Membrane potentials are based upon the unequal permeability of the membrane to different ions
Ions are not distributed equally across a membrane
X+ is present at 1 M in chamber A and at 0.1 M in chamber B. A concentration force for X+ tends to cause X+ to flow from A
to B. However, chamber A is electrically negative with respect to chamber B, so an electrical force tends to cause X+
to flow from B to A.
A membrane separates chambers containing different K+ concentrations. At an electrical potential difference (EA - EB)
of -60 mV, K+ is in electrochemical equilibrium across the membrane.
A membrane separates chambers that contain different HCO3-
concentrations. EA - EB = +100 mV.
HCO3- is not in electrochemical equilibrium. If EA - EB were +60 mV, HCO3
- would be in equilibrium. EA - EB (+100 mV) is stronger than it needs to be (+60 mV) to just balance the tendency for HCO3
- to move from A to B because of its concentration difference. Thus, net movement of HCO3
- from B to A will occur.
A, Before a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium is established, a membrane separates two aqueous compartments. B, Ion concentrations after Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium has been attained.
A hydrostatic pressure of 2.99 atmospheres is required to prevent water from flowing from chamber B to chamber A in the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. This 2.99 atmosphere is equal to the osmotic pressure in chamber A minus that in chamber B.
A, A concentration cell. A membrane, separates KCl solutions of different concentrations. B, The concentration cell after
electrochemical equilibrium has been established. The flow of an infinitesimal amount of K+ generated an electrical potential
difference across the membrane that is equal to the equilibrium potential for K+.
برقراری پتانسيل انتشار در غشای برقراری پتانسيل انتشار در غشای فيبر عصبی به صورت شماتيکفيبر عصبی به صورت شماتيک
THE NERNST EQUATION
The cytoplasmic and extracellular concentrations of an iondetermine the chemical driving force for that ion andthe equilibrium membrane potential if this is the ONLY ionthat is permeable through the membrane
EK+ = 58 mV
1log 5
130
Nernst EquationNernst Equation
Where EX is the chemical potential and z is the charge of ion X
[K+]in = 130 mM [K+]out = 5 mM z = +1
EX = 58 mV
z log [X]out
[X]in
= - 82 mV
For potassium:
RESTING POTENTIAL SET BY RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
OF K+, Na+, & Cl- IONS
EK = - 82.1 mV 1.0
ENa = + 84.8 mV 0.05
ECl = - 63.6 mV 0.2
Nernst Potential Relative Permeability (P)
Resting membrane potential reflects the relative permeabilitiesof each ion and the Nernst potential of each ion
When the resting membrane potential is achieved, there isongoing influx of sodium and a matching efflux of potassium.
Na/K ATPase is continually needed to keep the ion gradientsfrom running down over time
PK EK + PNa ENa + PCl ECl
PK + PNa + PClVm =
THE GOLDMAN EQUATION
PK EK + PNa ENa + PCl ECl
PK + PNa + PClVm =
from before
Nernst equatiion EX = 58 mV
z log [X]out
[X]in
Goldman equation Vm = 58 mV log10
PK[K+]o + PNa[Na+]o + PCl[Cl-]i PK[K+]i + PNa[Na+]i + PCl[Cl-]o
( )The greater an ion’s concentration and permeability, the more
it contributes to the resting membrane potentialWhen one ion is by far the most permeable, Goldman eq. reduces to Nernst eq.
THE GOLDMAN EQUATION & THE RESTING POTENTIAL
Vm = 58 mV log10
PK[K+]o + PNa[Na+]o + PCl[Cl-]i PK[K+]i + PNa[Na+]i + PCl[Cl-]o
( )[K+]o
[K+]i
PK
= 5 mM
= 130 mM
= 145 mM
= 5 mM = 8 mM
[Na+]o
[Na+]i
PNa
[Cl-]o = 100 mM
[Cl-]i
PCl= 0.2= 0.05= 1
VVmm = = - -69.669.6 mVmV
INCREASING SODIUM PERMEABILITY UNDERLIES SODIUM INFLUXAND MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION DURING ACTION POTENTIAL
During action potential, the number of open sodium channels increases dramatically
EK = - 82 mV 1.0 1.0
ENa = + 85 mV 0.05 5.05.0
ECl = - 64 mV 0.2 0.2
Nernst Potential Prest Paction-
potential
GOLDMAN EQUATION-PREDICTED Vm
Rest During Action Potential
- 70 mV ++ 36 mV 36 mV
When sodium channels open, sodium ions flow in rapidly because of the negative membrane potential and the strong inward sodium battery
Inward sodium current depolarizes membrane and moves it towards the positive potential predicted by Goldman’s equation
(this positive potential is never fully achieved due to additional channel dynamics)
اندازه گيری پتانسيل غشای فيبر اندازه گيری پتانسيل غشای فيبر عصبی با کمک ميکروالکترودعصبی با کمک ميکروالکترود
برقراری پتانسيل برقراری پتانسيل استراحت در سه استراحت در سه
حالت:حالت:AA زمانی که پتانسيل ) زمانی که پتانسيل (
غشاء صرفا“ ناشی غشاء صرفا“ ناشی باشد. باشد.++KKاز انتشار از انتشار
BB ناشی از ) ناشی از (NaNa++ و و KK++ باشد.باشد.
CC ناشی از ) ناشی از (NaNa++ ، ، KK++ و و پمپ سديم پتاسيم پمپ سديم پتاسيم
باشد.باشد.
ويژگی کانالهای سديمی و پتاسيمی ويژگی کانالهای سديمی و پتاسيمی (وابسته به ولتاژ بودن)(وابسته به ولتاژ بودن)
تغيير هدايت کانالهای سديمی و تغيير هدايت کانالهای سديمی و پتاسيمی در زمان ايجاد پتانسيل پتاسيمی در زمان ايجاد پتانسيل
عملعمل
تغييرات تغييرات هدايت سديم هدايت سديم و پتاسيم در و پتاسيم در طی پتانسيل طی پتانسيل
عملعملنسبت هدايت سديم به نسبت هدايت سديم به
پتاسيمپتاسيم
Patch clampPatch clampروش روش
برای مطالعه برای مطالعه کانالهای يونی غشاء کانالهای يونی غشاء
سلول در حالتهای سلول در حالتهای مختلفمختلف
توليد حرارت در فيبر عصبی در توليد حرارت در فيبر عصبی در حالت استراحت و حالت تحريکحالت استراحت و حالت تحريک
ROLE OF MYELIN IN FAST ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSIONROLE OF MYELIN IN FAST ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION
UnmyelinatedUnmyelinatedAxonAxon
(SLOW CONDUCTION)(SLOW CONDUCTION)
MyelinatedMyelinatedAxonAxon
(FAST CONDUCTION)(FAST CONDUCTION)
Action potential at one point along unmyelinated axon produces current that only Action potential at one point along unmyelinated axon produces current that only propagates short distance along axon, since current is diverted through channels propagates short distance along axon, since current is diverted through channels in axon membrane. So action potential can only next occur short distance awayin axon membrane. So action potential can only next occur short distance away
Myelin reduces effective conductance and capacitance of Myelin reduces effective conductance and capacitance of internodal axon membrane. (how???)internodal axon membrane. (how???)
Action potential at node of Ranvier produces current that propagatesAction potential at node of Ranvier produces current that propagates0.5-5 mm to next node of Ranvier, generating next action potential0.5-5 mm to next node of Ranvier, generating next action potential
SODIUM CHANNELS ONLY AT NODESSODIUM CHANNELS ONLY AT NODESAT VERY HIGH DENSITYAT VERY HIGH DENSITY
Figure 3-11 The action potential of nerve and the associated absolute and relative refractory periods.
© 2005 Elsevier
A, Responses of an axon of a shore crab to a subthreshold rectangular pulse of current
recorded extracellularly by an electrode located different distances from the current-passing electrode. As the
recording electrode is moved farther from the point of
stimulation, the response of the membrane potential is slower
and smaller.
© 2005 Elsevier