:

• Own production

• Trade

• Total supply/demand

• Transformation

• Final consumption

– by Industry,

– Transport

– Domestic and

– Other

• Less relative importance re energy industry own use, losses and non energy use – though each important in own right

Key uses of data• Own production – tax revenue, self sufficiency• Trade – dependency on others, detail by country of source is

needed, trade routes• Total supply/demand – Headline data• Transformation – Efficiency of generation, emissions• Final consumption – Energy efficiency, effect of emissions

trading– Industry - EU ETS– Transport – Switching by mode of travel– Domestic – Energy efficiency– Other – Monitoring public sector use etc.

• Other sectors:– energy industry own use – efficiency of extraction and

transformation– Losses – efficiency of distribution system– non energy use – competing demands on energy products

History:

UnitsFrom May 1991 the UK commenced using tonnes of oil

equivalent (toe). Previously tonnes of coal equivalent had been used, with therms used for some energy consumption information. UK move to toe follows that of Eurostat and the IEA – though it was recognised that the UN used the SI unit of joules.

Gross v NetConsultation November 1993UK has been using gross calorific values since we started

producing balances in the 1960’s.There were two reasons for adopting this practice:

1. This was the method industries used for pricing their fuels;

2. The small step that NCVs represented in the transition from energy supplied to useful energy was very small compared with the large losses that generally occur in practice in extracting useful energy from all fuels, other than electricity.

It was recognised that IEA, Eurostat and the UN all used NCVs.

Arguments1. Changing the UK to using NCVs would bring the UK into line

with international organisations2. There would need to be revisions made to UK historical data 3. There could be confusion re price information4. NCVs provide a better measure of available energy – but the

efficiency of most energy uses, especially for fossil fuels, will be such that there will still be large gaps between this measure and useful energy – space heating and lighting can use as little as 20% of the energy supplied.

5. Condensing boilers are able to utilise the latent heat of the water vapour so NCVs will understate the available energy

ResultsHave been unable to locate detailed responses – but the UK

continued to use GCVs in producing energy balances.

Consultation July 2005• DTI issued a consultation document that proposed we

commence using NCVs from 2006. • Five written responses were received: 3 from energy related

businesses, 1 from a major business user, and 1 from a mechanical engineer.

• Two were in favour, 3 were against, with particular reservations regarding gaseous fuels.

• Two additional users, who did not respond formally, welcomed the provision of NCVs as well as GCVs and thus felt that there was no need for DTI to change from GCVs as they could do their own calculations.

In conclusion, DTI recognised that there were good arguments for both NCVs and GCVs. At present there was no demonstrable advantage in changing from the present UK practice, and so GCVs remain the headline method.