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Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage CapacitorsUltracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
Ultracapacitors: Some Perspectives on T h l M d li d A li ti
Ud D h d Ph DUday Deshpande, Ph.D.Senior Director, Power Engineering
Uday Deshpande joined Maxwell Technologies in early 2007 assuming primary responsibility for electrical and systems development. In this capacity he is responsible for solutions for Maxwell’s ultracapacitor products as well as developing increased understanding in the application and use of ultracapacitors in various industries worldwide. Prior to that heultracapacitors in various industries worldwide. Prior to that he spent over 10 years in technology development/engineering roles where he led development of motor/drive solutions for automotive and power tool industries. He has a Bachelor of Technology (Hons.) degree from the Indian Institute of T h l Kh d MSEE d Ph D d f thTechnology, Kharagpur and an MSEE and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Kentucky, all in Electrical Engineering. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, has published several papers and has several patents issued or pending in the field of electric machines and drives.
Invented in U S by Robert A Rightmire of SOHIO• Invented in U.S. by Robert A. Rightmire of SOHIO company.– U.S. Patent 3,288,641 “ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE , ,
APPARATUS: This invention relates generally to the utilization of an electrostatic field across the interphase boundary between an electron conductor and an ion conductor to promote the storage of energy by ionic adsorption at the interphase boundary.” Nov. 29, 1966adsorption at the interphase boundary. Nov. 29, 1966
• Electrochemical storage batteries and capacitors have been in existence for over 2000 years (B hd d b BC) V l “ il ” 1800 B(Baghdad battery BC), Volta “pile” 1800, to Ben Franklin 1848 who coined the term “battery”.– Battery stores energy in chemical bonds that follow reduction-oxidation y gy
(REDOX) reactions. Mass transfer is involved.– Capacitors store energy in electrostatic fields between ions in solution and
a material. No mass transfer involved – hence no electrochemcial wearout.
12
Source: Joel Schindall, “Concept and Status of Nano-sculpted Capacitor Battery,” Presented at 16th Annual Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices December 4-6, Deerfield Beach, Florida
Capacitance terminology
• Generic types of electrochemical capacitors (EC’s):• Generic types of electrochemical capacitors (EC’s):– Symmetric design – same carbon material is used in both electrodes.
Testing generally imparts a (+) positive or (-) negative polarization.– Asymmetric design – electrodes are different materials, one activated y g ,
carbon (DLC electrode) and the opposing electrode is a battery type that stores charge via chemical reactions, reduction-oxidation (redox)
• Electrolyte type varies for each type of EC:Aqueous (water based)
Symmetric carbon-carbon electrodesAsymmetric carbon-battery electrodeElectrolyte is alkaline with dissolved saltsCurrent collector is nickel, container is plasticDi ti i h d b l ti lt
Organic (carbon or hydrocarbon based)Symmetric carbon-carbon electrodesAsymmetric carbon-battery electrodeElectrolyte is organic with dissolved saltsCurrent collector is aluminum, container is aluminumDi i i h d b hi h i l
• Separator- porous paper, polymer or ceramic that prevents EC electrodes from shorting together. Must be ion conducting (porous) and electron blocking
Distinguished by low operating voltage Distinguished by high operating voltage
and electron blocking.• Current collectors – metal foils used in each electrode to which the
carbon electrode films are laminated. Typically aluminum foil.• Charge – ionic molecules in solution electrons in conducting medium
13
• Charge – ionic molecules in solution, electrons in conducting medium.
Energy Storage Technology Options
14
Electrochemical Capacitor• Family of Electrochemical Capacitors (EC’s) has two y p ( )
branches:– Double layer capacitors that rely on purely electrostatic
accumulation andaccumulation, and– Asymmetric capacitors or sometimes called pseudocapacitors.
Electrodes Type Device
2 – electrostatic EDLC2 electrostaticSymmetric
carbon
EDLC
Asymmetric Pseudocap1- redox
1 – electrostatic(hybrid
capacitor)2 – redox Battery
15
The Fundamentals: A Review
• Basics of the electronic double layer i e ultracapacitor• Basics of the electronic double layer, i.e., ultracapacitor– An electronic charge accumulator having extreme capacitor plate
specific area and atomic scale charge separation distance.
16
Graphic: IEEE Spectrum, Jan 2005
The Fundamentals: A Review
E t it i il bl f th• Extreme capacitance is available from the carbon electrochemical double layer
itcapacitor– Activated carbon has very high specific area (S)– The compact layer interface between the
carbon particles and electrolyte ions, the Helmholtz layer is on the order of 1 atomHelmholtz layer, is on the order of 1 atom thickness. 23 )(103 g
mSC
12
9
10*10
Scaled
C Ultra =
17
The “Ultra” in Ultracapacitor.
The Fundamentals: A Review
• The ultracapacitor model commonly applied is that of the series combination of t DLC’ t th l t d l t t ltwo DLC’s at the electrode - solvent compact layer.
• Ultracapacitor response is very fast in comparison to a battery – no Redox reactions,
• But, slow in comparison to film or ceramic capacitors._ ++ _Ionic Resistance
Separator + electrolyte
Separator+
+
+_ _+
Helmholtz layersElectrical Resistance:Collector foil +Foil to Carbon+C ti l t
Helmholtz layers
_
++
_
_
+
+
+ +
+_
++++
____
_+
_C-particle toC-particle
++
_
_
_
_+
+
+
+
__
_
++++
____
18
ElectrodeElectric conductivity
ElectrodeElectric conductivity
ElectrolyteIonic conductivity
Electrochemical Makeup of Ultracap
• The ultracapacitor model commonly applied is that of the series• The ultracapacitor model commonly applied is that of the series combination of two DLC’s at the electrode - solvent compact layer.
• Ultracapacitor response is very fast in comparison to a battery – no Redox reactions,
• But, slow in comparison to film or ceramic capacitors.
ReRionic
Uc
19
Re
Ultracapacitors – Perspectives on size
Size ScaledCarbon electrode 100 m 10 km Mt. Everest
Carbon particle 5 m 500 m Petronas Towers
Micro-pores 2 nm 20 cm BucketMicro-pores 2 nm 20 cm Bucket
Ions 0.7 nm 7 cm Grapefruit
20
Inter-atomic dist. 0.2 nm 2 cm Cherry
Capacity, ESR and Internal Pressure
• Overcharge at maximum rated temperatureOvercharge at maximum rated temperature– Typically, ultracapacitor cells are shipped as
manunfacturedNo burn in initial capacitance drop and ESR increase– No burn in – initial capacitance drop and ESR increase evident
– Accelerated testing under dc life criteria: 2.85V/cell @ +65oC+65 C
– End of life (EOL) when R2x Rinitial and C0.8 Cinitial
2 0
C, &ESR (b
ar)
BCAP3000 P270 Capacitance & ESR versus Temp
3.5
2.0
1.0 15 C
ell P
ress
ure
ESR change
2
2.5
3
r/ESR
r
0.8Capacitance drift
Internal Pressure0.5
1
1.5
Cr
21
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Time in Test (h)
00
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Temp (deg. C)
Cr - Normalized to 24 deg.C ESRr - Normalized to 24 deg. C
Fundamentals - Extreme Current Applications
High bursts of power charging & dischargingHigh bursts of power, charging & discharging, impose correspondingly high carbon loading
Lid/Negative Terminal
Negative Collector
F il/N ti T b
Current flows from one terminal, through the jelly
ll t th th t i l
Lid/Negative Terminal
Negative Collector
F il/N ti T b
Current flows from one terminal, through the jelly
ll t th th t i l Foil/Negative Tabroll to the other terminal and out – known
Each interface is affected by the current flow
It is important to ensure
Foil/Negative Tabroll to the other terminal and out – known
Each interface is affected by the current flow
It is important to ensure
“Jelly Roll”(Electrode + Electrolyte)
pthat there is not “bottle necking” – especially due to high rates during operation
Temperature will
“Jelly Roll”(Electrode + Electrolyte)
pthat there is not “bottle necking” – especially due to high rates during operation
Temperature will
Positive Collector
Foil/Positive Tab
Temperature will exacerbate the effects
Vibration can cause mechanical fatigue of components Positive Collector
Foil/Positive Tab
Temperature will exacerbate the effects
Vibration can cause mechanical fatigue of components
2222
Can/Positive TerminalCan/Positive Terminal
Fundamentals – Extreme Current
Cell construction must be robust to tolerate highCell construction must be robust to tolerate high electrical, thermal and mechanical stress
Wound Carbon Electrode – Paper separator, two aluminum foil sheets and carbon films bonded to collectors
Wound Carbon Electrode – Paper separator, two aluminum foil sheets and carbon films bonded to collectors
2323
Extreme Current Applications High current cycling eventually leads to reduction inHigh current cycling eventually leads to reduction in component life.
• At 200A the carbon loading is 3x normal for continuous operation.
BCAP650 C% fade during constant current cycling, 2.7V, 15s rest
110
95
100
105
min
al
100A
80
85
90
% C
/C n
orm
200A
70
75
80
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000
2424
# cycles
Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage CapacitorsUltracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
PresentationMaxwell Products
Title
MORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE ENERGY.MORE IDEAS.™
From 650 – 3000F (MC family) From 140 – 350F (BC family)
26
Product Line-up
Energy and power products availableCells From 4F to 10F (PC family)From 4F to 10F (PC family) From 140 to 350F (BC family) From 650 to 3000F (MC family)
Modules 16V and 48V 75V UPS 125 HTM 125 HTM
27
Complete Application Specific Solution Portfolio
Train, Hybrid Vehicle Energy Storage
HTM125V
Voltage Stabilization Regenerative Braking 48V
Start-stop
Regenerative Braking Peak Demand
48VModules
16V
Custom
Engine Cranking 16VModules
Door Actuators
Solutions MC Cells
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Accessories BC Cells
Ultracapacitor cellsUltracapacitor Parameters
Ultracapacitor cells• Basic data sheet parameters• Trends are for ESR*C = t <1s and PML 10 kW/kg
Hybrid Bus Drive Trains Gasoline-electric, since 2003 Vehicles equipped with ultracapacitor systems have over 2,000,000 kilometers in service Over 200 packs produced per year = 30’000 caps = 78 Million Farads per year
Electric rail SITRAS installations in operation since 2001 Up to 250k cycles per year Energy saving and voltage stabilization 1344 Ultracapacitors per installations
Fork lifts BOOSTCAPs qualified for fuel cell powered fork lifts Fuel cell combined with Ultracapacitors Maxwell signed largest supply agreement in
C
40
ultracapacitors ever: 500k BCAP2600 in 3 years
Experience Maxwell
Windmills Burst power to trim blades, since 2003 Up to 3 x 128 Ultracapacitors per wind mill More than 1’000’000 BCAP0350 installed Maxwell received order for 3M BCAP0350 to be supplied in next 2 years
Aerospace Burst power for door opening, 16 x 56 UCs Useful life 25 years,140.000 flight hours BOOSTCAPs passed Airbus qualification testing in 2004, in series production now Almost 100k PC100 delivered Design chnge to BCAP0140
On-vehicle recuperation Braking energy recuperation Braking energy recuperation Up to 30% energy savings allows longer, faster or more trains in the same network Power up to 300 kW per system (up to 2 systems per train)
41
systems per train) In operation since 2004
Experience Maxwell
Diesel engine starting Burst power for diesel engine cranking Power module installed on diesel locomotives since 2003 28V, 6 x 12 BCAP2600 Expected lifetime of 15 years
Solar buoys Hybrid concept using both solar power and conventional batteries Ultracaps used for short-term surplus solar energy storage while the batteries are used as a backup BCAP0350
TelecommunicationTelecommunication Battery replacement Graceful power down and bridge power Long lifetime and high reliability 500k BCAP0350 in 2006
42
500k BCAP0350 in 2006
Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage CapacitorsUltracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
PresentationTraction/Drives Applications
Title
MORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE ENERGY.MORE IDEAS.™
ISE Hybrid bus drive train Diesel-electric and gasoline-electric Operated by various TAs p yRegenerative braking288 ultracaps/module, 2 modules/busGasoline economy 76%Gasoline economy 76%Diesel economy 22%
Buses & Trolleybuses - China SOP in 2008 SOP in 2008SOP in 2008 SOP in 2008
46
SOP in 2009SOP in 2008
Energy Recuperation for Trains
Light rail vehicles, metro, DMU
Rapid energy storage through braking energy recapture, re-use for accelerationenergy recapture, re use for acceleration Stationary and on-vehicle In operation since 2002
Stationary Energy savings of 320 MWh per year Cost reduction (operation and energy)
HTM125
Cost reduction (operation and energy) Voltage stabilization
On-vehicle Reduce grid power consumption: 30% energy consumption, 50% peak power Bridge non-powered sections
47
Larger, heavier or more vehicles/trains
Traction Energy Saving Operation
Energy storage system:Energy storage system: Stationnary or on the vehicle
Time t1Vehicle 1 is braking
Energy storage system stores thebraking energy
Time t2Vehicle 2 is acccelerating
Energy storage system delivers the energy
Application: Time shifted delivery of the stored braking energy for vehicle re-accelerationSolutions: Possible with either stationary or on-vehicle energy storage system
48
Advantage: Cost savings through reduced primary energy consumption
y gy g y
Traction Voltage Stabilization Operation
Energy storage system is kept at fully charged state
Energy storage system is only discharged when the network voltage is pulled below a critical levelbelow a critical level
Energy storage system is rapidly recharged by braking vehicles or slowly through the DC network
S l ti St ti t t
Advantage: Optimization of the network voltage level
Solution: Stationary energy storage system
Substation Energy storage system
H H H
49
H H H
Windmill Applications
S it h dSwitched mode power supply
Energy storagestorage
Motor Inverter
AC Pitch Motor Turbine hub showing the three independent pitch
50
systems
Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage CapacitorsUltracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
PresentationAutomotive Applications
Title
MORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE POWER.MORE ENERGYMORE ENERGY.MORE IDEAS.™
Improved stability of the board net Less stress of the 12 V battery Source: BMW AG
Automotive Hybrid Functions
Ultracapacitors
Full Hybrid
Battery Systems
Pure El. Driving
ality Mild Hybrid
y
Econ Load Distribution
Enhanced Driving Performance
g
Func
tiona
Mild Hybrid
Boost
Launch Assist, Re-Gen
Econ. Load Distribution
Micro Hybrid
Start-StopBasic Re-Gen
Boost
≈
6 20 80 [kW]l l l
Quelle: Siemens VDO, IAV 2007
54
121-2
12060-120
400 [V]>1’000 [Wh]
System
Hybrid Systems and Functional Principle System
Full hybrid Mild hybrid Mini hybrid Micro hybridPrinciple
Inverter DCDC
<400V 14V Inverter DCDC
<120V 14V 14VLinear Controller
Function
Steering,Power
consumer
Inverter 14VController
14 - 42VDC
DC
Start-stop *Recuperation
Passive “boost”
Active “boost”
El. driving
Power assist ** **
55
* with modified series starter ** with additional power electronics
StARS +X
DC 12 V BordnetStarter-alternatorReversible system
Control unitDC
Ultracapacitor12V BatteryHigh power
electrical loads
In addition to start-stop, the system provides regenerative p, y p gbraking functionality (4kW) and light torque assist
Dual voltage architecture with floating voltage between 14 and 24V using EDLC technologyand 24V using EDLC technology
Improved bord net quality Ripple filtering with DC/DC Fuel Economy
10 12% on drive cycle
56
pp g Higher dependability with a split energy storage 10-12% on drive cycle
Micro Hybrids
G
DC
Verbraucher14 V
G
DCGenerator
Consumer
DC DCDC
A
M200/1’000W
DC DCDC
A
M500/1’000W
16-30V / 26FUltrakondensator
12V
A
Battery
E steeringPowerconsumer .
16-40V / 20FUltracapacitor
12V
A
Dyn.Energy storage
Energy management based on a variable board net voltage and recuperation function
f Target of the concept: Ultracapacitor module powers board net during acceleration, resulting in lower demand of generator power and hence higher engine torque at low rpm Peak power for power consumer
57
Peak power for power consumer Start-Stop
Alcoa System, Functional Principle
Acceleration: Ultracap powers board net, generator power available for acceleration
Overrun conditions: Ultracap charging
x x40A 40A0A
strib
utio
n bo
x
strib
utio
n bo
x40A
70A 40A
40A0A
14V 35V14V
Pow
er d
i
14V 35V14V
Pow
er d
i
C C
Ultracap storage system with integrated bidirectional Buck/Boost-DC/DC converter
1’000 W 1’000 W power output 100 A assistance during motor start Operating temperature -40°C to +75°C Air convection based cooling design
58
Air convection based cooling design CAN interface
Mild Hybrid - BMW X3 Concept Car
BMW Efficient Dynamics Energy recuperation and boosting Start/Stop function 15% fuel savings
Ultracapacitor module 300V 70kW power
59
300V, 70kW power 1500F cells, 2.7V
Full Hybrid Powertrain System - AFS
Extreme Hybrid™ system based on Fast Energy Storage™ consisting of Batteries to provide a slow, steady flow of electricity Ultracapacitors to provide power for short periods for all electric acceleration Ultracapacitors to provide power for short periods for all-electric acceleration Control electronics to control power flow cache power
Conventional, engine-driven front-wheel and fully-electric rear-wheel drive
60
AFS Concept
Plug-in connection
Li Ion battery pack
Plug in connection
Control electronics
Ultracapacitor module
61
Energy Storage Solution for Full Hybrids
Target is to meet energy storage requirements of full hybrids over the full operating temperature range without any sacrifice in performance Lithium alone cannot meet this challenge due to
Low power performance for temperatures below -10°C Susceptibility against high power requirements and deep discharges
Ultracapacitors alone cannot meet this challenge due top g Low energy density which results in extensive package space
What is recommended is an active parallel combination of ultracaps withWhat is recommended is an active parallel combination of ultracaps with lithium, requiring Power flows subject to supervisory energy management
Maintain energy component (lithium) within its high efficient range meaning low Maintain energy component (lithium) within its high efficient range meaning low power stress levels Maintaining pulse power component within its energy range – meaning without incurring wide SOC swings that shave off efficiency points
62
incurring wide SOC swings that shave off efficiency points Bi-directional DC-DC converter (most efficient power processor)
Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
How well does each technology support energy exchange over
Ultracaps and Lithium-ion Capability
How well does each technology support energy exchange over the full temperature range?
• The reciprocal charge/discharge of ultracapacitors means high power level is maintained across the full temperature rangemaintained across the full temperature range.
• Lithium-ion, because it relies on redox reactions, slows down when cold and becomes too reactive when hot. Overheating on charge when hot is a problem.
Lithium-ion pack cycle and calendar life are reduced as operation moves outside the normal operating window (or climate control actions must beclimate control actions must be taken).
Lithium-ion chemistries can shift the discharge and charge profiles, but cannot widen them.
Cold discharge power and hot charge power levels are significantly reduced from
6464
significantly reduced from normal temperature range levels.
Ultracapacitor Efficiency
It is necessary that the ultracapacitor (plus DC/DC converter) deliver a combined efficiency on the order of 90% or better to build a value proposition Ultracaps possess very low ESR high efficiency at relatively high power
CP Efficiency 3000F UC (0.1, 0.25, 0.4Pml)1.00
levels
At fixed power demand the ultracap internal potential decreases
0.70
0.80
0.90
Eff
p The current must increase Efficiency curve at constant power drops as power level increases:
This presents a design criterion for the
mxUP
20.40
0.50
0.60
0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00
This presents a design criterion for the interface DC/DC converter in sizing of the boost switch
dc
mxML ESR
P4
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00Time, s
High efficiency means more compact modules, less cooling system burden Improved efficiency in energy storage means transportation systems with improved
65
Improved efficiency in energy storage means transportation systems with improved fuel economy, reduced emissions and uncompromised performance
Ultracap vs Lithium-Ion: Energy Efficiency
It is an established industry fact that for power demands less It is an established industry fact that for power demands less than 20 seconds ultracapacitors outperform lithium-ion batteries
1000Graphic compares 12Ah lithium-ion pack vs. 3000F, 2.7V ultracapacitor pack in ability to capture regen energy in an HEV then discharge it.
1000
J/kg
) Li-ion battery
At 100s the lithium will capture 5x more energy than the ultracap but at 10s both capture the same energy only the capacitor discharges 95% of this energy whereas the lithium ion
100
fic E
nerg
y (k
J
ultracap
captured
this energy whereas the lithium-ion can only discharge 50%.
Therefore, for 10s power the ultracapacitor is 2x as effective as the lithium-ion. Hence, ultracapacitor
10
Spec
if ultracap
stored, p
applicability extends up to 20s versus lithium-ion.1
1 10 100 1000 10000Charging time (s)
John R. Miller, Alex D. Klementov,"Electrochemical Capacitor Performance Compared with the Performance of Advanced Lithium
66
, , p pIon Batteries, Proc. 17th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices,” Deerfield Beach, Florida, (Dec. 10-12, 2007).
Li-Ion vs. Ultracapacitor - Performance
Characteristic State of the Art Lithium Ion Battery
Electrochemical CapacitorLithium Ion Battery Capacitor
*Charge time ~3-5 minutes ~1 second
*Discharge Time ~3-5 minutes ~1 second
*Cycle life <5,000 @ 1C rate >500,000 Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 50-100 5 Specific power (kW/kg) **1-2 5-10
C l ffi i (%) 0% 90% 9 %Cycle efficiency (%) <50% to >90% <75 to >95%Cost/Wh $.5-1/Wh $10-20/Wh Cost/kW $50-150/kW $15-30/kW
67
Source: John R. Miller, Andy F. Burke, “Electrochemical Capacitors: Challenges and Opportunities for Real-World Applications,” VOl. 17, No. 1 Electrochemical Society Interface, Spring 2008
Application Perspectives – Power & Energy Trends
Since introduction of Panasonic’s power cell in 1980’s (470F, 2.3V, 3.9m) carbon-carbon cell potential has increased ~20mV/yr~20mV/yr
Ultracapacitor specific power, Pm (W/kg) can reach 20kW/kg only if cell potential increases and ESR decreases.
Year
6868
Application Perspectives
Review of EC’s and attributes Equivalent circuit model & simulationq Safe operating area Ultracapacitor + Lithium ion example Power electronic interface to the ultracap tank for Power electronic interface to the ultracap tank for
plug-in hybrid vehicle
6969
Electrochemical Capacitors
Electrochemical Capacitors (EC) - Symmetric
EC – Physical energy storageAdsorption of ionSolvated ionsSolvated ionsConductivity, (SOC)E = f(electrode surface)Non-Faradaic no mass transferNon Faradaic, no mass transfer
++Re Ri Re
C(U) C(U)
7070
Lithium-ion ChemistryReview of BatteryLithium-ion Chemistry
A ee Graphene Structure
Chargeno
de (-
) Cathode
e
LiMO2 Structure
Li+ Ion
PF6 Ion-
e electron
x
x
x
x
xx
x
An
e (+)
e
Al C
Porous Separator
CathodeLiMO2 Li 1-x MO2 + xLi+ + xe-
Discharge Charge
AnodeC Li+ C Li
x solventx
x
x xx
x x
Battery – chemical energy storage
Current Collector
p
Lithium-ion BatteryCn + xLi+ + xe- CnLix
Orbital electron exchange RedoxIon intercalationConductivity: =constant E f(electrode mass)
7171
E=f(electrode mass)Faradaic process – mass transfer
Ultracap and Li-Ion Battery Models
++Re Ri Re
++Re Ri Re
Ultracapacitor model Series combination of two double layer capacitances
C(U) C(U)C(U) C(U)p
Resistance elements of equivalent series resistance, ESR: electronic (Re) and ionic (Ri) components
Cdl
Lithium model Single time constant RC network
Ri(SOC,T)
Re(SOC,T)
i(t)
ULi(t)
Ri (SOC,T): Ionic concentration gradients at the electrode-electrolyte interface and reaction kinetics Re(SOC,T): Electronic contribution based on bulk resistance of the electrode terminals the current collector foils and interfaces
E(SOC,T,t)
the electrode terminals, the current collector foils and interfaces to electrode constituents Capacitance element Cdl across the ionic resistance component to model transient effects (polarization and pseudo-
it ff t t th l t d l t l t i t f
72
capacitance effects at the electrode-electrolyte interface
Ultracapacitor Model
St d t t d t i t d l Terminal Voltage• Steady state and transient model. 2.77
2.60
2.70
Terminal_Voltage
VM1.V .Rsa1 Cs1AM2
2.44
2.50
28.91 39.1635.00
Improves transient performance
A
+ V
Rs1
0.8 mOhm
2.40 mOhm
Co1 2.7 V
0 V130 F
VM2DATAPAIRS2X YX YXY1 NyquPlotSel1
0.60m 0.80m28.99m26.36m
28.99m26.36m
Im
10m
20m
40m
VYt I2
XY1.VAL F
2.7 VRp1
2.27 kOhm
X YX YXY1
0.60m 0.80m-2.63m
0.00-2.63m
0.00
R e
79m0.16
0.320.6313510
Agrees with Nyquist results, ESRdc; ESRac
H145.40
Cel l_T emperat
H
H1RTH1 CTH1
188.57 Ws/K6.8 K/W
Tamb299 K
SUM1
26.00
30.00
40.00
73
Tamb
0 9.60k5.00k
Consistent thermal test results, I=90Arms
Ultracapacitor Cell Model – Collaboration with Ansoft
Electrical equivalent circuit model in SimplorerV8 employs q p p ythe Maxwell’s reduced order model technique
Equivalent Circuit Component Interface
Component Parameters
7474
Models will be available from Maxwell Technologies and will be posted on Ansoft website for download into Simplorer V8 library
Ultracapacitor SOA
The Ragone relationship for the ultracapacitor over its U toThe Ragone relationship for the ultracapacitor, over its Umx to Umx/2 range and characteristic time define its SOA.
•Operation to 0.25PML can be viewed as continuous SOA
•Operation beyond this is intermittent SOAintermittent SOA
•Operation below the characteristic time is Abuse ToleranceAbuse Tolerance.
75
Vehicles such as this are opportunities for combo’s
Ford’s Escape and Mariner HybridsVehicles such as this are opportunities for combo s
NiMH packNiMH pack330Vdc5.5 Ah39 kW
7676
Standalone systems
Ultracapacitor and Battery Combinationsy
• Battery has the energy but not the cycling performance• Ultracapacitor has cycling and power capacity but insufficient energy
Battery plus capacitor combination is technically attractive but must make a business casebusiness case.
GM says it best in a single chart…
M.Verbrugge, et al, “Electrochemical Energy Storage SystemsAnd Range Extended Electric Vehicles,” The 25th
I i l B S i
7777
International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, FL, March 2008
Ultracapacitor and Battery Combinations
M.Verbrugge, et al, “Electrochemical Energy Storage SystemsAnd Range Extended Electric Vehicles,” The 25th
I i l B S i
7878
International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, FL, March 2008
Ultracaps and Lithium-Ion Combination
• Today HEV battery packs are oversized to meet EOL performance requirements. Ultracaps could meet EOL performance without oversizingg
• Ultracapacitor de-stresses the lithium under charge conditions, all high rate burdens and during cold weather operation
• Limiting battery peak currents may– allow use of energy optimized lithium-ion pack of >10kWh dedicated to
meeting vehicle range requirements thus optimizing battery costsmeeting vehicle range requirements, thus optimizing battery costs
– reduce wear, prolong cycling and enable longer warranty of the battery
• I2R losses in batteries can be relocated to losses in power pelectronics and ultracaps, where they may be lower magnitude, easier to remove, far less harmful to battery wear and tear
Ultracap and lithium-ion battery combination for improved
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Ultracap and lithium-ion battery combination for improved performance and longer life at lower net energy storage cost
UC + Li-Ion
Solution:• Energy optimized lithium-ion pack of >10kWh
dedicated to meeting vehicle range requirements• Ultracaps de-stresses the lithium battery under
h diti ll hi h t b d dcharge conditions, all high rate burdens and during cold weather operationG i i t t f th t f• Growing interest from other customers for ultracapacitor + lithium-ion “ultra-battery”, especially for Plug-in and Battery-EV applicationsespecially for Plug-in and Battery-EV applications.
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Combination of Ultracap and Li-Ion Battery
4.4
4.2
40
Pote
ntia
l (V
)Different potential behavior: Batteries store and deliver their energy via redox reactions and th b h ld t t t ti l 4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
Cel
l
LiCoO2Li(NMC)O2
Spinel
LiFePO4
thereby hold near constant potential until the reactant mass is consumed Ultracapacitors are energy accumulators and require a potential
3.2
3.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Ah/kg
Ultracap
accumulators and require a potential change to absorb or deliver their charge
Direct parallel configuration (used in UPS) reveals unsufficient efficiency Because of different voltage-current Power
ElectronicLi IonBecause of different voltage current behaviors an active parallel configuration having a DC/DC converter interface the ultracapacitor to th lithi i b tt i d
ElectronicConverter
ltrac
apac
itorLi Ion
Battery
81
the lithium-ion battery is used Ul
Ultracapacitor and Battery Combinations
• Take a close look at the most commonTake a close look at the most common configurations
– Tandem – direct paralleling of ultracacitor with battery
– Active parallel – reliance on power electronic converter & controlsconverter & controls.
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Easiest is the direct parallel or tandem connection
Ultracapacitor and Battery Combinations
Easiest is the direct parallel, or tandem connection.For this investigation a representative Li-ion chemistry (LiFePO4) in large format (40Ah) is paralleled by a small ultracapacitor string: 24S x 1P x BMOD0058-P15 D Cell size (350F 2 5V) 144 cells in 24 modules of 6BMOD0058-P15 D Cell size (350F, 2.5V), 144 cells in 24 modules of 6.
8383
Obt i f d t t d ti
Ultracapacitor and Battery Combination
Obtain performance data on tandem connection
Software switch S1=0 S1 =1
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Th l t f th bi ti i d d ll (l ESR f lt it )
Tandem (Direct) Ultracapacitor & Battery Combination
Thermal stress of the combination is reduced overall (low ESR of ultracapacitor) and partially shifted to ultracap for tandem connection.
Switch S1 = 0 S1 = 1Switch S1 = 0 S1 = 1
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Active Parallel HESS
Ultracap model connected by half-bridge converter (buck-boost) to the Li-Ion model Key aspect of this configuration is the control of the DC/DC converter through the supervisory EMS controller
Energy Management SupervisoryC t ll
Ib Ub ILCdl
H1
Controller
Uc Ic
Ri(SOC,T)
Re(SOC,T)
H2
Rsd
Ruc3 Ruc2 Ruc1
Cuc3(U) Cuc2(U) Cuc1(U)
+Uo+Uo+Uo
Lbb
E(SOC,T,t)Ac-DriveMotor LoadBuck-boost
d dRsd
Lithium-ion Pack
dc-dc converter
Ultracapacitor Pack
86
Maxwell has released the ultracapacitor model through Ansoft as a library model in Simplorer.The description is also available in Battery Design Studio software used for lithium-ion battery modeling.
Ult it d Lithi i i A ti P ll l
Active Parallel Ultracapacitor and Battery Combination
Ultracapacitor and Lithium-ion in Active Parallel
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M d l th lithi i lt it d d t (H lf H)
Active Parallel Ultracapacitor and Battery Combination
Model the lithium-ion, ultracapacitor, dc-dc converter (Half-H) and controller
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Ultracapacitor – Battery Combinations
Ultracapacitor and Lithium-ion in Active P ll lParallel
Energy lithium 8kWh to 30 kWh
80 Wh to 150 Wh90V to 150V
gy280V to 400V
90V to 150V
Dc-dc converterInductorInductorPhase leg semiconductorMototron controller
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Si l ti d l f 335 V lithi i k i f 48V lt d l d
Ultracapacitor – Battery in Active Parallel Simulation model for 335 V lithium-ion pack, pair of 48V ultracap modules and dc-dc converter (half-H) with input current limits of 225A
D1
Rterm
2 mOhm
Bidirec tional dc -dc Conv e335V to 92V w ith los s es
S 1 B uckAA M2
E 1
RLi
+ V
V M1
L1 Ruc
Cdl+
V V M2
0.3 Ohm
22 mOhm
82 F
110 mH
335 V
W+
WM1
IGBT
IGBT2D2
Rind
4.5 mOhmA
A M1
TP _H1
S 2B oost
Cfilter22 mF335 V
Rfilter150 POhm
A
A M3
V V M274 V
I1
Y t
D riv e Profi
DATAP AIRSEqu iv Ba tte ry Pa Equ iv U ltracap Pac k2S x 1P x BMOD 0165-P
IGBT2D2 TP _H2
C ons tra in UC c urren t t
ICA:FML_INIT1
Hys:=12B uck:=0B oost:=0
GA
IN GAIN33
G( )GS1
d igital filter G(s ) to s moothen dc -dc c onvoutput c ur ren t us ing 1 /tau =5 rad /s c u toff
G(s )
GS2
GAIN
GAIN1
C ons tra in UC c urren t tless than 225A at U mnSelec t State 1 or Sta te 2depend ing on d r iv e p r
H ys te res is c omparator s for PW M c ontrol of the phas e leg :on SU MMER output negativ e s lope the c omparator trans itions from A2 to A1 lev el w hen input
Energy Management StrategyState mach ine for mode contro lH ys te res is PW M curren t band cI
B att_Losse
P dl
I
UC_Losse
P duc
9090
on SU MMER output negativ e s lope the c omparator trans itions from A2 to A1 lev el w hen input SUMMER outpu t pos itiv e s lope tr iggers a trans ition from A1 to A2 when the inpu t reac hes thre
I
UC_Conv_Lo
P dac
Th d i l t ti ti h il i fl ESS f
Drive Cycle Influence on Energy Storage System
The drive cycle statistics heavily influence ESS performance• Consider three drive schedules having very different dynamics
• NYCC low speed, UDDS mid-speed and US06 high speeds• Corresponding power shown for each cycle is for the Chevy Volt PHEV• Corresponding power shown for each cycle is for the Chevy Volt PHEV
The drive cycle statistics heavily influence ESS performanceDrive Cycle Influence on Energy Storage SystemThe drive cycle statistics heavily influence ESS performance• And there can be some surprises in these cycles:
• Consider the propulsion only component at the vehicle tire patch(s).• Assumed vehicle is the Chevy Volt PHEVAssumed vehicle is the Chevy Volt PHEV
Veh SpecMass kg 1588 air density kg/m3 1.2
Drag coef # 0 29 gravity m/s2 9 81
Chevy Volt PHEV, 40mi AER
Drag coef # 0.29 gravity m/s2 9.81Roll res kg/kg 0.0075 Pack volts V 335Frt area m2 2.293 Pack energy kWh 16
Wh radius m 0.36 Batt Ppk kW 136
Parameter units NYCC UDDS US06Vmx mph 27.2 56.7 80.3
In one case inertial power dominates (NYCC) and in the second case aero loading dominates. But in both cases
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Energy/mi Wh/mi 282.6 193.6 293.6g
the tractive energy per mile is nearly identical.
Drive schedule propulsion power P(V) is imposed on the
Drive Cycle Influence on Energy Storage SystemDrive schedule propulsion power P(V) is imposed on the vehicle energy storage system.• Ultracapacitor in combination with battery makes most sense when dynamics having the highest recoverable energy dominate the propulsion power equationhighest recoverable energy dominate the propulsion power equation.• P(V) = aero loss + roll resistance loss + inertial power + road grade
ZVgMVVMVMgCVACVP vvvrrfdair 35.0)( gg vvvrrfdair)( Units NYCC UDDS US06
Param Currents Power-Energy Loss Imot Igen Irms Pmot Pgen Wdisp
U it (A k) (A k) (A ) (kW) (kW) (Wh)Unit (Apk) (Apk) (Arms) (kW) (kW) (Wh)Batt only 100 100 42.3 35.7 36.5 17.92
Batt part
39.3
64
11.5
14.7
26.7
11.35
Com
bo
Bat
t C UC + Conv
237
238
112
29.8
22.1
-
% change -60.7 -36 -73 -59 -27 -37
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Argonne National Laboratory Hardware-in-Loop Evaluation
Active Parallel Ultracapacitor and Battery Combination
g y p
Battery HIL allows a ‘virtual vehicle’ to be reconfigured easily, while running ‘real’, full scale battery loads on standard drive cycles
Velocity command;UDDS, HWY, US06, etc
ABC-150
Inputs
3 Phase AC Grid
Connection
AC Bus
Plant(virtual vehicle contains
parameters for mass, drag….)
Battery pack d t t
Vehicle Controller(contains control strategy and operating point parameters)
Bidirectional power source
CAN message feedback
DC Bus
OutputcmdOutput
cmd
under test
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Environmental Chamber
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Ultracap and Li-Ion Combination: Current Profile
ANL d M ll h d i i bi i f li hi i
100Component Currents during US06
ANL and Maxwell have partnered to investigate combination of lithium-ionbatteries with a dynamically coupled ultracap pack
0
50
urre
nt [A
]
TotalUC Power ConverterBattery
Green line is U-cap current (dynamic)
Blue line is road load (battery current w/o ultracaps)
50 60 70 80 90 100-50
0
Time [s]
Cu
(dynamic)
Red line is new battery current- more averaged
e [s]
50
60
70
%]
Ultracap SOC
SOC is maintained over this
20
30
40
50
SO
C [%‘real world’ Prius current trace,
on US06 segment
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50 60 70 80 90 10020
Time [s]
Press Releases – Mass Transit & Automotive
T d i t t h l i f bil li ti• Trends in energy storage technologies for mobile applications.– GM Saturn Vue PHEV is a parallel arch., engine dominant design– GM eFLEX, Chevy Volt is a series arch, battery dominant design, y , y g
Application Manufacturer Integrator Comments Transit Bus Daimler-Orion BAE Systems Lithium-ion hybrid bus T i B N Fl Alli (C l l G O ) 2 d i iTransit Bus New Flyer Allison (Carlyle Group + Onex) 2-mode transmissionTransit Bus New Flyer ISE Ultracapacitor hybrid Transit Bus Golden Dragon KAM Ultracapacitor hybrid Propulsion System Zytek Lithium Technology Corp + GAIA Electric drive subsystem Passenger Car Toyota Panasonic Battery and ultracapacitorPassenger Car Toyota Panasonic Battery and ultracapacitorPassenger Car Mitsubushi GS Yuasa Lithium-ion plug-in hybrid Passenger Car Nissan NEC Corp Lithium-ion plug-in hybrid Passenger Car General Motors A123Systems eFlex Series plug-in hybrid Passenger Car General Motors Cobasys + A123Systems Parallel PHEV 2-mode Vue Passenger Car General Motors Continental + A123Systems eFlex Series plug-in hybridPassenger Car General Motors Compact Power Inc + LG Chem Parallel PHEV 2-mode Vue Passenger Car General Motors Johnson Controls Inc + Saft Parallel PHEV 2-mode Vue Shuttle van Ford Motor Azure Dynamics Class 3-4 shuttle vans Passenger Car Volvo Car Co Volvo ReCharge Concept 62mi AER
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Passenger Car Volvo Car Co. Volvo ReCharge Concept 62mi AER
Recent press announcements: Ultracap + Lithium
AFS Trinity's XH-150 plug-in hybrid electric car at Altamont Pass near AFS Trinity Engineering Center in Livermore, CA
Pininfarina B0 at Paris Auto Show 2008Th B0 h b id tThe B0 uses a hybrid energy storage solution consisting of a 30 kWh lithium-polymer battery and a bank of super-capacitors.
Li it d d ti 4Q09• Limited production 4Q09• Estimated 153 mile range• Battery life estimated at 125,000 miles• Maximum speed 80 mph
100100
S h i ll f thi bi ti t h l l di ?
Ultracapacitor & Lithium-ion Combination – Why?
So where is all of this combination technology leading?
To lay the foundation for combination energy storage systems for:
Strong hybrid electric vehiclesStrong hybrid electric vehiclesPlug-in hybrid electricsBattery-electric vehiclesA d th i d t i l d t t ti li tiAnd other industrial and transportation applications
101101
UC + Li-Ion Combinations - Value Proposition Elements
• For ultracapacitors to make business sense in PHEV, or Battery EV it p yis necessary to identify the critical attributes of a lithium-ion ultracapacitor combination:– Value of reduced stress on lithium-ion– Improvement of calendar and cycle life– Reliable performance at cold temperature– Improved energy management & PowerNet stability
102102
– Improved energy management & PowerNet stability
GM’s Volt PHEV
Traction drive e-motor and center tunnel battery tray are EV1 (GM all electric car cica 1990’s) derived
GM focus on high energyLithium-ion technology from:Lithium ion technology from:
Continuous monitoring of load power flows Continuous monitoring of lithium cell (pack) power flows Continuous monitoring of ultracapacitor cell (pack) power flows Continuous monitoring of ultracapacitor cell (pack) power flows Generating buck-boost converter gating signals, necessary to effect bi-directional power flows in proportion to accumulated SOC information on both the lithium cell (pack) and ultracapacitor cell (pack)(p ) p (p ) Determine, based on SOC information, and connected load power demand (e.g. ac-drive electric machine load) the relative contributions of dynamic (ultracapacitor) and sustained (lithium) power levels At a vehicle system level, and in cooperation with a higher level executive controller, manage the long term trend in relative SOC of the two components so that overall vehicle objectives such as fuel economy and performance can be optimized
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In the news – Ultracapacitors in combination with lithium-ion
SummaryIn the news Ultracapacitors in combination with lithium ion• Digital age cell phones• Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Battery electric vehicles• Emerging applications for energy recuperators, micro-hybrid, engine cold starting…the list is growing!
Technical rationale – the concept of decoupled power and energy, combined p p p gy,with flexible energy management, admits new and more aggressive strategies for vehicle designers.
Value proposition – is really all about the converter Need to drive down theValue proposition is really all about the converter. Need to drive down the cost of non-isolated, bidirectional, buck-boost converters capable of 70-144V, 450A input to 400V output.
Experimental program must answer these concerns quantitatively and convincingly
Value of reduced stress on lithium-ionImprovement of calendar and cycle lifeReliable performance at cold and hot temperature
105105
Reliable performance at cold and hot temperatureImproved energy management & PowerNet stability
Summary
E t i hi l i k t h dl i i Energy management in vehicles is key to handle increasing power demands
Due to their high power performance, long cycle life, and high g p p g y gefficiency ultracapacitors are ideally suited to meet power demands of future vehicles electrical architectures
Ultracapacitors are being designed into the next generationsUltracapacitors are being designed into the next generations vehicles
Focus is on board net stabilization, engine starting as well as micro h b id li tihybrid applications
Further development of ultracapacitor technology will help to boost introduction for mild hybrid applications
Combination of Lithium battery and ultracapacitors as an option to meet the energy and power requirements of full hybrids
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Summary
• Ultracapacitors are a viable energy source for the right applications
• Their ability to deliver power fast and repeatedly allow them to be standalone or enablers for “green solutions” in various industries.
• The interests and applications are increasing worldwide.g
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References[1] Uday Deshpande John M Miller Linda Zhong Xiaomei Xi Mike Everett “Ultracapacitors in High Demand[1] Uday Deshpande, John M. Miller, Linda Zhong, Xiaomei Xi, Mike Everett, Ultracapacitors in High Demand
Applications,” AABC 2008, Tampa, FL, 12-16 May 2008[2] John M. Miller, “Trends in Vehicle Energy Storage Systems: Batteries and Ultracapacitors to Unite,” IEEE Vehicle
Power & Propulsion Conference, VPPC2008, Harbin, China, 3-5 Sept. 2008[3] John M. Miller, Uday Deshpande, Ted Bohn, “Dc-dc Converter Buffered Ultracapacitor in Active Parallel Combination
with Lithium Battery for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage,” SAE World Congress, Cobo Center, Detroit, y g y gy g , g , , ,MI, 17 April 2008
[4] John M. Miller, Michael Liedtke, Bobby Maher, Juergen Auer, “Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Systems of Heavy Hybrids: A Sustainable Solution,” The 23rd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition,” Long Beach, CA, 3 Dec 2007
[5] Robert D. King, et.al., “Development and System Test of High Efficiency Ultracapacitor- Battery Electronic Interface,”EVS15 1993EVS15, 1993
[6] Godfrey Sikha, Branko Popov, “ Performance Optimization of a Battery-Capacitor Hybrid System,” Journal of Power Sources, 2004
[7] Lijun Gao, Roger A. Dougal, Shengyi Liu, “Power Enhancement of an Actively Controlled Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
[8] Lijun Gao Roger A Dougal Shengyi Liu “Active Power Sharing in Hybrid Battery-Capacitor Power Sources ” IEEE[8] Lijun Gao, Roger A. Dougal, Shengyi Liu, Active Power Sharing in Hybrid Battery-Capacitor Power Sources, IEEE 2003
[9] Dave L. Cheng, Margaret Wismer, “Active Control of Power Sharing in a Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Source,” IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2007
[10] John Wohlgemuth, John R. Miller, Lewis B. Sibley, “Investigations of Synergy Between Electrochemcial Capacitor, Flywheel and Battery in Hybrid Energy Storage for Photovoltaic Systems,” DOE Sandia Contractor Report, Sandia y y y gy g y pNational Laboratory, 24 June 1999
[11] Ted Bohn, John M. Miller, “Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Methods for PHEVs,” SAE Hybrid Symposium, San Diego, CA Feb 14, 2008
[12] John M. Miller, Michaela Prummer, Adrian Schneuwly: ”Power Electronic Interface for an Ultracapacitor as the Power Buffer in a Hybrid Electric Energy Storage System”, Power system Design Europe, July 2007
[13] J A Gi i S t lli J h M Mill “Ult it i i t f h b id hi l “ EET
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[13] Juergen Auer, Gianni Sartorelli, John M. Miller: “Ultracapacitors – improving energy storage for hybrid vehicles“, EET-2007 European Ele-Drive Conference Brussels, Belgium, 2007
[14] Jun Furukawa Toru Mangahara Lan T Lam “Development of the UltraBattery for Micro and Medium HEV
References[14] Jun Furukawa, Toru Mangahara, Lan T. Lam, Development of the UltraBattery for Micro and Medium-HEV
Applications,” 237th meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Hawaii, 13- Oct. 2008[15] Sun Zechang, Wei Xuezhe, Dai Haifeng, “Technology of Powertrain Control and BMS in Fuel Cell Car Developed by
Tongji University,” Presented to MIT-Industry Consortium, Shanghai, China, 10-11June 2008[16] U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Annual Progress on Energy Storage Research and Development, Office of
FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, January 2008g , y[17] Juan Dixon, Ian Nakashima, Fabian Arcos, Micah Ortuzar, “Test Results in an Electric Vehicle using a combination of
Ultracapacitors and Zebra Battery,” 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, Yokohama, Japan, 23-25 Oct. 2006
[18] Ahmad Pesaran, Tony Markel, Matthew Zolot, Sam Sprik, “Ultracapacitors and Batteries in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,”Advanced Capacitor World Summit, Hilton San Diego Resort, 11-13 July 2005
[19] J h M Mill “E St T h l M k t d A li ti ’ Ult it i C bi ti ith[19] John M. Miller, “Energy Storage Technology Markets and Applications’s: Ultracapacitors in Combination with Lithium-ion,” The 7th International Conference on Power Electronics, ICPE’07, EXCO Daegu Conference & Exhibition Center, Daegu, Korea, 22-27 Oct. 2007
[20] T. Bohn, “Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Decoupling Battery Load Transients with Ultracapacitor Storage,” Advanced Capacitor World Summit, San Diego, CA., 25 July 2007
[21] John M Miller Theodore Bohn “Dc-dc Converter Buffered Ultracapacitor in Active Parallel Combination with[21] John M. Miller, Theodore Bohn, Dc-dc Converter Buffered Ultracapacitor in Active Parallel Combination with Lithium Battery for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1501, Cobo Center, Detroit, MI., 14-17 April 2008
[22] John M. Miller, Theodore Bohn, “DC-DC Converter Buffered Ultracapacitor in Active Parallel Combination with Lithium Ion Battery for PHEV Energy Storage,” presentation only, SAE Hybrid Vehicle Technologies Symposium, Omni Hotel, San Diego, CA, 14 Feb. 2008g
[23] Mark Verbrugge, Ping Liu, Souren Soukiazian, Ramona Ying, “Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems and Range-Extended Electric Vehicles,” The 25th International Battery Seminar and Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, FL. 24-26 March, 2008
[24] M. W. Verbrugge, P. Liu, “Analytic Solutions and Experimental Data for Cyclic Voltammetry and Constant Power Operation of Capacitors Consistent with HEV Applications,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 153_6_A1237-A1245 2006
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A1245_2006
[25] John R Miller Andy F Burke “Electrochemical Capacitors: Challenges and Opportunities for Real World Applications ”
References[25] John R. Miller, Andy F. Burke, Electrochemical Capacitors: Challenges and Opportunities for Real-World Applications,
The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 17, Nr. 1, Spring 2008.[26] J.R. Miller, A.D. Klementov, "Electrochemical Capacitor Performance Compared with the Performance of Advanced
Lithium Ion Batteries,” Proc. 17th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices,” Deerfield Beach, Florida, Dec. 10-12, 2007
[27] Tony Markel, Andrew Simpson, “Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design,” AABC, 9 May 2006[ ] y , p , g y gy g y g , , y[28] YouTube video of AFS Trinity Extreme Hybrid, XH, Fast Energy Storage™ PHEV:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujp1f4vXJ5U
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MaxwellMaxwell Rooted in Energy Efficiency gy y
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Ultracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage CapacitorsUltracapacitors • Microelectronics • High Voltage Capacitors
PresentationThank You!Title
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