Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal ( 曾曾曾 ) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Routledge.
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Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal ( 曾靖雅 ) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.).
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Typological & Functional Approaches
By Crystal (曾靖雅 )
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
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2 Approaches to SLA
the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide
Typological Approach1
Functional Approach2
the study of how language functions (tense/ aspect, which combines verb meanings, morphological form, and phonology)
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Typological Universal
The study of typological universals stem from work in linguistics by Greenberg (1963).
Linguists discover similarities/differences in Lg. Linguists attempt to determine linguistic typologies
or what “type” of langauges are possible.If a language has feature X, it will also have
feature Y.
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In language with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost precedes the noun.
French (7-1) le chien dede mon ami the dog ofof my friend
Italian (7-3) il cane didi mia madre the dog ofof my mother
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In languages with postpositions, such as Turkish, what we call prepositions follow the noun, where the morphological markers follow the noun
Turkish (7-4) a. deniz = an oceanb. denizee = toto an oceanc. denizinin = ofof an ocean
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English allows not only the predicted order, but also the unpredicted word order.
Predicted word orderthe leg of the table
Unpredicted word ordermy friend’s dog
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Languages with dominant verb-subject-object(VSO) order are always preposition.
Welsh (7-6) lladdwyd y dyn gangan y ddraig. Killed-passive the man byby the dragon the man was killed by the dragon.
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Natural LanguageInterlanguages are natural languages.
(Adjemian, 1976, p.298)Interlanguage: the language produced by a
nonative speaker of a language (eg. A learner’s output). Refers to the systematic knowledge underlying learners’ production.
Natural Langauge: any human language shared by a community of speakers and developed over time by a general process of evolution.
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Hindi (7-7) Ram-ne seb kaya. Ram apple ate
“Ram ate an apple.”
French (7-13) Jean a mange une pomme. Jean has eaten an apple
Japanese (7-19) Taroo-ga ringo-o tabeta. Taroo apple ate
“Taroo ate an apple.”p194p194
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Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis:All universals that are true for primary languages are also true for interlanguages.(Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth, 1989, p.195)
There are many ways in which universals can be expected to affect the development of SL grammars:(1) the shape of a learner’s grammar(2) acquisition order (marked form)(3) one of the interacting forces
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7.2.1 Test case1: Accessibitiy Hierarchy (AH)
Keenan and Comrie (1977) SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP SU = subject
That’s the man who ran away.The girl who came late is my mom.
DO = direct object That’s the man I saw yesterday.
The girl Kate saw is my sister. IO = Indirect object
That’s the man to whom I gave the letter.The girl Whom I wrote a letter to is my sister.
OPREP = object of preposition relativesThat’s the man I was talking about.The girl whom I sat next to is my sister.
GEN = genitiveThat’s the man whose sister I know.That girl whose father died told me she was sad.
OCOMP = object of comparativeThat’s the man I am taller than.The girl who Kate is smarter than is my sister. p197p197
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Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy
Hyltenstam (1984)Resumptive pronoun (7-25)
She danced with the man who [*he] flew to Paris yesterday.
(7-26) The woman whom he danced with [her] flew to Paris yesterday.
OCOMP > GEN > OPREP > IO > DO > SU p198p198
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Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy
2003, Comire, typology for some East Asian Lgs.
2003, O’Grady, Lee and choo, support AH.2007, Jeon and Kim, head-external & head-
internal relative clauses.2007, Ozeki and Shirai, introduced another level
of complexity.
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7.2.2 Test case IIthe acquisition of questions
Wh- inversion implies wh-fronting (7-28) Whom will you see? S VVS => the question word or phrase is initial. What is your daughter’s name? V S
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7.2.3 Test case IIIvoiced/ voiceless consonants
PhonologySpeakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese
learning English.Word-final voiceless sound NL and language universals
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Conclusion
The domain of language universals is that of natural languages and not second languages
The domain of language universals is that of all linguistic systems – any failure to comply with a putative language universal would then be taken as evidence that description of the universal is incorrect
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Functional Approach
How language functions for the communication purposes
Tense and aspect: the Aspect HypothesisThe discourse HypothesisConcept-oriented approach
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Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis
Learners recognize what morphological markers for verbs
1980s, a more sophisticated approach was taken to the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. That is “The Aspect Hypothesis.”
Punctual/ achievement/ state/ accomplishment verb Target languages generally show:
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The discourse Hypothesis
At the acquisition, not only lexical meaning, but also structure of the discourse in which utterances appear.
An investigation of learning English, showing that “will” emerges prior to “going to” as an expression of futurity(1) formal complexity(2) “will” as a lexical marker(3) one-to-one principle.
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Concept-oriented approach
This approach is the need to map certain functions that the learner wants to express to the form that she or he needs to express it.