Pavol Szabo Introduction to macro- and microscopic anatomy of the bones and joints
Pavol Szabo
Introduction to macro- and microscopic
anatomy of the bones and joints
Endo- vs exosceleton
Long
Short
Flat
Pneumatic
Long bone-schematic presentation
http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/02701ooa.htm
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
Epiphysis
Spongióza
Compact
Diaphysis
Spongiform
Epiphysis
Architecture of femoral head and neck
hsc.unm.edu/…/histology/lab1/laboratory_1.html
Direction of trabecules as
reponse to forces – gothic arch
Compact bone-concentric cylindric osteons,
superficial lamellas, periosteum
Facstaff.bloomu.edu/jhranitz/courses/APHNT/html
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
11
1. Cylidric osteon
2. Coat lamellas
3. Periosteum
12
23
3
Compact bone-osteon
classroom.sdmesa.edu/…/connective.htm
Haversův kanál
Concentric bone
lamellas with
Haversian canal in
center. Osteocytes in
lacunas have long
branches
Bone cells-osteoblasts
http://www.histologia.cm-uj.krakow.pl/Tk_podporowe/osteoblasty2.jpg
Osteoblasts are located
on surface of bone
trabecules and produce
new bone matrix
Bone cells-osteocytes
www.bioengn.auckland.ac.nz
Osteocytes are originated from
osteoblasts. They are responsible
for bone metabolism and fine
exchange of bone matrix. They are
are also participating in the control
of calcemia
Bone cells-osteoclasts
http://www.gcarlson.com/images3/osteoclast_activity.jpg
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl4B-76.jpg
Osteoclasts are formed by fusion of mononuclear precursors similar
to monocytes. They resorb the bone matrix.
Foreign body giant multinucleate cells
These cells are similar to osteoclasts. Theory of bone as depo
„toxic calcium?
Bone extracellular matrix and minerals
http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/bone_histo
morphometry_lab/images/tph1084206_08.jpg
http://133.100.213.46/photo/T-Collagen.jpeg
Collagen represents a site of
formation of crystals of
hyroxyapatite. Using pulse of
tetracycline we can
demonstrate a site of
mineralisation.
Calcemia
2,25-2,75 nMol/L
Hypocalcemia: paresthesy, tetanism
Hypercalcemia: indispositing, vomitting, arrythmia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg/osteogenesis_impe
rfecta_type2__21w_07_3.jpg
Mutation of gene coding
collagen in chromosome 17
is responsible for failure of
mineralisation and
increased fragility of bones.
Bone vessels
http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/AP103-02.JPG
The most important
vessels pass to bone
via periosteum to
chanels of Volkman
Bone remodelling
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/gebs/faculty/Images/puzasimg.gif
The resorption and formation of
new bone must be ballanced. If
not, the risk of osteoporosis or
osteopetrosis is increased
http://www.parathyroid.com/images/boneD
ensity.gif
http://www.mef.hr/Patologija/ch_26/c26_s26.jpg
Bone scan
www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/TF99_00/April18/BoneScan.gif
Detection of bone metastases using
radioisotope
Ossification chondrogenic
desmogenní
Desmogenic
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab
8/Images/CTL36.JPG
Osteo-progenitor cells are formed from mesenchym,
finally cells differentiated to osteocyts,
Matrix mineralisation
Growth cartilage
Reserve layer –margine between epiphisis and growth layer, spheroid cells, vessels direction to proliferation layerFunction: synthesis and storage of nutrition
Proliferation layer – formation of chondrocytes to column, mother cells on base of layer, lot of collagen fibres, cell proliferation, production of ECM
Hypertrofic layer – prepare of ECM to calcification
http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/radio/csont/csont4c.gif
http://7e.devbio.com/images/ch06/4cdysplasia.GIF
Chondrodystrophy
Bone marrow
http://www-sdc.med.nagasaki-
u.ac.jp/n50/disaster/BMFum-b-big.gif http://nmf.jax.org/images/bone_marrow_normal_copy.jpg
http://neurobio.mcphu.edu/FischerWeb/images/bone%20marrow%20stromal%20cells.jpg
Bone marrow- site of stem cells
Conclusions
• Bone is the main supporting system of body
• Bone is highly metabolically active
• Bone is responsible fo the control of
calcemia
• Bone is in the regimenn of permanent
remodelling
Common arthrology
Fibrous joint – syndesmosis, sutura, gomphosis
Cartilaginous joint – synchondrosis, symphysis
Oseous joint - synostosis
Syndesmosis
Sutura
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Synovial joint
Development of synovial joint
Hyaline cartilge
http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org
arthritis-research.com
http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?co
ntent&nd=857170059
netterimages.com
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1505–1515.
doi:10.1136/ard.2007.076430
Synovial membrane
Types of joints
• numbers of elements:
- simple /art.simplices/ - 2 bones
- multiple /art. compositae/ more than 2 bones,
2 bones + discus or meniscus
• range of moving:
- amphiarthrosis
- movable
• shape of articulation area
Joint movements
• movements by axis – 1axis, 2axis, 3axis
•basic pose – same like basic anatomical pose
• central pose – relax of joint sheath