Ugaritic Paradigms for both verbal and non-verbal forms Compiled by Joshua L. Harper Fall 2008 Based on information from: Daniel Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1:28; Atlanta: SBL, 2001) William M. Schniedewind and Joel H. Hunt, A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007) and course materials produced by Meredith M. Kline
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Ugaritic Paradigms for both verbal and non-verbal forms
Compiled by Joshua L. Harper
Fall 2008
Based on information from:
Daniel Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1:28; Atlanta: SBL, 2001)
William M. Schniedewind and Joel H. Hunt, A Primer on Ugaritic: Language,
Culture and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
and course materials produced by Meredith M. Kline
Noun Paradigms Masculine Feminine
Singular Unbound Bound Singular Unbound Bound
Nom mlk malku mlk malku Nom mlkt malkatu mlkt malkatu
Gen mlk malki mlk malki Gen mlkt malkati mlkt malkati
1 This also includes all I-Guttural verbs, which are strong in Ugaritic. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms qṭl quṭul/ quṭla
fs qṭl quṭulī
dual qṭl quṭulā
mp qṭl quṭulū
Active Participle
ms qṭl qāṭilu
fs qṭlt qāṭilatu
mp qṭlm qāṭilūma
fp qṭlt qāṭilātu
Passive Participle5555
ms qṭl qaṭūlu
fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu
mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma
fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu
Infinitive6666
qṭl qaṭālu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
2 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative3333
Participle4444
ms nqṭl naqṭalu
fs nqṭlt naqṭalatu
mp nqṭlm naqṭalūma
fp nqṭlt naqṭalātu
Infinitive5555
nqṭl naqṭalu
3 There are no attestations for the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would
presumably be nqṭl naqṭil, but the last vowel is questionable. 4 Very rare. 5 The final a may be long. If in bound relationship, then Infi-nitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms qṭl qaṭṭil
fs qṭl qaṭṭilī
dual qṭl qaṭṭilā
mp qṭl qaṭṭilū
Participle
ms mqṭl muqaṭṭilu
fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭilatu
mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭilūma
fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭilātu
Infinitive5555
qṭl quṭṭalu
5 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms šqṭl šaqṭil
fs šqṭl šaqṭilī
dual šqṭl šaqṭilā
mp šqṭl šaqṭilū
Participle
ms mšqṭl mušaqṭilu
fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭilatu
mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭilūma
fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭilātu
Infinitive5555
šqṭl šuqṭalu
5 The vowels are contested. If in bound relationship, then Infini-tive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 This stem may not exist at all. The forms in the text may be 3mp indefinites (they killed him = he was killed), or in the Imperfect may be N forms. (Cf. Sivan 126) 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 Presumably preformative vowel a, but no 1cs forms attested. 4 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
5 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative6666
Participle7777
ms qṭl qaṭūlu
fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu
mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma
fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu
Infinitive8888
6 None attested. 7 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 8 None attested.
1 This stem is rare, and the forms are difficult to interpret. Cf. Sivan 137-38. 2 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
6 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
Participle7777
ms mqṭl muqaṭṭalu
fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭalatu
mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭalūma
fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭalātu
Infinitive
7 The form interpreted as a Dp participle may in fact be a noun.
1 This stem, too, is quite rare and debatable. 2 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3
gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
6 Any Pret form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative7777
ms tqṭl taqaṭṭil
fs tqṭl taqaṭṭilī
dual tqṭl taqaṭṭilā
mp tqṭl taqaṭṭilū
Participle
Infinitive50
tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu
7 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.
1 This stem is fairly rare. 2 The stem vowel may also be i. 3 The preformative vowel may be either u or a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3
gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
1 The preformative vowel may u or a. 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 4 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q seem to undergo metathesis: tqtqtqtqṭṭṭṭl l l l taqṭal(?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 5 The stem vowel may be i not a. 6 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 7 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 8 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.
1 Cf. יכבד/כבד The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms kbd kabad/ kabda
fs kbd kabadī
duad kbd kabadā
mp kbd kabadū
Active Participle
ms kbd kābidu
fs kbdt kābidatu
mp kbdm kābidūma
fp kbdt kābidātu
Passive Participle5555
ms kbd kabūdu
fs kbdt kabūdatu
mp kbdm kabūdūma
fp kbdt kabūdātu
Infinitive6666
kbd kabādu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 Cf. יקטן/קטן The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms qṭn qaṭan/ qaṭna
fs qṭn qaṭanī
Dual qṭn qaṭanā
mp qṭn qaṭanū
Active Participle
ms qṭn qāṭinu
fs qṭnt qāṭinatu
mp qṭnm qāṭinūma
fp qṭnt qāṭinātu
Passive Participle5555
ms qṭn qaṭūnu
fs qṭnt qaṭūnatu
mp qṭnm qaṭūnūma
fp qṭnt qaṭūnātu
Infinitive6666
qṭn qaṭānu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 Cf ימחץ/מחץ The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms mḫṣ maḫaṣ/ maḫṣa
fs mḫṣ maḫaṣī
Dual mḫṣ maḫaṣā
mp mḫṣ maḫaṣū
Active Participle
ms mḫṣ māḫiṣu
fs mḫṣt māḫiṣatu
mp mḫṣm māḫiṣūma
fp mḫṣt māḫiṣātu
Passive Participle5555
ms mḫṣ maḫūṣu
fs mḫṣt maḫūṣatu
mp mḫṣm maḫūṣūma
fp mḫṣt maḫūṣātu
Infinitive6666
mḫṣ maḫāṣu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 Cf. ישלח/שלח The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms šlḥ šalaḥ/ šalḥa
fs šlḥ šalaḥī
Dual šlḥ šalaḥā
mp šlḥ šalaḥū
Active Participle
ms šlḥ māḫiṣu
fs šlḥt māḫiṣatu
mp šlḥm māḫiṣūma
fp šlḥt māḫiṣātu
Passive Participle5555
ms šlḥ maḫūṣu
fs šlḥt maḫūṣatu
mp šlḥm maḫūṣūma
fp šlḥt maḫūṣātu
Infinitive6666
šlḥ maḫāṣu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
I-N:1111 NPL
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m npl napala npl napalā npl napalū
3f nplt napalat nplt napal(a)tā npl napalā
2m nplt napalta npltm napaltumā npltm napaltum(ū)
2f nplt napalti npltm napaltumā npltn napaltunā
1c nplt napaltu (?) nplny napalniyā npln napalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappul y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū
3f tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
2m tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpl tappulū
2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
1c apl ʾappul npl nappulā npl nappul
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappulu y/tpln y/tappulāni tpln tappulūna
3f tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā
2m tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulūna
2f tpln tappulīna tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā
1c apl ʾappulu npln nappulāni npl nappulu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappula y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū
3f tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
2m tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpl tappulū
2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
1c apl ʾappula npl nappulā npl nappula
1 And LQḤ 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms pl pul/ pula
fs pl pulī
dual pl pulā
mp pl pulū
Active Participle
ms npl nāpilu
fs nplt nāpilatu
mp nplm nāpilūma
fp nplt nāpilātu
Passive Participle5555
ms npl napūlu
fs nplt napūlatu
mp nplm napūlūma
fp nplt napūlātu
Infinitive6666
npl napālu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
1 Only one I-N form is found in the Š Stem: šsʿn šassiʿanī “he brought [the silver] to me” from NSʿ
I-Y:1111 YRD
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarada yrd yaradā yrd yaradū
3f yrdt yaradat yrdt yarad(a)tā yrd yaradā
2m yrdt yaradta yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtm yaradtum(ū)
2f yrdt yaradti yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtn yaradtunā
1c yrdt yaradtu (?) yrdny yaradniyā yrdn yaradnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarid y/trd y/taridā trd taridū
3f trd tarid trd taridā trdn taridna
2m trd tarid trd taridā trd taridū
2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna
1c ard ʾarid nrd naridā nrd narid
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yaridu y/trdn y/taridāni trdn taridūna
3f trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridnā
2m trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridūna
2f trdn taridīna trdn taridāni trdn taridnā
1c ard ʾaridu nrdn naridāni nrd naridu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarida y/trd y/taridā trd taridū
3f trd tarida trd taridā trdn taridna
2m trd tarida trd taridā trd taridū
2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna
1c ard ʾarida nrd naridā nrd narida
1 And HLK 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms rd rid/ rida
fs rd ridī
dual rd ridā
mp rd ridū
Active Participle
ms yrd yāridu
fs yrdt yāridatu
mp yrdm yāridūma
fp yrdt yāridātu
Passive Participle5555
ms mrd môrūdu
fs mrdt môrūdatu
mp mrdm môrūdūma
fp mrdt môrūdātu
Infinitive6666
yrd yarādu
OR rdt ridatu
4 The y y y y is lost. 5 The yyyy contracts, based on whe-ther the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw; unless the extant forms are actually nouns. Cf. Sivan 149-50. 6 As in BH, there seem to be two Infinitive forms: one preserving the yyyy, and the other adding a t t t t to the end.
1 In this stem, the verb HLQ behaves like a strong verb in attested forms. The yyyy contracts in all forms in this stem, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms šrd šôrid
fs šrd šôridī
dual šrd šôridā
mp šrd šôridū
Participle
ms mšrd mušôridu
fs mšrdt mušôridatu
mp mšrdm mušôridūma
fp mšrdt mušôridātu
Infinitive5555
šrd šûradu
5 Vocalization based on the D Infinitive; û < *uw or *uy
1 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The D Stem of I-Y verbs acts normally—as if the verb were a I-W—when it occurs. 3 yûrad- < *yuyrad- 4 The yyyy may or may not assimilate to the infixed tttt, hence the parenthesis. 5 Then again, the only Gt Imperative form attested has elided the prosthetic ʾ and may not actually be Gt but G from TQǴ. 6 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.
II-Y/W: QWM, ŠYR, BWṮ
G Stem, QWM Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qm qâma1 qm qâmā qm qâmū
3f qmt qâmat qmt qâm(a)tā qm qâmā
2m qmt qâmta qmtm qâmtumā qmtm qâmtum(ū)
2f qmt qâmti qmtm qâmtumā qmtn qâmtunā
1c qmt qâmtu (?) qmny qâmniyā qmn qâmnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūm2 y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū
3f tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
2m tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū
2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
1c aqm ʾaqūm nqm naqūmā nqm naqūm
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūmu y/tqmn y/taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna
3f tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā
2m tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna
2f tqmn taqūmīna tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā
1c aqm ʾaqūmu nqmn naqūmāni nqm naqūmu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūma y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū
3f tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
2m tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū
2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
1c aqm ʾaqūma nqm naqūmā nqm naqūma
1 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 2 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms qm qum
fs qm qūmī6
dual qm qūmā
mp qm qūmū
Active Participle
ms qm qâmu7
fs qmt qâmatu
mp qmm qâmūma
fp qmt qâmātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
qm qûmu
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 8 Unattested in II-W.
II-Y: G Stem, ŠYR Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šr šâra1 šr šârā šr šârū
3f šrt šârat šrt šâr(a)tā šr šârā
2m šrt šârta šrtm šârtumā šrtm šârtum(ū)
2f šrt šârti šrtm šârtumā šrtn šârtunā
1c šrt šârtu (?) šrny šârniyā šrn šârnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīr2 y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū
3f tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
2m tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū
2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
1c ašr ʾašīr nšr našīrā nšr našīr
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīru y/tšrn y/tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna
3f tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā
2m tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna
2f tšrn tašīrīna tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā
1c ašr ʾašīru nšrn našīrāni nšr našīru
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīra y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū
3f tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
2m tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū
2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
1c ašr ʾašīra nšr našīrā nšr našīra
1 Contracted from a presumed *šayara. 2 ī lengthened to compensate for the loss of y; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have i: yašir instead of yašīr. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms šr šir
fs šr šīrī6
dual šr šīrā
mp šr šīrū
Active Participle
ms šr šâru7
fs šrt šâratu
mp šrm šârūma
fp šrt šârātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
šr šîru
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *šāwiru? 8 Unattested in II-Y.
II-W: G Stem, BWṮ Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m bṯ bâṯa1 bṯ bâṯā bṯ bâṯū
3f bṯt bâṯat bṯt bâṯ(a)tā bṯ bâṯā
2m bṯt bâṯta bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtm bâṯtum(ū)
2f bṯt bâṯti bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtn bâṯtunā
1c bṯt bâṯtu (?) bṯny bâṯniyā bṯn bâṯnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯ2 y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
3f tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
2m tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
1c abṯ ʾabāṯ nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯ
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯu y/tbṯn y/tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna
3f tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā
2m tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna
2f tbṯn tabāṯīna tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā
1c abṯ ʾabāṯu nbṯn nabāṯāni nbṯ nabāṯu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯa y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
3f tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
2m tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
1c abṯ ʾabāṯa nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯa
1 Contracted from a presumed *bawaṯa. 2 ā lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have a: yabaṯ instead of yabāṯ. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms bṯ baṯ
fs bṯ bāṯī6
dual bṯ bāṯā
mp bṯ bāṯū
Active Participle
ms bṯ bâṯu7
fs bṯt bâṯatu
mp bṯm bâṯūma
fp bṯt bâṯātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
bṯ bâṯu
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *bāwiṯu? 8 Unattested in II-W.
1 The L stem replaces the D stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
1 Note, in this stem for the common verb ṮṮṮṮWBWBWBWB, the š of the stem assimilates to the ṯ, thus ṯṯṯṯṯṯṯṯbbbb ṯaṯība < *šaṯība < *šaṯwiba (?) 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
1 The L Stem replaces the D Stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 From *yiqtawin-/yiqtawan-. 3 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.
1 The forms with y may also contract: banaya > banâ; banayū > banû. 2 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 3 The y is usually preserved in the forms with a vowel after it; otherwise it contracts: *yabniy > yabnî. Sometimes, even a triphthong will contract: yabniyu > yabnû. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
5 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative6666
ms bn(y) banî/baniya
fs bn(y) banî/baniyī
dual bny baniyā
mp bn(y) banû/baniyū
Active Participle
ms bny bāniyu
fs bnyt bāniyatu
mp bnym bāniyūma
fp bnyt bāniyātu
Passive Participle
ms bny banūyu
fs bnyt banūyatu
mp bnym banūyūma
fp bnyt banūyātu7
Infinitive
bny banāyu
bn banâ
6 These appear both with and without the y; the forms are not certain. 7 This form is also written bnwtbnwtbnwtbnwt banūwātu, with the w as a glide?
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
4 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
Participle
ms mbny mubanniyu
fs mbnyt mubanniyatu
mp mbnym mubanniyūma
fp mbnyt mubanniyātu
Infinitive5555
bn bunnû
5 From the syllabic texts, not the alphabetic: ḫu-wu-ú ḥuwwû < *ḥuwwayu.
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
1 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 2 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 3 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly. 4 < *yubnay. 5 < *ʾibtanay, but perhaps the form should be ʾibtanî < *ʾibtaniy. 6 < *yabannay. 7 As in BH, the Št Stem only occurs with the root ḤWY. 8 < *yištaḥwiy-.
1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 Only 3ms and 2ms are attested in weak forms; 3fs is attested once in a strong form. 3 The form is yaCzuC2C3- if followed by a vowel, otherwise yaCzuCc. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
5 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
ms rb rub
fs rb rubblī
dual rb rubbā
mp rb rubbū
Active Participle6666
ms rb rabbu
fs rbt rabbatu
mp [ rbbm rābibūma ]
fp [ rbbt rābibātu ]
Passive Participle7777
ms rbb rabūbu
fs rbbt rabūbatu
mp rbbm rabūbūma
fp rbbt rabūbātu
Infinitive8888
rbt ribbatu
6 The plurals aretreated as strong. 7 Treated as strong throughout. 8 The attested form is ḥḥḥḥnth nth nth nth ḥinnatihu (with 3ms suffix).
1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
6 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
ms rbb rābib
fs rbb rābibī
dual rbb rābibā
mp rbb rābibū
Participle
ms mrbb murābibu
fs mrbbt murābibatu
mp mrbbm murābibūma
fp mrbbt murābibātu
Infinitive
II=III: At a Glance with N, Š, and Minor Stems1111
D Stem2222 yrbb yurabbib- rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu
OR: L Stem yurābib- rābib murābibu
Š Stem šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib-
Gp Stem yrb yurabb-
Dp Stem yrbb yarabbab- mrbb murabbabu
OR: Lp Stem yarābab- murābabu
tD Stem ytrbb yatarabbib-
OR: tL Stem yatarābib-
Quadrilateral Verbs
Prefix Conj
R Stem ykrkr yakarkiru/yukarkiru
1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1.
1 This includes I-Guttural verbs, which are fully strong in Ugaritic. 2 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 3 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 4 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 5 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית)
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the N Stem. 2 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 3 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 4 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly.
II=III: D yrbb yurabbib-214 rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu
OR: L yurābib-214 rābib murābibu
Quad: R ykrkr yakarkir-214
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural, I-N verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the D Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs, statives, and HLQHLQHLQHLQ which are fully strong in the Š Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.