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Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination or Synthesis - a reaction where in two
elements combine forming one product.Eq: A + B AB
a. Metal + Nonmetal binary compound
Mg + Cl2 Mg Cl2
2Na + S Na 2S
4Fe + 3O2 2 Fe 2O3
b. Metal + O2 Metal oxide or basic anhydride
4Na + O2 2 Na 2O
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c.Nonmetal + O2 Nonmetal oxideor acid anhydride
S + O2 SO2
4P + 3O2 2P2O3
C + O2 CO2
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d. Metal oxide + H 2O Base
or basic anhydride
Na 2O + H 2O NaOH
e. Nonmetal oxide + H 2O Acid
or acid anhydrideSO2 + H 2O H 2SO3
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2.Decomposition or Analysis
- reaction wherein a compound (reactant) breaks into two or more
products ( usually with the use of heat, )
Eq: AB A + B
Chlorates: KClO3 KCl + O2
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Carbonates:CaCO3 CaO + CO2
*Except carbonates of IA Family( ex: lithium carbonate,sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate ). They are not
decomposed further into oxide and carbon dioxide.
HCO3- :Ca(HCO3) 2 CaO + CO2 + H2O
Hydrates:
CuSO4 .5 H2O CuSO4 + 5 H2O
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ELECTROLYSIS
H2O O2 + H2
Metal Oxide :
HgO Hg + O2
Sugars:
C6H12O 6 6 C + 6 H 2O
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3. Substitution or Single Displacement
a. Hydrogen Displacement2 Na (s) + 2H2O(cold) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Very reactive
Al (s) + H2O(steam) Al 2O3 + H2
Moderately active
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2(g)
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The Activity Series for Metals
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b. Metal Displacement
CuSO4 + Fe Fe2(SO4)3+ Cu
(more active)
c. Halogen DisplacementCl2+ KI KCl + I2
(more active)
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4. Exchange, metathesis, Double Decomposition
6 Na 2SO4 + 2Ca3(PO4) 2 4Na 3PO4 + 6CaSO4
5. Precipitation
Pb(NO3) 2+ Na 2CrO4 2Na NO3 + PbCrO4(s)
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6. Neutralization Reaction
Acid + Base Salt
HCl + NaOH NaCl
SO2 + CaO CaSO3
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Chemical formularepresents the composition of onemolecule or ionic compound in terms of chemical symbols.
a. Molecular formulashows the actual number of atoms of elements in a
molecule.ex: C6H 12O6 ( sucrose), C6H6 (benzene ) ,C2H2(acetylene) .
b.Empirical formulagives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms ofelements in a molecule ex: C H2O ( sucrose), C H (benzene ) , C H(acetylene)
c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in amolecule.
.. .. ..
ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H (water)
.. .. ..d. Structural formulashows the binding of atoms of elements in amolecule.
ex: H-OO -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H (water)
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c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons ofatoms of elements in a molecule.
.. ..ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H
.. .. ..(water)
..
d. Structural formulashows the binding of atomsof elements in a molecule.
ex: H-OO -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H( water ..
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Chemical Properties
qualities that can be observed after
alteration of composition of the substance
Ex: iron rust, hydrogen is flammable
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Extrinsic or Extensive Properties
are properties that depend on the amount of the
substance in a sample
Ex: volume, length, mass
Intrinsic or Intensive Propertiesdo not depend on the amount of substance ex.
density, boiling pt. melting pt
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Changes of Matter
Physical Changechange in size, shape, physical state,
no change in nature or compositon.
Ex: freezing of water,
pulverizing salt
distillation of wine
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Chemical Change change in the compositon of the
substance
a new substance is formed. ex iron nail (Fe) rust (Fe2O3)
charcoal (C) CO2
Fermentation of fruit juice
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Atomic Structure :
Atom- basic unit of an element that can enter into achemical reaction, retains the identity of element
Electron(discovered by Joseph John Thomson) isnegatively charge(-) particle
Neutron(discovered by James Chadwick) iselectrically neutral particle.
Protonand atomic nucleus (by Ernest Rutherford)positively charged(+) particle.
Atomic number (Z) = the number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom.Mass number (A) = the total number of protons + number of
neutrons
= atomic number + number of neutrons
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Atomic number(Z) = the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
Mass number(A) = the total number of protons +
number of neutrons
A
X
Z
12
6 C
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Electronic Structure of Atoms
Aufbau PrincipleAtomic orbitals
Electronic configuration
Octet Rule
Hunds Rule
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Chemical formularepresents the composition of one molecule orionic compound in terms of chemical symbols.
a. Molecular formulashows the actual number of atoms of elements in a
molecule.ex: C6H 12O6 ( sucrose), C6H6 (benzene ) ,C2H2(acetylene) .
b.Empirical formulagives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms ofelements in a molecule ex: C H2O ( sucrose), C H (benzene ) , C H(acetylene)
c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in amolecule.
.. .. ..
ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H (water)
.. .. ..d. Structural formulashows the binding of atoms of elements in a molecule.
ex: H-OO -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H (water)
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Reduction Oxidation Reaction
Molecular Equation (Valence Change Method)NaNO2+ K2Cr2O7+ H2SO4= NaNO3+K2SO4+ Cr2 (SO4)3+ H2O
Ionic Equation (Valence Change Method)
NO2 + Cr2O7 + H + = NO3 -1 + Cr + H2O
Half Reaction or Ion-electron method
NO2-1 = NO3
-1
Cr2O7-2 = Cr+3
+3
-2
-1
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Redox
Balance the eq. using Valence change or Ionelectron method . Answer #1-10
MnO4-1
+ ClO2-1 +H2O = MnO2
+ ClO4-1+ OH-
___1. Oxidation no. of Mn in MnO4-1___2. Oxidation no. of Cl in ClO 4
-1
___3. electron lost/mole ___9. coefficient of ClO2-1
___4. electron gained/mole ___10. coefficient of MnO2
___5 Identify the OA
___6. Which is the RA?
___7. Which is the reduction product?
___8. Which is the oxidation product?
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Accuracyhow close a measurement is to the truevalue
Precisionhow close a set of measurements are to each
other
Accurate&Precise
Precise but
not accuratenot precise &
notaccurate
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Concentration Units
Molaritymoles of solute per liter of solutionM= moles solute moles = g solute
liter of solution molar mass
g solute
M = molar mass
liter solution
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Normalityno of equivalents of solute perliter of solution
N = equivalents of solute
liter of solution
g solute
N = eq wt
liter of solution
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% by mass = mass solute X 100mass of solution
Mole fraction solute (X2) = mole solute
mole solution
Mole fraction solvent (X1) = mole solvent
mole solution
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Concentration Units
1.Calculate the % by mass of the solute in:a. 5.50 g NaBr in 78.2 g solution
b. 31.0 g KCl in 152.0 g water
2.A solution is prepared by mixing 62.5 mlC6H6(MW 78g/mol) with 80.3 ml toluene(MW
92.0g/mol)
density C6H60.867 g/mldensity C7H8 0.87 g/ml.