Types of flooring

FLOORING

FLOOR

The purpose of the floor is to provide a levelled surface capable of supporting to the furniture, equipments, & sometimes internal partitions.

•Requirement of good floor-1. Strength & stability.2. Fire resistance.3. Sound insulation.4. Thermal insulation.5. Damp proof.

Floors are categorized in

following types-

• Ground floor.

• Upper floor.

Ground floor

• The floor which directly rests on the ground surface is known as ground floor.

• Strength & stability are not major problems for ground floor.

•But dampness and thermal insulation are the main problems for ground floor.

• To protect ground floor from dampness, damp proof course is provided below floor coverings.

GROUND LEVEL

EARTH FILL

CONCRETE FILL

DAMP PROOF COURSE

MORTAR

FINISHED FLOOR

REFILLING OF PLINTH AND FOOTING PITS

Figure No. 3 – Back filling in column pits

Manual and mechanical compaction of the plinth

upper floor• The floors situated above the ground floor are known as upper floors.

• Strength & stability are major problems for upper floors.

• Upper floors are supported only at ends or at intermediate member like wall and beam.

• Sound insulation &Thermal insulation are problems for upper floor.

Factors affecting on the choice of flooring material

• Initial cost.• Appearance.• Durability.• Damp resistance.• Thermal insulation.• Sound insulation.• Fire resistance.

MATERIALS USED FOR FLOORING

•STONES- 1. MARBLE.

2.GRANITE.

3.SHAHABAD.

4. KOTAH.

5.TANDOOR.

• TILES- 1.VITRIFIED TILE.

2.CERAMIC TILE.

3.MOSAIC TILES.

4.PORCELIN TILE.

PROCCESS OF FIXING A TILE

1. Surface preparation-– The surface should be clean and levelled.– There should not be any cement mortar lumps on the slab or the corner of the room.

–There should be sufficient skirting margin from the surface level.

– generally it should be 15cm (6”) from the slab surface.

Surface preparation

3.Taking reference level-

1.On the main door frame of the flat, mark a fixed line from the floor and transfer this fixed marking to all the door frames of the flats on that particular floor of the building.2. also transfer this level (khachra level) on the walls and mark lines on the walls temporarily with the help of red color (geru or kav).3.These lines prove useful checking the level of tiling work and mortar bed at all the stages.

Reference line making

2.Setting of right angle-

– This is the most important part of the flooring work and required extreme caution.

–First , fix the right angle, taking in the consideration the longest span of the room, to ensure that there will be minimum wastage of tile and therefore minimum cutting work.

–Now, fix the string line (dori) from the right angle corner with one corner reference tile and fix other tiles in room.

–If the reference right angle dose not match the wall , then try to adjust deference in skirting.

3.SPREADING THE SCREED-–On the clean surface of the slab, screed

usually of 25 mm thickness is spread.–On it layer of slurry up to 6mm is spread

evenly & leveled.

Mortar bed

4.FIXING OF FLOOR COVERINGS.

•Tiles or stone slab are buttered(cement paste is applied) from back side so that proper bonding with the subfloor takes place.•Then they are placed in their position and pressed gently.•After completing the tiling work over all level of the floor is checked.•Any unevenness is repaired with the wooden mallet.•The gaps between the walls and the floor are filled with cut pieces of tiles. •The floor is then cleaned and should not be used for at least for 24 hours.•Next day the gap or joint is filled between the tiles with cement slurry.•Flooring is then cured for minimum of 14 days.

False flooring / cavity flooring

False flooring / cavity flooring

False Flooring helps for concealed ducting, power cables, data cables, trays and wirings, thereby giving a neat and uncluttered appearance to the office. These help in easy movement and in avoiding the dangers of hanging or expanding power connections.

Bathroom and toilet flooring.

•construction of bathroom floors require special precautions as continuous use of water is there in bathroom and toilets.•It needs proper water proofing.•Generally, brick bats are used for water proofing as they soak water and stop it to flow further. •On the bricks concrete is poured then layer of water proofing material is laid then the slurry is spread on which tiles are fixed.• preferably antiskid tiles are laid over slurry.• Next day extra mortar from the joints is stroked off and joints are filled carefully with cement paste.• It’s very important that we should give proper slope to the floor which is towards the nahani trap or floor trap.• slope provided in bathroom flooring is ¼th per foot. or 0.125 X length of bathroom.

WATER PROOFING LAYER

TILE DROP

Specification of Skirting and Dado:

• 12 MM thick plaster of cement coarse sand mortar 1:3 shall be applied on the walls and allowed to be hardened . •The plaster shall be roughened with wire brushes. •The tiles should be soaked in water washed cleaned , and a coat of cement slurry applied liberally at the back of the tiles and set in the bedding mortar.•The tiles shall be set in the required pattern and jointed .

•The joints shall be as fine as possible.• The joints shall be cleaned of the gray cement to a depth of 2 mm and loose mortar removed. •Joints shall then be flush pointed with white cement.• The finish work shall then be kept wet for 7 days. •The joints shall be cleaned off .• The gray cement slurry with wire brush to a depth of 2 mm and loose mortar removed.• Joints shall then be flush pointed with white cement. •The floor then be kept wet for 7 days.

Floor coverings

1. MUD AND MURUM. 2. BRICK.3. FLAG STONE.4. CONCRETE.5. TERRAZZO.6. MOSAIC.7. TILES.8. STONES.9. GRONOLITHIC FINISH.10. TIMBER.11. ASHPHALT.12. RUBBER.13. LINOLIUM.14. CORK.15. GLASS.16. P.V.C. OR PLASTIC.

MUD AND MURUM FLOORING

BRICK FLOORING

MUD AND MURUM FLOOR•Mud means water mixed with soil. It is a plastic material.•Mud floor is only used in low cost housing, specially in village.•Murum is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material.• Murum floor has practically same properties as that of mud floor.

BRICK FLOOR• Brick floor is used in cheap construction specially where good quality of bricks are available.•This flooring is specially suited to warehouses, stores, godouns, etc.•Well burnt bricks of good colour and uniform shapes are used. • It creates any good looking pattern.

FLAG STONE FLOORING

CONCRETE FLOOR

FLAGE STONE FLOOR •Flag stone is any laminated sand stone available in 2cm to 4cm thicknesses, in the form of stone slab (30cm x 30cm, 45cm x 45cm, or 60cm x 60cm) or in rectangular form of size (45cm x 60cm).•This type of work is called paving.•The stone slabs are laid on concrete base.

CONCRETE FLOOR

•Concrete floor is used in residential, commercial, industrial buildings.•It is cheaper, durable, and easy to construct.

RUBBER FLOOR

CERAMIC TILES

RUBBER FLOOR •It consist of sheets and tiles of rubber in variety of patterns and colours with thickness varying from 3mm to 10mm. • The sheets or tiles are manufactured by mixing pure rubber with fillers such as cotton fibers, asbestos fibers, etc.• The sheets fixed to concrete base or wood by means of appropriate adhesives.• Rubber flooring are resilient and noise proof.•However they are costlier. They are used only in office or public buildings.

TILES

• The method of fixing tiles is as simpler to that of flag stone flooring.• But more care is to be taken here.

MARBLE FLOOR

WOODEN FLOOR

MARBLE FLOOR

•Marble is a stone which is as floor covering.• It creates pleasant and rich look.

WOODEN FLOOR

• Timber floor is either be suspended type or supported on ground.• Dampness is the major problem in timber flooring.•But it is sound proof and thermal insulated as it has cavity in between.• It is aesthetically pleasant.

ASHPHALT FLOOR

MOSAIC FLOOR

ASHPHALT FLOOR

• Flooring mastic asphalts are manufactured to achieve performance characteristics from light domestic use through to heavy industrial duty and can be a self finished flooring or an underlay for tiles, carpeting, etc.•A mastic asphalt floor provides a hard wearing, durable surface which will resist the passage of dampness and which can be brought into service as soon as it has cooled to ambient temperature.

MOSAIC FLOOR

• Mosaic floor is made of small pieces of tiles of china glazed or of cement or of marble arrange in different pattern.•These pieces are cut to desired shapes and sizes.

TERRAZZO FLOOR

GRANOLITHIC FINISH.

TERRAZZO FLOOR• It is very decorative and has good necessary properties.• Due to this it is widely used in residential building.•Also used in hospitals, offices, school and other public building.

GRANOLITHIC FINISH

• In industrial building hard surface is sometimes required. •It is very hard and tough.• The thickness may be 25 mm.

CORK FLOOR

GLASS FLOOR

CORK FLOOR

• Cork is sound insulating material so this type of flooring is perfectly noiseless.• It is used in libraries, theaters, art galleries , broadcasting stations, etc.•Cork is the outer bark of oak tree.• Cork tiles and carpets are available in various sizes and colour.

GLASS FLOOR

• It is available in the form of tile.•The thickness of the tile is 12 mm to 30 mm.•These are fixed in frames so that glass and the frames sustain load.•It is very costly. • Framing is done before the fixing of glass tile.

LINOLEUM FLOOR

P.V.C. FLOOR

LINOLEUM FLOORING

• It is covering which is available in rolls.• It is directly spread on the flooring.• The sheets are either plain or printed and available in 2mm to 6mm thicknesses.• Linoleum tile also available which can be fixed or glued to the flooring.

P.V.C. FLOOR

• It is made of plastic material called poly vinyl chloride (P.V.C.) • It is available in different sizes and colors.• It also available in the form of tiles.

CLADDING

What is cladding? •Wall cladding is a type of decorative covering used on building exteriors.• Though usually non-structural in nature, it may be functional in addition to decorative. •This can include a degree of water-proofing, a barrier against the wind, or other protections.• Cladding can take a number of different forms, be made from many different materials, and is often used to create a decorative building facade. •Some of the popular materials for cladding include various metals, stone, and composite sidings.

MATERIALS USED FOR CLADDING-

•STEEL.• STONE.•ALLUMINIUM.•TIMBER.•TILES.• BRICKS.

TIMBER CLADDING

ALLUMINIUM CLADDING

STONE CLADDING

TILE CLADDING

STEEL CLADDING

BRICK CLADDING