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Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience
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Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Dec 20, 2015

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Page 1: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Types of Perceptual Processes

• Bottom-up - work up from sensory info.• Top-down - apply knowledge and

experience

Page 2: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Top-Down Effects Chess masters remember chess board

patterns better than novices (Chase & Simon,1973)

Easier to recognize objects in context (Palmer,1975)

C

Page 3: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Illusory Contours

Page 4: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Template Matching Theory

Recognize patterns by matching stimulus to template

Works in price scanners

Page 5: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Problems with Template Matching

• Differences in orientation R

R• Differences in size

R

R

• Differences in form RR R R

Page 6: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Feature Analysis

Identify simple features of patterns Combine features into complex patterns Hubel & Wiesel (1965) found feature

detector neurons in cats Visual search: easier to find target when it

doesn’t share features with the background (Neisser,1964)

Page 7: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Find the Z

Page 8: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Treisman’s Feature Analysis Theory Preattentive Stage: detect visual features

• Pop-Out

• Illusory Conjunctions Focused Attention Stage: combine features

into objects

Page 9: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.
Page 10: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.
Page 11: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.
Page 12: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Problems with Feature Analysis

Two different patterns can have the same features

Patterns may not have any features that are required

H

Page 13: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Gestalt Approach Law of Pragnanz Similarity Good Continuation Proximity Common Fate Familiarity

Page 14: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.
Page 15: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Good continuation

Page 16: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.
Page 17: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Prototype Matching Theory

Prototype - “best” or “typical” representation of a pattern

Stimulus is compared to prototypes Uncertainty in pattern recognition Pseudomemory (Solso & McCarthy,1981)

Page 18: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Study These Faces...

Page 19: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Which Did You See?

A is the prototype; it was not seen. B was not seen. C was one of the original faces.

A B C

Page 20: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Evolutionary Psychology What problems must the brain solve to

perceive accurately?

• Figure-ground separation

• Inverse projection problem

• Occlusion

• Edge perception

Page 21: Types of Perceptual Processes Bottom-up - work up from sensory info. Top-down - apply knowledge and experience.

Evolutionary Psychology How does the brain solve these problems?

• Top-down and bottom-up

• Heuristics

• Built-in brain organization

• Plasticity