Two Water Bodies

7/27/2019 Two Water Bodies

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Two Water Bodies

And He is (Allah) Who has let forth the two seas (though they meet); this

(One) palatable, sweet, and this (the other) brackish, bitter; and has set

between them a barrierand a ban forbidding.(25-53, Section 5)

In this connection also see 55-19 & 20, 27-61 and 35-12.

All life depends on water.Water, clear liquid with no smell or taste, is made of hydrogen and oxygen.

These two gases, one combustive and the other combustible combine to formliquid, and most interestingly, water! It is one of the most strange and uniquecompound, in terms of its specific physical and chemical properties, e.g. boilingand melting points, which enable it to perform special functions. They are either

higher or lower than what can be projected on basis of molecular mass of 18 amu(atomic mass units).

Water is neutral, yet due to difference in sizes, oxygen component of water

molecule has slightly negative charge, and hydrogen has slightly positive charge.When more than one water molecules come together, positive and negative charges

form a weak hydrogen bond, with duration of about one hundred billionth of a

second. As soon as this weak bond breaks another forms. Thus water molecules

continue to adhere together. Properties of water molecules emerge from specialbondingbetween Oxygen and Hydrogen. In hydrolysis, chemical decomposition of

a substance by water takes place, while water itself is also decomposed.Soft Water(sweet water) does not contain magnesium or calcium salts.Hard

Water(as it does not form an immediate lather with soap), saltish or bitter water,

contains large amounts of dissolved iron compounds, calcium and magnesium

salts, often found in limestone areas. Presence of hydrogen-carbonates of metals init, causes temporary hardness, whereas that of sulphates of metals causes

permanenthardness.

In crystalline state, some substances take a definite molecular proportion of watercombined chemically. In such substances water plays essential role in forming

crystals and gives them shape and colour, e.g. cobalt chloride crystals are pink, but anhydrous chloride is blue. Specific number of molecules of water is present in

each molecule of such compounds in crystal form, e.g., crystals of Copper IISulphatecontain 5 molecules of water with every molecule of Copper II Sulphate

(CuSO4.5H2O), and similarly in Na2CO3.10H2O.


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In this phenomenon water molecules may form bonds with ions of salt or they may

occupy positions in crystal lattice. In case of copper (II) sulphate crystals, forexample, four of the water molecules form coordinate bonds with the copper ions.

These bonds break at about 100 degree C, leaving a monohydrate, in which one

water molecule is held by a hydrogen bond to the sulphate ion. This bond alsobreaks at a temperature of 250 degree C, when it becomes anhydrous.

Water is found in seas, rivers, lakes and as rain. Ice is solid water. Vapour is its

gaseous form. Water Cycle is the process in which water leaves and returns toearth. Sunshine and wind cause water to evaporate from surface of water bodies as

water vapour. Clouds are formed by condensation of water vapour (change from

water vapour to water) in atmosphere, which drop rain.

Water cycle is completed when water flows through ground in streams and rivers

and back to sea.`Bahar'(in Arabic) means huge quantities of water, whether in oceans orelsewhere. Water cycle involves all water bodies, mountain snow, water vapour,

etc. Water from these bodies intermingles freely and constantly in global cycle.

The word `Maraj' (25-53, 55-19) is used in two senses: (i) let free(ii) intermingle.

Watercycle maintains an in termingled continuous wet and moist globe and i tsenvironment(water dri ven system of l i fe). Yet their consti tuent or composing

segments aremaintained as separate bodies by physical l aws including those ofheat (temperature)which form a barr ier . Furthermore, due to difference in

density of seas,surfacetensionprevents them from mingling with one another, asif a wall were betweenthem. Despite the fact that there are large waves, strong

cur rents, and tides in seas,they do not mingle with one another, nor do they breakthrough the barr ier

(barzakh:

55-20, haajiz: 27-61) between them.

It is extremely difficult for water to form, under normal temperature of earth, even

if we leave Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules together for longer time. Toform water molecule, they must collide, weakening their bonds and facilitating

combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. " Temperatureraises the energy and

therefore, the speed of these molecules, resulting in an increase in the number ofcollisions. Thus, it accelerates the course of the reaction. However, currently, notemperaturehigh enough to form water exists on earth. The heat required for the

formation of water was supplied during the formation of the earth, which resultedin the emergence of so much water as to cover three quarters of the earth's surface.

At present, water evaporates and rises to the atmosphere where it cools andreturns to the earth in the form of r ain (water). That is, there is no increase in the


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quantity, only a perpetual cycle."

Hydrogen bond gives water special ability to respond to temperaturechanges. When atmospheric temperatures change suddenly, water temperature

changes slowly. Water has higherspecific heat, i.e., greater capacity to absorb

heator amount of energy it takes to raise its temperature as compared to other

compounds in the series. It is higher than almost all organic compounds. Highervalues of both specific heat and thermal conductivity allow water to absorb heat

andbuffer temperature of surroundings. Without this buffer, there would have been

extreme temperatures, extreme freezing and scorching heat within a short span of

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time, many times, in a day. Thus, life could not have survived, on the planet. On

other planets where there is no hydrosphere, very extremely fluctuating

temperatures are reported within small distances, short spans and everyday, e.g.,on Mars.Significantly high thermal energy of wateris important forlife. If water was

prone to sudden temperature changes like atmosphere, we would suddenly

develop fever or freeze. Normal body temperature is 36 degrees C and the highest42 degrees C. This 6 degree C difference is, indeed, very small. Working under

sun for a few hours can fatally increase body temperature, but our bodies utilize

thermal energy through sweating, i.e., causing water it contains to evaporate,which

in turn drops body temperature.

In Periodic Table, properties in same group, vary in a progressive mannerfrom light to heavy elements, e.g., boiling points and melting points increase with

increasing atomic weight, except for water. In fact, if it had followed the generalpattern, there would have been no life. This order is most evident in hydrogen

compounds. In Periodic Table, compounds sharing same group with oxygen are

called hybrids. Water is oxygen hybrid. Hybrids of other elements in this group

havethe same molecular structure as water molecule. Boiling points of these

compounds vary progressively from lighter to heavier ones. But, water boils at 80

degree C less than it is supposed to, i.e. it should not boil at 100 degrees C, but at180 degrees C. Again according to the same order, water is supposed to freeze at

-100 degrees C, but it freezes at 0 degree C, i.e. 100 degrees C above the

temperature at which it is due.Water expands as it freezes, because hydrogen bonds prevent water

molecules from bonding too tightly, leaving gaps in between. Hydrogen bondsbreak in liquid state, allowing oxygen atoms to come closer; forming a viscous


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structure: Water has great fluidity, yet it is more viscous in liquid state than in

solid state, contrary to most other substances.This also causes ice to be lighter than water, because density of frozen water

is less than liquid water. Water reaches its heaviest state at 4 degree C, and sinks

to bottom, at which living organisms survive, whereas ice formed at top layerfloats. This unique property is essential for protecting marine biology during

winters when temperatures fall below zero. Due to this property only upper layerof water freezes. Heat beneath this layer gets trapped below, preventing

temperatures from falling there, and maintaining waters in liquid state. If ice weredenser than water, it would sink and lower the temperature below also.

Furthermore, every year in this process, it would accumulate resulting ultimately

into freezing of oceans and complete elimination of marine life.Molecules at surface of liquid form inward pulling force, i.e. surface tension,

which provides cohesive force among surface molecules. Water has very high

surface tension. Due to this property, the surface acts as if it were a thin, invisible,elastic membrane. This allows important biochemical compounds to concentrate

892Know Your God

near the liquid surface, which accelerates biochemical reactions. Due to highsurface tension capillary action takes place, i.e. water rises in capillary tubes.

Because of this property, water rises against gravity, within fine capillary tubes inplants. (Also see Harun Yahya, The Miracle in the Atom, pp.76-82)

Water is an excellent medium for chemical reactions. It helps dissociation ofelectrolytes dissolved in it. Since dielectric constant (measure of charge

distribution within a molecule) for water exceeds other liquids, it dissolves polarcompounds, NaCl (Sodium Chloride, salt), into their constituent ions, Na

(Sodium) and Cl (Chlorine).This also causes biochemically important compounds, such as enzymes and

nucleic acids to exhibit hydrophobic effect. Due to this effect enzymes get

structured

into theiractive form or shapeby configuring or aligning themselves toward'oraway

from water molecules. Biochemically it is thestructure, form, or shape ofenzymes that enables them to catalyze biochemical reactions in a living cell. The

same enzyme if structured or formed orshaped'differently, becomes inactive.Consequently life process within the cell may cease.

Water is the least expensive and most effective cleaning agent. It is anexcellent solvent. Many chemicals dissolve in water. It is the best solvent for

inorganic substances and for many organic compounds. Because of this property itrarely found in pure state.

It is because of these wonders within water, calledspecialproperties, that


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water is uniquely useful as basis of and in use for life. No other liquid can replace

water in the role it plays in life.For maintaining landscape, geographical features and outer layer of earth, in

different seasons and weathers, certain percentage of humidity in air is regulated.

Dehydrated and dried up outer strata can not retain itself, and gets ground tosand, by wind erosion and atmospheric friction. Mars presents scenes of the finale

of horrid history lamenting its death by dehydration. Phenomenon ofdehydrationand death of vegetation has been described by the Quran as 'death of the earth':

"Verily, what is on earth,We (Allah) will make but as dust and dry soil." 18-8

(without growth or herbage)

Water driven systems from single organism to whole complex of lifestructures are sustained in such a way that same molecule of water does not stick

and stay permanently at one point, place or plateau. Within a cell, it fulfils

assigned task ofstirring life 'like charge of a battery. If it is not replacedcontinuously in succession with the new stock, decomposition, degeneration,decay, death ensue as dehydration sets in.

"Set forth to them the similitude of the life of this world:

It is like the rainwhich We (Allah) send down from the skies:

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the earth's vegetation absorbs it.But soon it becomes dry stubble (dehydrated),

which the winds do scatter.

It is only Allah Who prevails over all things. 18-45The Quran has a beautiful style of expression. Statements are not one sided.

They are not just narrations. It involves the reader and the listener in a dialogue ina live situation. It establishes communication, engages in lively conversation, and

develops rapport with the keen listener who responds. Come and participate in

direct and live discussion: "..haadhaauzbun furaatun wa haadhaamilhun

ujaajun.."(.. thisone palatable sweet, andthisother, bitter saltish..) By using the word

'haadhaa'

(thisone, here, just before you, which you observe and experience yourself), bothfor sweet palatable and bitter saltish water, it creates not just an animatedbut a

real

situation where the presenter, making his point in actual presentation, uses apointer and chooses the word 'haadhaa' to show closeness of two objects to the

observer to see himself and verify the factsjuxta posedand intermingled. Theobserver can himself see how intimately are intermingledthe two bodies of water


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with different chemical content, and hence, physical properties also. How it

happens?"Science only became aware of this phenomenon after the satellite Gemini 4

photographed the Nile Delta during 3-7 June 1965. The barrierbetween the river

and the sea, which was described by God nearly fourteen centuries ago, is nowknown as estuarine circulation. The river transports three major types of material:

fresh water, dissolved organic and inorganic substances, and such detritus asorganic material, sand silt, or clay (which helps to shape the coastline). Large

rivers, such as the Nile, acquire a high speed during their journey towards the seaand, due to the resulting turbulence, carry a sizeable suspended load of clay, silt

and sand. The sudden change in velocity makes the sediment to drop out rapidly.

Moreover the colloidal clay fraction is coagulated by the salty water, which helpsfurther sedimentation.

"Most rivers debouch onto a continental shelf, which results in the formation

of a delta that is usually located at the river's mouth. As fresh water flows into theocean, it tends to ride over the denser salty water. The two watersbegin to mix,albeit slowly, as the fresh water goes further out into the sea. Since the river's

water is added to the sea's surface, it tends to flow out slowly. To balance the loss

of sea water due to river discharge on the surface, a supply of higher-density seawater flows beneath the surface and toward the river mouth. This (estuarine

circulation)...process consists of pushing sediment toward the continents to form,

over time, deltas or build up the shoreline. This is how we understand the `barrier'God created between fresh water and sea waterRivers flow into the sea or ocean

and salty water does not flow back into rivers (15-53)." (Adel M.A.Abbas,

Beltsville, Maryland USA, 'His Throne was on water' pp.49-53)For 25-53, Abdul Wadud gives following translation and interpretation:

894 Know Your God

"It is He (Allah) Who has let free to intermingle

two bodies of moving water,

one palatable and sweet and the other intensely bitter.Yet, He has made a barrierbetween them,

apartition that is forbidden to be passed." 25-53General interpretations, when scientific information was not available, gave

an impression of two rivers or two long columns of water, sweet and saltish,flowing in contact, side by side, yet, were not getting mixed up. It is true that very

huge columns of water moving inside oceans in contact with each other, do notmix up, because ofdifference in temperature and density (salt contents), e.g.,

LabradorCurrentand Gulf Stream in Atlantic ocean. There is wondrous world of oceans in

motion.


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I n oceans, there is no uniform mass of water but a ser ies of well defined layers

beneath the sur face, each wi th its own character istics, e.g., salt content,

dif ference in

density, winds, temperature, mari ne li fe, earth rotation, etc. Coursing thr ough

these

layers are fast currents, some of them hundreds of mil es long and up to one

hundred

mi les wide, which affect world climate.

El Nino (Spanish: 'the little boy') also means 'Christ Child', because it occursnear beginning of year, around Christmas. This phenomenon, lasting three or

more seasons in Equatorial Pacific, is characterized by unusually warm ocean

temperatures, resulting from interaction between surface layers of ocean andoverlying atmosphere. Evidence suggests that it has existed since thousands of

years.

Increase of +4 to +5 degrees Centigrade, from normal, creates tremendousconcentration of excess heat in upper layers of Eastern Tropical Pacific Oceanwhich modifies atmosphere immediately above it. These effects are carried around

the globe by the modified circulations in atmosphere, causing changes in normal

weather patterns. This affects jet streams over Pacific, and extra tropical stormsand frontal systems follow abnormal paths, e.g., decrease in summer monsoon

rainfall, increase in autumn and winter rainfalls, etc.

La Nina means 'the little girl'. It is also calledEl Viejo, anti-El Nino, 'a coldevent' and 'a cold episode'. It is characterized by unusually cold ocean

temperatures in Equatorial.

"A book titled , 'Dardanelles Patrol'by Peter Shankland and Anthony Hunter,describes as interesting event of 1915 A.D., when British submarine E-11 entered

the sea of Marmara through Dardanelles and attacked the Turkish vessels Atone point the submarine E-11 did not go below 70 feet in water and did not

answer the hydroplanes inspite of using all possible means to bring it down

(They repeated the maneuver the next day with all technical possibilities, but they

didn't work.) The commander's discovery was that there was a rigid line ofdemarcation (barrier: Barzakh') - the layers slid over each other usually moving in

different directions, but not intermingling. The submarine in the fresh water layer

895was now resting on the surface of heavier salt water as solidly as if she were on

the bottom."

Rain is normally slightly acidic (about 5.6 pH) but becomes more acidicwhen absorbs pollutants from atmosphere. Water freely mingles with all

substances, compounds and elements on earth and can become brackish, salty andbitter and carry many organisms, suspensions, etc., yet, there are decantation,


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filtration, and purification processes employed in nature so that sweet, clear, clean

water is available in abundance all over the globe.It is a divine plan to keep the two bodies of waterseparate to sustain life on

earth. In a very simplistic example, consider if all water freezes on the globe, the

two bodies will remain locked where they exist. Conversely if temperature rises somuch that all oceans evaporate, then necessarily all snow will also melt and drain

into the seas. Temperaturemaintains the `barrier'from allowing them toaccumulate on one side. Water balance on the planet is mainly maintained

through management oftemperature. The more one explores nature the moreknowledge it discloses and the more the possibilities of harnessing the forces of

nature increase.

Current is not just a simple flow of water. God invites attention to verycomplex scientific systems. Have we conducted any research in this verse 25-53?

Some technical aspects of some currents, may give an idea about wonders in water

and wind systems of our planet, working in harmony with celestial operations:There are two major source regions forAgulhas current:(i) fromMozambique channel to the north and along the coast; and (ii) from the east

including a major contribution from the Madagascar current. Agulhas current

brings warm water poleward. Agulhas current retroflects and returns eastwardwith part of the flow recirculating in counter-clockwise flowing subtropical gyre

and part of the flow feeding Antarctic Circumpolar Current. There is also a

component of Agulhas current that feeds Benguela current and advects relativelywarm and salty waterinto South Atlantic as part of Global "conveyor belt"

circulation.

"Agulhas Cur rent i s the western boundary cur rent of the South I ndian Ocean. I t

f lows down the east coast of Afr ica f rom 27S to 40S(Gordon, 1985). The source

water at its northern end is derived from Mozambique channel eddies (de Ruijteret al., 2002) and the East Madagascar Current, but the greatest source of water isrecirculationin the southwest Indian Ocean sub-gyre (Gordon, 1985; Stramma and

Lutjeharms, 1997). There are temporal and latitudinal variations in the depth,

path, and transport of the current. From synoptic measurements, the AgulhasCurrent was found to extend throughout the water column in March, but in a later

survey during June it was limited to the upper 2300 m (Donohue et al., 2000). Its

depth tends to increase with latitude to offset the increase in planetary vorticity(Boebel et al., 1998). In addition, there is seasonal oscil lation in the sea sur face

height vari abil ityof the Agulhas Current. It is at a maximum during the austral

896Know Your God

summer and at a minimum during the austral winter. The magnitude of thisseasonal change is about 30% of the mean value (Matano et al., 1998)."

"The dominant mode of variability of the Agulhas Current is in the form of


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natal pulses (Bryden et al., 2003). These are large solitary meanders containing a

cold-core cyclone on the inshore side of the current (Lutjeharms and Roberts,1988). Natal pul ses occur about 6 times per yearand propagate downstream at

approximately 10 km/day (Lutjeharms et al., 2003). The passage of nearly all

natal

pulses is fol lowed by the spawning of an Agulhas r ing(Van Leeuwen et al.,

2000).""Like other western boundary currents, the Agulhas Current is qui te fast. At

the surface, it can reach maximum speeds of 200 cm s-1 (Boebel et al., 1998). Bealand Bryden (1999) examined the deep velocity structure by using Lowered

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiles (LADCP) and found that their results were

different from those of previous studies that used geostrophic estimates. Beal andBrydenfound that the level of no motion across the Agulhas Current displays a

V-shaped pattern. They were also able to detect an Agulhas Undercurrent at 800

mdepth. The undercurrent is directly beneath the surface core of the polewardflowing Agulhas Current, and it flows equatorward with maximum speeds near

30-40 cm s -1 (Beal and Bryden, 1999; Donohue et al., 2000)."

"As one of the major currents in the Southern Hemisphere, the AgulhasCurrent system transports large volumes of water. One of the earliest

measurements of the geostrophic volume transport of this current came from

Gordon (1985), who found it to be 67 Sv (1 Sv = 1 x 106 m3 s-1). Several yearslater, Toole and Warren obtained a much higher estimate 85 Sv. However, several

researchers pointed out that the geostrophic reference level that Toole and Warren

used did not resolve the counter-flowing Agulhas Undercurrent. Beal and Bryden(1999) found the geostrophic volume transport as referenced to LADCP to be 73

Sv, which was only 3% different from the direct LADCP transport estimate. Then,Donohue et al. (2000) attempted to refine previous transport calculations by

removing barotropic tides and by estimating instrumental and sampling errors.

The two LADCP sections that they used yielded a net southward transport of

783 and 762 Sv. The latest estimate comes from Bryden et al. (2003) who findan average volume transport, calculated from year-long moored current meter

measurements of 69.74.3 Sv."

"As the Agulhas Current reaches the southern tip of the continental shelf ofAfrica, it begins to turn toward the west. Once it reaches the Southern Ocean, the

current r etroflects, or turns back on i tself , and flows eastward as the Agulhas

ReturnCurrent (Quartly and Srokosz, 1993). The Agulhas Return Current flows eastward

and exhibits a quasi-stationary meandering pattern ofwavelength 500 km between

38 and 40 S. Its core width is about 70 km with an associated transport of 445


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Sv in the upper 1000 m (Boebel et al., 2003)."

"On average, the Agulhas Retroflection has a loop diameter of 340km and canbe found between 16E and 20E (Lutjeharms and van Ballegooyen, 1988).

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Altimeter data suggest that during the austral winter months there is an earlyretroflection of the current near 25E (Matano et al., 1998) and there is greater

mesoscale variability (Quartly and Srokosz, 1992). However, satellite studies ofthe Agulhas Retroflection based on feature-tracking rather than area-averaging

(Lutjeharms and van Ballegooyen, 1988; Goni et al., 1997; Quartly and Srokosz,2002) find that "ring-shedding events" dominate the variability, which are found to

be neither continuous, nor periodic. The retroflection gradually extends westward

priorto ring-shedding and quickly retrogrades eastward after an Agulhas Ring is

spawned.

Upstream, the dominant mode of variability within the Agulhas Current is in theform oflarge, solitary meanders, known as Natal Pulses (Bryden et al., 2003). There is

evidence that these meanders may prompt ring-shedding as they propagate

downstream and interact with the retroflection loop (Leeuwen et al., 2000).An interesting aspect of the Agulhas Retroflection is that it per iodically shedspinched-off anticyclonic rings 320 km in diameterat its westernmost extension.

These rings enclose pools of relatively warm and salineIndian Ocean water whosetemperature is more than 5C warmer and salinity 0.3 psu greater than South

Atlantic surface water of similar density (Gordon, 1985). The rings keep their

distinctive thermal characteristics as far west as 5E and as far south as 46S, andthey drift into the South Atlantic at approximately 12 cm s -1 (Lutjeharms and van

Ballegooyen, 1988). This warm-water link between the Atlantic and Indian oceansis likely to have a strong influence on global climate patterns (Gordon, 1985)."

"Van Ballegooyen et al. (1994) studied the Agulhas Retroflection region and

counted 14 new ri ngs over a 2-year per iod. They also found that the heat anomaly

contained in a ring could be as much as 2.4 x 1020 J, and the salt anomalycouldbe as much as 13 x 1012 kg. Lutjeharms and Cooper (1996) went on to calculate

that the heat fluxinto the South Atlantic could be 0.0075 PW per ring, and the

estimated salt fl uxcould be 13 x 1012 kg per ring. Although climatologicallyimportant exchange between the Atl anti c and Indian Oceans occur s mostly via

Agulhas

rings, there are also Agulhas filamentsthat make a minor contribution when theyoccasionally escape into the South Atlantic. These filaments are present 56% of

the time and are on average 50 km wide and 50 m deep. Each fi lament carr ies


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excess heatof about 3.5 x 10 19 J and excess saltamounting to about 1-5 x 1011

kg.Since most of the heat is rapidly lost to the atmosphere, the main contribution to

interbasin exchange by the filaments is a 3-9 x 10 12 kg annual salt flux

(Lutjeharms and Cooper, 1996).""Recent float and model experiments reveal that Agul has Rings are as deep as1200 m and salt and heat exchange at intermediate depths is impor tant. Theyalso

show that the Agulhas retroflexion regionnot only spawns large (200 km)

anti -cyclonic Agulhas Rings, but also smaller (120 km) cyclones(Boebel et al.,

2003).

The interaction of these cyclones and anti -cylcones resul ts in vigorous mixing

and

stir r ing of I ndian Ocean and Atlanti c Ocean water masses to the northwest of

theretrofl exion wi thin a region dubbed the " Cape Cauldron" . (Joanna Gyory, LisaM.

Beal, Barbie Bischof, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, Surface Currents in the

898Know Your God

Atlantic Ocean: The Agulhas Curr ent,

http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/atlantic.html)

"Angola Current was named as such because it follows coast of Angola overa long distance and reaches its highest intensity there. The Angola Current forms

the eastern section of a large, cyclonic gyre in the Gulf of Guinea. In the upperlayer (0-100 m), it seems to be formed mainly by the southeast branch of the South

Equatorial Countercurrent and the southward-turning waters from the northbranch of the Benguela Current. The influx of waters originating north of the

equator is only moderate. However, in layers deeper than 100 m, northern waters

become more important in feeding the Angola Current (Moroshkin et al. 1970)."

"Moroshkin et al. (1970) described the Angola Current as a fast, narr ow, and

stable flow that reaches 250-300 m depths and covers both the shelf r egions and

the

continental slope. They measured the water velocity at the surface from 9S-16S

along the coast and found it to be 50 cm s-1. At 25 m, it was greater than 70 cms-1. Dias (1983a, 1983b) also measured the current velocity, but on two different

occasions. In March, at the surface, the velocity was on the order of 50 cm s-1. At100 m, it was 70 cm s-1. These results agreed with those of Moroshkin et al.

(1970). However, in July, at the surface, the current velocity was less than 42 cms-1. At 100 m, the average velocity decreases even more, down to 33 cm s-1 (Dias


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1983b). These results suggest that there is temporal var iabil ity in the velocity of

the

current. At 200-300 m there is a 5-8 cm s-1 southward fl ow along the edge of the

shelf and over the continental slope. This water may be a deep extension of the

Angola

Current(Moroshkin et al. 1970).

"The volume transport of the Angola Current above 400 m relative to the800-db level across a profile at 12S, 9E has been measured between standard

stations at a depth of 500 m. In September 1970 it was 3.7 Sv, and in March 1971it was 2.6 Sv (Dias 1983a)."

According to Lass et al. (2000), Angola Current water usually has a

temperature greater than 24C and a salinityof more than 36.4 psu in the uppermixed layer. This water mass gradually becomes colder and less saline as it travels

south (Lass et al. 2000). During winter and spring, the hot Angola Current water,

with temperatures between 27 and 30C, retreatsto the northwest and is replacedby slightly cooler waters with temperatures between 20 and 26C. This periodicsoutheast advance and northwest retreat of the Angola Current seems to be linked

to the intensity of upwelling that occurs later off the Namibian coast (Meeuwis

and Lutjeharms 1990, O'Toole 1980).""At approximately 15S, the southward-flowing Angola Cur rent converges with

the northward-flowing Benguela Cur rent to form the Angola-Benguela F ront

(ABF)(Meeuwis and Lutjeharms 1990). The ABF demarcates the warm, nutr ient-poor

Angola Curr ent water and the cold, nutr ient-r ich Benguela Current water ,

creating a

transition zone between the tropical ecosystem in the nor th and the upwell ing-

driven

ecosystem in the south(Lass et al. 2000)...I t is a permanent feature at the sea

899

surface, and that it usuall y travels from west to east in a ser ies of weak, pulse-l ikemovementsthat are most clearly defined in the summer and autumn...On average,the front extends from the coast to 250 km offshore, but it can reach as far east as

1000 km during the spring and summer."

"...Angola Dome, a cyclonic eddy... is a cold water domethat is generated by alocal maximum of Ekman suction (McClain and Firestone 1993). The Angola

Dome does not exist during the winter (Mazeika 1967), and its width and

extension depend on the intensity and horizontal shear of the southeasterly tradewinds (Signorini et al. 1999)."

"The salinityof the water within the Angola dome (35.5 psu) is lower thanthat of the surrounding water (35.8-36 psu). According to Mazeika (1967), this


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may be due to vertical mixing of low-salinity Congo River water from the surface

layer. The cyclonic circulation of the dome may actually sequester Congo water.Mazeika (1967) also found that the dome had relatively low concentrations of

oxygen, even in shallow waters, and reasoned that this may be related to

upwelling and biological activity.(Joanna Gyory, Barbie Bischof, Arthur J.Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Angola Cur rent)The Anti ll es Curr enttransports tropical waters from the North EquatorialCurrent northwestward. It is a significant source of warm water for the Gulf

Stream system."The Antilles current flows northward east of the Antilles and joins the

Florida Current past the outer Bahamas. Its waters are concentrated into a strong

nor thward jet about 80-100 km wide centered at 400 m(Lee et al., 1996). There isevidence for some recirculation...There does appear to be a variable signal in the

Antilles current."

"Lee et al. (1996) concluded that the Antilles current serves to balance theinterior Sverdrup Circulation not accounted for by the Florida Current and thusdoes not participate interbasin exchange. Furthermore they found that it is not a

continuous flow along the Bahamas and Antilles island chain. This conclusion is

supported by the hydrographic study of Gnu and Watts (1982) who found that theAntilles current appeared more as an eddy field along the Bahamas-Antilles arc

rather than as a continuous jet. They also noted that even a 10 cm s-1 difference in

reference velocity could cause the large (~10 Sv) discrepancies in historicaltransports due to station spacing and latitude. The discontinuous nature of the

current as well as its weak dynamic height signal help to explain why its existence

is questionable. Wavelike eddies with periods of 30 and 100 days, a wavelength

of 230

kmand speeds of 9 cm s-1 are the primary form of variation in the upper 800 m offAbaco. (Lee et al., 1996) Halliwell et al. (1994) found matching properties for

baroclinicly unstable waves propagating west. For a 100 day period wave, the

mean

speed is 4 cm s-1 and wavelength of 335 km, consistent with baroclinic Rossbywaves in the region.

"...Moorings indicate that the Antilles current is an intensified western

900Know Your Godboundary current with mean transports of 3.2 7.6 Sv northwards in the upper

800m . In addition there is deeper flow from the Deep Western BoundaryUndercurrent below 800 m carrying 33 10.9 Sv southwards (Lee et al., 1990).

The influence of this deep flow results in a large, mean southward transport for theentire water column. Elizabeth Rowe, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The

Antill es Curr ent)"


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The Azores cur rentis the southeastward flow component of the North

Atlantic subtropical gyre."The Azores Current originates as a branch of the Gulf Stream near the

Grand Banks (40N, 45W). In the winter, the area of origin consists of a single

flow, while in the summer the flow bifurcates; the northernmost band flowsalmost directly toward the Azores Current region, while the southernmost band

flows southwest and makes a cyclonic loop before merging with the AzoresCurrent (Klein and Siedler 1989). The Azores Current flows southeastward until it

crosses the Mid Atlantic ridge at about 35N, 45W. Then it travels eastwardsbetween 32 and 35N until it nears the African coast. Here it meanders eastward

toward the Gulf of Cadiz, where some of its water is entrained in the Gibraltar

outflow of Mediterranean water (Johnson and Stevens 2000).""Along its eastward-flowing component, the Azores Current produces three

major southward-flowing branches (Klein and Siedler 1989). The easternmost

branch turns southwards to feed the Canary Current (New et al. 2001; Stramma1984). The two other branches join the westward-flowing North EquatorialCurrent (Maillard and Kse 1989). One can be found between about 23W and

27W. The other can be found between about 32W and 36W. Their exact

location varies seasonally and interannually (Klein and Siedler 1989).""The main Azores currentjet is about 150 km wide and 1000 m deep. Strong

thermohaline gradients are characteristic of the area. Near 34.5N between 20W

and 30W the average current speed is about 10 cm s-1. Drogued buoys haveobtained speeds of 50 cm s-1 in this area, while in the nearby counterflows they

can reach 40 cm s-1 (Pingree 1997).

"Most investigations of the Azores Current have found its transport to be10-12 Sv (Gould 1985; Kt;se et al. 1986; Sy 1988; Stramma and Muller 1989).

An exception is Pingree (1997), who reported a geostrophic transport of 26 Svnear 27W. Although this was the transport for the main current jet, most of it was

cancelled by adjacent countercurrents. Pingree et al. (1999) observed a 10 Sv

eastward geostrophic transport for the region across 30.5N-36.5N near

25W-30W, but the total southward transport across 20W-50W was 28 Sv.""Cromwell et al. (1996) observed a persistent westward flow near 35N,

28W that travelled at 25 cm s-1. They found that this westward flow was cooler

andfresher than the main body of the Azores Cur rent and thus concluded that i t was

caused

by the retroflection of the cooler, northern side of the cur rent. Pingree (1997)examined

Lagrangian data and water mass properties and showed that the Azores Current

901


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recirculatesboth north and south in westward counterflows. There is anticlockwise

circulation in the north and clockwise cir culationin the south."The area near the Azores Current has high eddy kinetic energy, with the scale

of dominant wavelengths around 300-400 km and the mean diameter of eddies

on the

order of 100 km(Le Traon and De Mey, 1994). Meanders with the longest

wavelengths are presumably due to Rossby waves, and those with shorterwavelengths are due to interactions with the mesoscale eddy fields (Johnson and

Stevens 2000). Klein and Siedler (1989) found that during the summer the AzoresCurrent narrows, moves farther south, and experiences more mesoscale

variability. In contrast, Tokmakian and Challenor (1993) learned that overall the

mesoscale variability is slightly higher in the winter than in the summer. However,in the region between 30N and 40N the summer has the highest variability.

Cromwell et al. (1996) also found that the variability increases from summer to

winter. They point out that the contradictions among these data sets could be dueto in terannual variabil ity. (Joanna Gyory, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan,The Azores Cur rent)

The Benguela Cur rentflows through a strong, biologically productive

upwelling region, and advects cool waters to the tropics. This water is warmedand is one of the source waters for the South Equatorial Current.

"The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic

subtropical gyre (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Wedepohl et al. 2000). It begins asa

northward flow off the Cape of Good Hope, where it skirts the western African

coastequatorward until around 24S-30S. Here most of it separates from the coast as it

bendstoward the northwest. However, two branches of the current do continue along the

coast,

and one of them joins the Angola Current at the Angola-Benguela front near 16S

(Wedepohl et al. 2000...Modern observations and theory indicate that the coolequatorial waters are due to upwelling induced by divergent Ekman transport."

"The sources of the Benguela Cur rent include I ndian and South A tlanti c

subtropical thermocline water ; saline, low-oxygen tr opical Atl antic water ; andcooler,

f resher subantarctic water. In the area between the continental shelf and Walvis

Ridge it was found that 50% of the source water came from the central Atlantic,25% came from the Indian Ocean, and 25% came from the Agulhas Current and

the tropical Atlantic (Garzoli et al. 1996)."


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"The Benguela Current has a well-defined mean flow that is mostly confined near

thecontinent and a more variable transient flow on its western side. The transient flow

is

dominated by large eddies shed from the Agulhas Retroflection. Barotropic andbaroclinic

components are equally important for the mean flow, while the variability ismostly barotropic (Garzoli et al. 1996)."

Shannon (1985) "observed that there is a well-developed oceanic front in thesouth. Shannon thus estimated that the Benguela Current was 200-300 km wide.

Wedepohl et al. (2000) found that in the south the current indeed has a width of

200 km, but as it flows northward it widens rapidly, becoming as wide as 750 km

902Know Your God

in the north."

"...Greater variability is observed on smaller spatial scales and shorter timescales, especially if there are Agulhas rings nearby (Garzoli et al. 1997).""...The boundaries of the Benguela Current Extension were clearly defined at

750 m; the Benguela Current Extension was bounded on the south by 35S, andon the north by an eastward current located between 18S and 21S. Other recent

float measurements suggest that this eastward current originates near theTrinidade Ridge, close to the western boundary, and extends across most of the

South Atlantic, limiting the Benguela extension from flowing north ofapproximately 20S. The westward transport of the Benguela Current Extension is

estimated to be 15 Sv. Roughly 1.5 Sv of this is transported by the approximately 3Agulhas rings that cross the mid-Atlantic ridge each year. Geostrophic shear in the

Benguela Current and its extension was very small (1-2 cm s-1), suggesting thatthis current is only weakly baroclinic. The total westward transport in the

Benguela Current Extension above 1000 m and between 18S-33S is estimated to

be 29 Sv."

"A noteworthy phenomenon that can be encountered in the BenguelaCurrent system is the Benguela Nio. Like Pacific El Ninos, Benguela Nios are

thought to be a result of anomalous atmospheric conditions in the western tropicalAtlantic (Boyer et al. 2000). Every year there is a southward intrusion of warm

Angolan water into the northern Benguela, but during a Benguela Nio theAngola-Benguela front is displaced south, causing the advection of warm, highly

saline water as far as 25S (Shannon et al. 1986, Boyer et al. 2000). ThreeBenguela Nios have been recorded. They occurred in 1934, 1963, and 1984.

During the 1963 event temperatures off the coast of Namibia were 2-4C higherthan normal, and the pressure adjusted sea level was 4 cm above the mean.

Although Benguela Nios do occur, they are less intense and less frequent than


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Pacific El Nios (Shannon et al. 1986).(Joanna Gyory, Arthur J. Mariano,

Edward H. Ryan, The Benguela Cur rent)""The Brazil Curr entis a weak western boundary current carrying warm

subtropical water, which runs south along the coast of Brazil from about 9S to

about 38S and is generally confined to the upper 600m of the water column. Itsorigin begins where the westward flowing trans-Atlantic South Equatorial Current

(SEC) bifurcates (or splits) as it approaches the continental shelf off of Cabo deSao Roque, Brazil (Stramma et al., 1990; Podesta et al., 1991). SEC water flowing

north becomes the North Brazil Current, and the branch flowing south becomesthe Brazil Current (BC)."

"The Brazil Current begins at about 10S, separating slightly from the coast

near 12S where the continental shelf becomes wider (Peterson & Stramma, 1991;Stramma et al., 1990). Satellite images taken over three years (1984-1987) show

that the actual point at which the BC separates from the continental shelf varies

anywhere between 33S-38S, with the average being about 36S (Olson et al.,903

1988; Podesta et al., 1991). The BC continues to flow south off the Brazilian coast

until it reaches about 33-38S, when it collides with the north-flowing Malvinas

(Falkland) Current. The BC is then, in part, deflected to the east offshore of Rio dela Plata, a region known as the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMC), one of

the most energetic regions in all the oceans (Sarceno et al.,2004). Gordon and

Greengrove (1986) were the first to label this region the Confluence. The latitudeof confluence, which determines where the BC will separate from the continent, is

farther north during austral winter and spring. This seasonality is presumed to be

related to the general seasonal shift of wind systems and seasonal meridional shiftof the subtropical gyre (Peterson & Stramma, 1991)."

"The transport of the Brazil Current is considered small when compared tothat of the Gulf Stream, its counterpart in the Northern Atlantic. The problem

when estimating transport of the BC is that in its northern region, it is shallow and

closely confined to the continental shelf. Transport values between 5 Sv and 6.5 Sv

have been observed near surface waters (upper 500m) of the BC around 20S(Peterson and Stramma, 1990; Stramma et al., 1990). At about 20.5S, the current

encounters the Vitoria-Trindade Ridge, a zonal seamount chain where it has been

observed to flow through the inshore passage rather than the passages farther east.In this region, a cyclonic gyre seaward of the Brazil Current, centered at about

17S and 34W has been observed and attributed to the southernmost meanders of

the South Equatorial Current that are reflected northward by this same seamountchain (Memery et al., 2000; Stramma et al., 1990). At about 20.5S, near the

seamount chain, the current flows at about 50-60 cm s-1 as estimated by Evansand others (1983)."


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"As the Brazil Current flows south of 24S, its flow intensifies by about 5%

per 100km, which is similar to the growth rate in the Gulf Stream, althoughtransport values in the BC are considerably less (Peterson and Stramma, 1991).

Thus, at about 33S the total transport (which includes a recirculation cell in the

upper 1400m) is about 18Sv, and reaches values from 19-22 Sv at about 38S,where it encounters the Malvinas (Falkland) Current (Olson et al., 1988; Peterson

and Stramma, 1991). The mean latitude of the BC's separation from the shelfbreak is about 35.8S 1.1 and for the Malvinas Current, the mean latitude of

separation is 38.9S 0.9. The coastal ranges of the separation positions are at950km and 850km respectively (Olson et al., 1988)."

"The combined flow of the two currents causes a strong thermohali ne frontal

region, called the Brazil -Malvinas Confl uence (BMC) in which the BC breaks

off into

two branches, one turning to the north forming a recirculation cell , while the

othercontinues southward and veers nor theast at about 45S, becoming the South

Atlantic

Current(Boebel et al., 1999; Saraceno et al., 2004). The mean transport in this

region has been measured to be about 11Sv (Garzoli and Bianchi, 1987).Maximum velocities at the confluence (at about 38S) reach 55 cm s-1 with the

average value of 35 cm s-1 with transports of 18 and 11 Sv respectively. Flow can

increase up to 23 Sv at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (Garzoli, 1993) Mean

904 Know Your God

conditions of circulation vary significantly, and more recent evidence shows that itis likely related to meteorological anomalies (Assireu et al., 2003). Some short

term variability in the southward extent of the BC has also been observed.Occasionally, when a BC meander that has extended unusually far south retreats,

it can shed a series of warm core eddies that migrate into the Antarctic

Circumpolar Current (Partos and Piccolo, 1988). Values also vary according to

measurement method and depth. A comprehensive overview of literature on BCtransport estimates prior to 1991 can be found in Table 2 of Peterson and

Stramma (1991).""The range of the Confluence oscillate between about 54W and 45W, a

total distance of about 770 km (at 38S). The meanders appear to occur on atwelve month cycle and are likely correlate to changes in the separation latitude of

the Brazil Current (Boebel et al., 1999; Garzoli and Bianchi, 1987; Goni &Wainer, 2001; Maamaatuaiahutapu et al., 1999; Zavialov et al., 1999). The mean

speed of the front is estimated to be about 14 cm s-1. The front oscillates aroundits mean seasonal position (farther north and east during austral winter and farther

south and west during austral summer) within a period of about one month and


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an amplitude that varies from 10-50 km per day. The mean velocity of the

displacement of the front reaches values up to 10 km/day (Garzoli and Bianchi,1987). This area is also rich in eddies, more often called Brazil Current Rings,

averaging to about 7-9 rings per year. These elliptical rings can vary in size from

about 56 to 225 km along the semi-major axis, and 23 to 108 km for thesemi-minor axis. These anticyclones have a mean lifetime of about 35 days and

translational speeds of anywhere between 4-27 km per day (Lentini et al., 2002).""On average, the temperature in the Brazil Current is about 18C-28C, with

essentially three meridional zones that experience several degrees of distinctlydifferent annual temperature fluctuations, which corresponds to their proximity to

shore. The first zone is located over the shelf and experiences temperature

variability of 7-10 degrees, which is controlled by both winter invasions ofsubantarctic water from the Malvinas Current and discharges from Rio de la Plata

and Patos-Mirim. The second or central portion, closer to the eastern margin of

the continental shelf, experiences a 5-7 degree variance. The third, on theseaward-most zone, shows little fluctuation until the Confluence (Memery, et al.,2000; Zavialov et al., 1999). Temperatures in the southern section of the current,

near the Confluence, can change by 5-13 degrees, with the cooler temperatures

occurring around August-September and the warmer values observed in February(Boebel et al., 1999; Podesta, et al., 1991). Almost yearly temperature anomalies

of warm and cold fronts occur that seem to be related to the El Nino-Southern

Oscillation (ENSO) events. Anomalous cold water extensions to the north occuron the shelf generally one year after every warm ENSO event, and anomalous

warm water extensions occur generally one year after every cold ENSO (Lentini et

al., 2001). Surface salinities indicative of Brazil Current waters range from 35.1 to36.2, with the maximum commonly found at around 20S, where it can reach a

905

salinity of 37.3 (Memery et al., 2000; Wilson & Rees, 2000). (Barbie Bischof,

Elizabeth Rowe, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Brazil Curr ent)

Following phenomenon may also be fascinating to examine:

A new type of ocean wave has been discovered by Cinna Lomnitz,University of Mexico and US oceanographer Rhett Butler using data from sea

floor seismic observatory in the Pacific. It hugs sea bed and constantly exchanges

energy between sea floor and water just above it. Professor Lomnitz was alerted tothe possible existence ofcoupled wavesby the disastrous earthquake in Mexico

City

in 1985. Destructive waves rippled through mud layers beneath the city causingmany buildings to collapse. The waves found spreading through the oceans

following earthquakes are similar."I t is acoupled wave - that is, two waves that constantl y share energy. Such


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waves are known f rom many areas of physics. For instance, a radio signal

couples with

electri c waves in a radio antenna," said Professor Lomnitz. He thinks that such

waves

could travel along the sea floor.

Lomnitz and Butler classify the new discovered wave as a form of Rayleigh

wave that propagates along surface of solids. Technically, the wave is a coupled

acoustic and Rayleigh wave that constantly exchanges energy between waves in

the

seafl oor and the water above it. "Wave coupli ng is a fascinating phenomenon,"

providing insight into how energy travels thr ough the oceans. (Newtype of Ocean

Wave, Dawn Sciencedotam Report)(Know Your God, Vol. V, pp.332348)

1472.

He (Allah) has set in cyclethe two seas, intermingling. (19)There is an inter-statebetween them.

They can't tend pass beyond bounds.(20)

(55-19 to 23, Section 1)Another translation by Dr Haluk Nurbaki:

"He (Allah) has let forth the two seas, that they should meet together.

There is a barrier between them which they do not overpass." 55-19 & 20Barzakhun:partition, that which intervenes between two things with

properties more or less resembling both, barrier, isthmus, interstice, bar, abodeof departed spirits, Hades

Baghaa: transgress, pass beyond bounds, seek, desire, aggress

Baghyun: injustice, injury, oppression, inequity

Baghyan: in an insolent mannerBaghii: adamancy, rebellion

Yaltaqiyaan: they both are together

Liqaa-an: find, encounter, see, two things meeting face to faceDr Nurbaki has quoted fromLife Nature Library 'EURASIA" 1988 edition, as

1116Know Your God

follows:

"Like the spillway of a giant dam, the shallow Strait of Gibraltar keepsAtlantic waters from mixing freely with those of the Mediterranean basin on the

other side. Warm surface water can ride in from the ocean over the cold outflow


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from the Mediterranean deeps, but the stone sill between Spain and Morocco

block the deeper ocean waters..." (Dr Haluk Nurbaki, Verses from the Holy Quranand the Facts of Science, p.79)

Mediterranean and Atlantic Oceans differ in their chemical and biological

content. Different organisms inhabit in their own suitable environments, and thewater is not allowed to mix. According to Captain Cousteau "Unexpected fresh

water springs issue from the Southern (Morocco) and Northern coasts (Spain) ofthe Gibraltar. These Mammoth water sprouts gush forth towards each other at

angles of 45 degrees, forming a reciprocal dam like the teeth of a comb. Due tothis fact, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Oceans cannot intermingle."

It is one of the most f labbergast ing wonders of the Per fect

Organizer-Manager-Sustainer that marine life, multifarious in multitude, is mostorganized and planned, under waters, deep and vast as oceans. Water itself and its

pressure, movements, temperature, its content, etc., etc. are maintained constantly

with purpose, which can be marked and mapped into geographical zones, sectors,boundaries, colonies, etc., etc. For example ocean zone is a specific geographicalarea in an ocean in which various groups of sea creatures live. All living things in

seas have been marked into three groups, according to each ocean zone they

inhabit. Plants and animals living near surface of the sun-lit zone, are calledplankton. Those living in the twilight zone, are called nekton, and in the

bathypelagic zone are benthos.

Besides oceans, inland water bodies and channels like mountain streams,spring-fed and slower brooks, creeks, rivers, etc. also contain mobile animals.

Their segregation and distribution in specific groups and distinct areas depends,

among others, upon water movement, temperature, oxygen content, geographicalfeatures, etc. These factors in fact determine characteristics of different habitats.

Standing waters form lakes, swamps, marshes and bogs. Large lakes andwater bodies contribute more to ecological features and environmental stability

than perennial and non-perennial running waters. Wetlands carve out extremely

important environmental components and form segments in ecological zones

necessary for supporting life on earth. Historically they have served as productionfactories and warehouses of food inventories on earth.

Fresh waters move, spread and collect over land, in soil, under ground and in

atmosphere. Sea waters circulate in oceans, seas, bays and creeks. Sea and freshwaters mingle and mix in creeks and deltaic rendez vous, where they inundate,

wash and meet nutritional and water requirements, in alternate and mixed dozes,

without which, special features of marine life in coastal areas can not bemaintained. Now examine following verse:

1117

"Out of them comePearls and Coral."55-22


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It invites attention to example of plankton inhabitants. One of the reasons for

separation of waters is to maintain suitable habi tats, in chemical and biological

terms,

for mari ne lif e.

Beside above interpretations of verses 55-19 & 20, some scholars havereferred to two currents of water moving together in some rivers and oceans,sideby side. However,by examining different words used in this verse, together,reference to inter-state and interminglingof two water bodies, invites attention for

deeper examination ofthe two main bodies of waterconstituting the whole water

system and water cycle.

Water cycle describes how water moves around between atmosphere, land,

rivers, lakes and seas: the process in which water leaves earth's surface and returnsto it.

Laqiya: meet, suffer from, experience

Laqqaa: cast upon, shed overTilqaa-a: towards

Alqaa:place gently

Let us examine some examples ofinterminglingof waters, and role of

temperature in all itsstates and interstate.Heat Energy makes things warmer, and makes particles move more quickly. It

causes liquids evaporate. Temprature is kind of measurement of heat in degrees.

Liquids vaporise, give off vapour ( become gaseous), even when they are notboiling, e.g., water vapour.

Moisture is amount of water vapour in air or on a surface. High moisture

level can lead to formation of clouds. The amount of water vapour in the air isalso called humidity, a measure of level of water vapour in atmosphere. When air

is completely saturated with water vapour, it reaches its dew pointand watercondenses as droplets. Dew forms at night, when air cools to below dew point.

Dew point depends on dampness of air and on atmospheric pressure.Haze

describes a very thin mist, and effect of warm air rising through cooler air. This is

called heat haze.Hoar frostis produced when air near ground cools down very fastat night. Hoar frost coats grass and trees with crystals of ice.

When clouds form at ground level, it is called mist; tiny drops of water

suspended in air. It is thicker than haze, but it is not as thick asfog. Fog developswhen water vapour in air cools below dew point and thick clouds form at ground

level.

Tropopause,part of earth's atmosphere, marks upper limit oftroposphere, lyingabout 18 kilometre above Equator, but only about 6 kilometres above the poles.

Troposphere contains most of water vapour and clouds in air.Monsoon is a kind of wind which brings heavy rain. Monsoons occur in


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1118Know Your God

tropical regions and mark change from dry to wet season. Season is a part of year

which has a particular climate. In temperate regions, the four seasons are: spring,

summer, autumn and winter. These vary in both temperature and rainfall. In

tropics, there are usually two seasons: hot, dry and hot, rainy.The two great bodies of water,saltish andsweet, move freely, meet face to face,andinterminglein the process ofwater cycle, yet remain separated as water in seas,

rivers, lakes etc., and in mountains as snow; the separatorand sorterbeing thetemperature. They can not meet or merge all on one side. By assumption iftemperature on earth rises so that all seas and water bodies evaporate, they will

ultimately cool and condense on high mountains. Under hot conditions frozenwater and snow on mountains will simultaneously melt down, rushing through

streams and rivers, alongwith rain water to seas and water bodies. Similarly if

temperature falls so much that everything freezes on the earth then again the twobodies of water (water in seas, etc., and snow on mountains will freeze in theirplaces, i.e. all water will not accumulate on one side. Thus, Temperature acts as a

barrier between the two great bodies of water.Now re-examine notes at verse 25-53.

(Know Your God, Vol. 5, pp.558-561)

Two Water Bodies

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