Stress and Disease Stress and Disease Dr. Donald B. Giddon Dr. Donald B. Giddon Harvard University, Fall Harvard University, Fall 2013 2013 Types of Stressors Types of Stressors Question I - What factors Question I - What factors are stressful for a given are stressful for a given individual individual ? ? 1
Stress and Disease Dr. Donald B. Giddon Harvard University, Fall 2013 Types of Stressors Question I - What factors are stressful for a given individual ?. Types of Stressors. Physical Biological Chemical Psychosocial. What makes an event or stressor stressful?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Stress and Disease Stress and Disease
Dr. Donald B. Giddon Dr. Donald B. Giddon Harvard University, Fall 2013Harvard University, Fall 2013
Types of StressorsTypes of Stressors Question I - What factors are stressful Question I - What factors are stressful
for a given individualfor a given individual??
11
Types of Stressors
• Physical• Biological• Chemical• Psychosocial
22
What makes an event or stressor stressful?
• Differences between animals and humans– Sapolsky– Executive monkey
33
- - Radiation- Physical Impact- Trauma- Crowding
Population density
Physical Stressors
44
Biological Stressors•Predators
•Micro-organisms
•Food supply
•Sleep deprivation
•Substance withdrawal
•Allergens
55
Chemical Stressors•Toxins
• Water
• Airborne
• Chemical
weapons
• Environmental
pollutants
66
Biological Stressors – Food
Each year, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die.
According to the C.S.P.I.*, the riskiest foods are:1. Leafy greens2. Eggs3. Tuna
CROWDING (at the wrong time in the wrong place in the CROWDING (at the wrong time in the wrong place in the wrong job)wrong job)
1010
Species Species Differences Differences
for for Crowding Crowding
as a as a StressorStressor
1111
It is sometimes difficult to It is sometimes difficult to separate space as a physical separate space as a physical
stressor from space as a stressor from space as a psychosocial stressorpsychosocial stressor
1212
Interpersonal Impact - Personal Space, cf. Interpersonal Impact - Personal Space, cf. with Crowding as a Physical Stressorwith Crowding as a Physical Stressor
1313Hall, E.T. The Hidden Dimension. Anchor, 1990
Psychosocial StressorsSource:
• Family and significant othersoCare giversoSiblings oGenerational oBirth order
• Friends• Roommates • Colleagues
1414
1515
•Occupation oTrainingoResponsibilitiesoJob satisfaction oInterpersonal relationsoRole stress and personalityoUnemploymentoRetirementoPredictabilityoLack of control
Psychosocial Stressors (cont’d)
Psychosocial Stressors (cont’d)• Role Stress
- Overload - Conflict - Ambiguity
• Role vs. Status
• Situational o Religious affiliationo Gender differenceso Restriction of personal spaceo Bereavemento Other situational stressors :
Jobless, Sleepless, Hopeless"I am not married, my parents have passed away, so am quite
scared of what will happen if I do not land a job within the next couple months. The thing I identified with the most - my work - has left me feeling lost.“
So wrote one of 1,200 respondents to a survey of the unemployed conducted by Rutgers University Tens of thousands more join their ranks every week. On Friday, the government said the unemployment rate rose to 9.7 percent in August as another 216,000 jobs disappeared. That is less than a third of January's loss. But the total for the last 12 months is beyond bleak: nearly six million jobs, gone.
(See highlights from the poll in next slide.)Excerpt from The NY Times, Sept. 6, 2009, by B. MarshExcerpt from The NY Times, Sept. 6, 2009, by B. Marsh
2121
2222Excerpt from NY Times, Sept. 6, 2009 , B. Marsh
3030*Anderson and Manuel: Gender differences in reported stress response to the Loma Prieta earthquake. Sex Roles, 1994; 30(9):725-733
Actual vs. Perceived Risk
As a Stressor- Compared with Actual Risk
3131
Actual Risk
• Nature– Lightning: 1 in 3 million– Electrocution: 1 in 300,000– Shark attack: 1 in 300
million
• Man-made– Suicide: 1 in 9,000– Murder: 1 in 13,500– Airplane crash: 1 in 3.1
million– Car crash: 1 in 7,100– Falls: 1 in 20,000– Industrial accident: 1 in
48,000
Estimates of annual risk of death for US population*
*Harvard Public Health Review, Fall 2004, p. 11*Harvard Public Health Review, Fall 2004, p. 11
3232
Actual Risk – Cont’dBiomedical
• Heart disease 1 in 430• Cancer (all) 1 in 550• Skin cancer from sun 1 in 4,200• Flu (36,000 deaths per year)1 in 8,300• West Nile Virus 1 in 30,400
*Harvard Public Health Review, Fall 2004 3333
• “Mad cow disease [Bovine spongiform encephalopathy] bumped flu shots from page one in the U.S. Yet Mad Cow caused one cow’s death—while flu kills 36,000 people annually.”*
– 17-year latency
*Harvard Public Health Review, Fall 2004, p.10
3434
Perceived Risk: Psychosocial
• Threat vs. trust in individuals or institutions• Control
– Free will– Determinism– Religious beliefs– Other directed vs. inner directed
• Dread• Risk vs. Benefit• New or Familiar• Children• Uncertainty vs. Predictability
3535
Race x Gender DifferencesRace x Gender Differences
3636
IntegrationIntegration
3737
LifeSituation
Perception
1. Past Experience2. Social Supports3. Biographic Assets
STEP 1
3838
StressWhat is stressful for a given individual?
• The appraisal process– Based on our individual perceptions we appraise:
• Demands of the situation (primary appraisal)• Resources available to cope with the situation
(secondary appraisal)• The consequences of the situation• The personal meaning of the situation to us• Emotional response (how we feel about the situation)
In psychological terms, it depends upon:In psychological terms, it depends upon:
3939
Attempts to Measure the Effects of Stressors As Well as the Magnitude of Stressors
- Direct observation- Inference from response to
noxious stimuli or stressors
4040
The Life Events ScaleHolmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale
(Holmes & Rahe, 1967)Death of spouse 100Divorce 73Marital separation 65Jail term 63Death of close family member 63Personal injury or illness 53Marriage 50Fired from job 47Marital reconciliation 45Retirement 45Change in health of family member 44Pregnancy 40Sex difficulties 39Gain of a new family member 39Business readjustment 39Change in financial state 38Death of a close friend 37Change to a different line of work 36Foreclosure of mortgage 30
Change in responsibilities at work 29Son or daughter leaving home 29Trouble with in-laws 29Outstanding personal achievement 28Wife begins or stops work 26Begin or end school 26Change in living conditions 25Revision of personal habits 24Trouble with boss 23Change in residence 20Change in school 20Change in recreation 19Change in church activities 19Change in social activities 18Change in sleeping habits 16Vacation 13Christmas 12Minor legal violations 11
4141
4242
See course web site for list of other psychometric methods for determining stressors, coping, and
other psychosocial variables 4343
Items of the CALES and their endorsed percentages by a sample of Hong Kong adolescentsItems of the CALES and their endorsed percentages by a sample of Hong Kong adolescents