Two Bithynian Deities

FOLIA ORIENTALIAvoL. 29 1992-1993

PL rSSN 0015-5675

KRZYSZTOF TOMASZ WITCZAK

TWO BITHYNIAN DEITIESIN THE OLD AND NEW PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONAL TEXTS

L. The Bithynian God Tiyes ve| Zt6a Wnągl.The god Tiyes in the nom. sg. (or voc. sg.) is clearly attosted in the Old

Phrygian inscription M-04 from the "Midasstadt", where this god bears thetitle Modrovanak. Dating from the first half of the sixth century B. C., theinscrĘTionTl-Eris engraved on Kybele's throne with the utmost care and isperfectly legible except for a few mutilated letters. The inscription has beenedited and analyzed several times, but the proposed interpretations areunsatisfactory and there is not even a consensus about the namę of the godTiyes and his title.

C. Brixhe and M' Lejeune in their standard monograph on thę oldPhrygian inscriptions 11984: 231give the following reading of text M-04:

akinanogavan: tiyes modrovanak: p] avara [?]The first word of the inscription, akinańogaYan' can be the acc. sg. of

an a-stern, a feminine variant of the saiiló_]fuĘ which appears also asakęnanogavos in the inscription M_01a2 and twice in W-013. Thę wordakenanogavos applies most probably to a religious functionary and nota secular one. According to Lubotsky's opinion [i988: 12], the femininevariant akinanogava is a title of the Great Goddess herself. It is weli knownthat Kybele is often męntioned as a bearer of a religious title (a high priestessor an oraclę) in Phrygia.

As thę sentence starts with an object in the acc. sg., it is most probable thattwo further words can be recognized as nom. sg., and ?avara? as a vęrbalform. This syntactic structure, Obj.- Subj. - Verb, is welTEilwn in Phrygiafl,ubotsky 1988: 16].

I accept Lubotsky's interpretation [1989a: 85], according to which Tiyesis a theonym bearing thę title Modrovanak ''king of Modra'', where M]ilIiil(Mó6oa) is a Bithynian town [Tlerlrnann -te86; Bayun-orel 1989: 180]_anayanak is the noun meaning "king", cf. NPhr. oucrvcrxrctv (acc. sg.), Gk. Att.@Ę ''king, lord'', Myc. ry_ną:!ą Toch. A--iiara_E

--*w4Akt_s ''king, lord'' [wińi-er 1970: 53_54])a'

-

Toch. Aliari-[-Tord" (all from IE.!Ar(r-s

..Klng, loro-' Lwrnter Iy tui )J-)4J)-.It seems likely that the Bithynian town Ttsmv (also fiov) is named after

this god, cf. the rem.arks of Stephanus nyffiI-ius:Aqpoo$ćvf1q 6' 6v Br$uvtaxoiq g1oi^xttoti1v tfrq nó}'eo6 yevóo$at

Iltitopov i}'óvtąr llagloyoviuv, xąi E t to0 ttpd,v tóv Ata Ttov

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noooct'YoQ€óo.ilt (cf. on this passage Haas 1966: 67 and 172; Lubotsky 1988,fn. 13; 1989a: 85).

It should be emphasized that Steph. Byz. connects the name of the godTiyes with the Bithynian town Tterov / fiov (for parallels, see such examplesas iĄnot}'ovia:'Arró}.}'<ov''T$ffit:-fŃr1vq, Atov: Ztóę, nHpcrx}'eia:

'HqąTI-is, ercJ anl|lEaTlrr ttrę-old Pluyg-ian inscriffin ltł-ł{tr'" eod ły99ii-Tsciibed as 'thę king of (the Bithynian town) Modra'. This impliesa Bithynian origin of the god.

The name Tistov contains the suffix -eyo-, which is frequently used for theformation of frectives (not only in Phr-ygians). The same adjective occurs inthę Nęw Phrygian inscription No. 58, where thę sequence llĘtov €YtlotTYtYQllttvov is. translated by o. Haas |1966: 67l ''er soll das g6ttfióEEYor-beśIirrrmtę tragen''. This cursę is a variant of a frequent New Phrygianmaledictionpunishment

gęn sg.acc. sg.

Troo ourov "let him get the establishedwfiich contains the gen. sg. of the

name Tiyes, cf.

- ytyptt1levav tyeóoo Ttoo owqy (No. 32; 34; 361' 60; 105)

- yty < Q > elpiląv tyeóoo Ttoo ootąy (No. 33)

-- yey1tlptvuv qeó|oo. T)too oo <t > dv (No. 59)

- yEyQeLpilav lł' eytłoo Ttoo ootav (No. 76)

- yqąelpt|v.qv' ęyęĄ]oo Tt'oo oot|auf (No. 108).Furthęrmorę' this god appears in two New Phrygian apodosis formulae

t1t tttlxptvoo ąo Trąv ertou (wbere Tiyes occurs in acc. sg.) and Trr/a@yes occurs in dat. sg. and/or abl. sg.).RoTEErmffia męan_ct him become accursęd by Tiyes'' uel sim. For lE&occuręnco' see below:

- u ttxLl'(,pevo6 d.6 Ttav [err]oo (No. 14)'- xtt urwpev|oof ao Ttąv ertou (No' 53)

- tL xeT1r/(,ptvoo q,o Trłv [e]rtou (No. 99)and also

- Tre ur lr.]nwproo EL'toD (No. 2)

- Lry)t Tte rtr texl,dptvoo ertoo (No. 3)

- 'coo vt pt Ęt'pt7a < o > xt óuo |xfe Ttą at xtt1'%ptvoo c|w.)ov (No. 6)

- \too xe (ep|il.roo ,!ę '..fd x,t oL ELQoIa Tw ar tffiLKptvoo ertou (No. 7)

- Tre tLx ttrvptvoo ELxoD (No. 26; 115)

- (tpdoo Tte rtr rexL)4pevo6 errou (No. 75)6

- pE k < pt > ilao xt ótaa xt Tw u uttxp|ęy9q ę1tqqJ $o. 97)

- pe ótao Tte ttt ffixl?(ptvor erzou (No. 97)

- Tvt rl' t|ettlłptuo.]o ewoo (No. 114).From the above data it can be clearly sęen that the case endings of the

theonym Tiyes are those of a consonant-stem, cf. nom. / voc. sg. Tiyes(1 attestation)

yes

Troq (9 occurences)Trcv (3 x ) / Ttov (Steph. Byz.)

dat. / abl. sg. To-/ rtn (10TJ.on the basis of the abovę mentioned forms, A. Lubotsky [1988' fn' 13;

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1989a: 85] proposes to recoństruct a s-stęm, namely nom' sg. *TiH_es, gen'sg. *TiH-s-os, etc. His analysis is, however, hard to accept for-a numbei ofręasons. Firstly, the ancient data suppose that the god Tiyes was of Bithynian(not Phrygian) origin. Secondly, both thę so-called--illZrpretetio graeccl,męntioned by Stephanus Byzantius r'a'łfu rt"" "q""' , and theparalelism of the dęclension of the@an Tiyes(see.below) suggest that these two theonyms are ot the samę Indo-EurĘEńorigin, cf.

nom. sg.gen. sg.acc. sg.

Tiyes : ZeóqTroo+ : Ą!9's, Myc.Ttąv : Ata

di-wo(< IE.(< IE.(< IE.(< IE.

*Dy6us),*Diwós),*Dtwm)*Diwói)'dat. sg. Trr/e :4{ My". di-we

In such case the theonym Tiyes cannot be ascribed as genuiny phrygian fora numbers of reasons. First ofTii_, Phrygian had no Lagtvórschie-bung [Lejeune1979; Brixhe 1983: 121-122]' Second, IE. *w was preffi-nót-o''ty lnold Phrygian, but also in New Phrygian (cf. ÓPhr. vanak, dat' sg. vanaktei''king'' : NPhr. acc. sg. oucrvąxtdv < IE. *wńAkt-s 'Tiil-.'] see above).TEiid'the monophthongization of the diphthong *eu did-not take place in phrygian(cf. Phrygian (eópdv.t1v rury. oeóteg <TE. *ghóumT n. ''spring, souńe'''cf. Gk. IeĘra n' "id.', skt. hóman- [Gusmani tosa: ao: 1: 1959); Neroznak1978: 15Tffixhe 1982: 244]' onthe othęr hand, it is possible thai these thręeprocesses (IE. *d > t; IE. *w > zero; IE. *eu > e) were typical of the Bit_hynian language?.

* If thę Bithynian god Tiyes is an equivalent of Greek Zxóę, as StephanusByzantius supposes' he was męntionęd in numęrous GrE6E_inscriptions ofst!.yŁ" as Ze6s II&nąę (i.e. 'Sky-god the father', cf. Gk. ZtĘ nari1p,Vedic Dyóuł pitE, Tatin ĘĘ (voc.)' umbric tuppateT (voc.) aEd"-Iuvepaffi(dat.), @l' froń Io. *lyTń patói'1ó'j. łńffit tslikely that Tiyes was the greatest god of the-TiTffian-pantheon.

Summing up, we may conclude that the god Tiyes wal not native in thęFhrygian pantheon and that the historical andT-nguistic data, mentionedabove, suggest his Bithynian origin. we can find exact equivalents of riyesin Greek (zrw l Ztiłę nąriQ, old Indic (Dyóuh / Dyóuń piń), LatinĘenĘvF, voc. IE-Ńer),oscan-Tail Dińvei), um6#tiai. @patrńc. Iuppater),Epirotic (uo". Aot4!uqos), Messapic (Z-is), HittiteE@, Lydiffi{Levś) and possiĘ-in-Hlryc'u.' (Mo-t"gs-), see Poko-iilf|iesó: ttł1.

2. Thę Bithynian goddess Bas.I believe that the Phrygians borrowed from the Bithynian pantheon not

only the !fy-sod', Tiyes, but also other deities. It seems plausible to pro-pose the Bithynian oEgln of the deity Eg (ucc. sC. Batan).

The goddess Blq is mentioned amonfot-her dęitiesE-the New Phrygianinscription No.18 ].'ó.lnę above menhoned namęs are no doubt theonyms, as ińpfiecl6y tEeGreek

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part of the same inscription: naąelć,pąv tó 1łv1puav toiq nQoTsTqd}rpóvotę$eoiq zri rfi xópr1 rao9' ó natĄą 'Aox},r1nóq.

The deity Baś in the acc' sg. is twice attested in the New Phrygianinscriptions No. 33 and 36the Old Phrygian inscription

and once inof two con-

structions, trr cto Trav ertou 14, 53,99) ''let him becomęaccursed by T'ryęs which see above) and TeTcrgrtpsvoo coFatąy teutoDo, suggests that qo Botav must bę analysed as tfr-preffiiioncro + acc. sg. of a deity, whereas rruroDo is a verbal form (so alreadyGusmani [1958: 903 (: 1959)], more-i,ffi-tly Lubotsky [1989b. 149]).

The name of Bas also occurs in the apodosis formula with Bexog"bread"', cf.

- Ba[o] rct Bexoo 1lt Bąer (No. 86)'

- ps xt o, totooot, tt Bąo fwoo (No. 99),

- Bąo tot Bt'xoo pa Beąm (No. 111).In my vięw, the deity Bas (i.e. Bat-s) can bę successfully equated with

the Mycenaean Greęk deity-ibóę, attested in dat. sg. *ocr6tt in the Knossostablets: pa-de (KN Fp 1.4, FĘlg.2, Fs 8, Ga 456) arui-once pa_de-i (KNF 953+F-955), see Kazanskene & Kazanskij [1986: l43]. lf thó-connectionbetween Bat- and Myc. Gk. ry!; (i... *Oa6-) is a real one, it is necessaryto assume that both consonantal correspondences (B : Gk. O- and -t- :Gk.ó-) are very typical of Bithynian, but not of Phrylian, in wEich thEconso-nantal shift (''Lautverschiebung'') doęs not appęar at all, i.e. IE. *d yieldsPhrygian d anci-not Tlsee Gjeune 1979). In this situation the deTty Basas well as -Eyes must -have been borrowed by the Phrygians from the BitTy'nian pantheon.

The suggestęd Indo-European deity (presumable goddess) xBhad-s isattested not only in Bithynian (Baq, acc. sg. Bcrtav 7'Batan) and M-ycenaeanGreek (dat. sg. pa-de-i / p"-lgftut a,lso

-in Slavic-@ol. Boda12, with

a secondary ręfoffiTffin o-tJf,e stem13, and possibly in tndEl?Bhadraf., also BhadrakEli_ f., the name of a goddess, originally ''Gltick schlEń?i'[MayrhóEi_196T 46G_-/;67]). The theonym *Bhad-s (f.) is undoubtedlydęrived from the Indo-European root BHAD_ ''foilliliG, happy, prosperous;good" (see Pokorny [1959: 106] s.v. bhad- "gut"), which is well preservedin Indic (cf. Skt. bhadra- adj. "good, foiTffiTte, blessed, delightful", subhadra-adj. "segensręich, TEiivóll'', etc.), ]ranian (cf. MPers. babr ''beauĘ, sace.charm", Av. hu-badra- adj. "fortunate, prosperous, happflTfrPers. hu-bahr :

betre /

: Skl su-bhmlil);Grmanic (cf. goth. batiza "better" / batista "befr6ce1.betre i 5ffilOE. beter(a) r betst: OHGEzir(o) r bezffi-G. besser r best:4.O)ter(a) / betst; OHGGziGGzir(o) lbezffi,G" besser / best;----- | -----' t - -' --_-_ \-

sęe also olcel. bati-E.-Ter56Grung, HęiI|-Ó_pris. Tata m. ''T-oteil'',-etąand probably in-Slavic (if ochsl. dobrr adj. "ąyąSoę-, xu7d6'', Rus' dobryj'Pol. dobry ''good'' reflect Slavic *!@udj.''id.'' and IE. *bhadró-

'fl-bymętathesis of the consonants). This would suggest that thę Bithynian Bas,as well as her Indo-European ancestress, was "the goddess of prospeii-ty,happiness and fortune". If this be true, it would be quite understandable whythis goddess occurs in the New Phrygian malediction formulae.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:BAYUN, L.S./OREL, V.E.1989 Jazyk frigijskix nadpisej kak istorićeskij istoćnik" [: La langue desinscriptions phrygiennes en tant que source bistorique], "Vestnik drevnejistońi'' (vDI), 1989, No. 1, pp. 173-200' and No. 4, pp. I32-t68.BRIXHE, ClaudeI9'l8 Etudes nćo-phrygiennes I, ''Yerbum" IfI', pp. 3_-2I.1982 Palatalisations en grec et en phrygien'', ''Bulletin de la Sociótó deLinguistique de Paris'', val' 77lI, pp. 209-Ż49't983 Epigraphie et grammaire du phrygien: btat prbsent et perspectiues, [in:] LeLingue indoeuropee di frammentaria attestszione. Die indogermaniscien Re-stsprachen (ed. by E. Vineis), Pisą pp. 109-131.BRIXHE, C./LEJEUNE, M.1984 Corpus des inscriptions palćo-phrygiens. 2 vols. Paris.BRUCKNER, AleKsander1985 Mitologia słowiańska i polska [: The Slavic and Polish Mytbology],Warszawa. (In Polish).

GUSMANI, Roberto1958 Studi sull' antico frigio. La populazione, Ie glosse frige presso gli ąntichiand I'e inscrizioni dell' antico frigio, "Rendiconti dell' Instituto Lombardo diScienze e Lettere .(Classe di Lettere)", 92 pp. 835-869 and 87G-903.1959 Studi frigi, Milano.HAAS, OttO1,966 Die Phrygischen Sprachdenkmiiler, Sofia (: Linguistique Balkanique, vol.x).

KAZANSKENE, V.P./KAZANSKIJ, N.N.1986 Predmetno-ponjatijnyj slopar' grećeskogo jazyka, Kritomikenskij period,Leningrad.

KiLLEN, F.H.1,983 Mycenaean Possessiue Adjectitses in -e-jo, "Transactions of the Philologi-cal Society" 1983, pp. 6G-99.LEJEUNE, Michel1979 Regards sut les sonoles i.e' en lsieux phrygien, |in:f Flarilegium Anątoli-cum. Mólanges offerts ż Emmanuel Laroche. Paris, pp. 219-124.LUBOTSKY, Alexander1988 The Old Phrygian Areyastis-Inscription, "Kadmos" 2711,, pp. 9-:26.1989a New Phrygian ert ąnd tt, ''Kadmos" 28lt, pp. 79-88.1989b The Syntax of the New Phrygian Inscription No.88, "Kadmos" ZBIZ,pp.146-155.

MAYRHOFER, Manfręd\963 KurzgefaBtes etymologisches Wdrterbuch des Altindischen {Band II),Heidelberg.

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NEROZNAK, V.P.L978 Paleobalkanskie jazyki [: Ancient languages of the Balkans],Moskva.

NEUMANN, Grinter1986 Modrouanak, "Epigraphica Anatolica" 8, p. 52.

POKORNY, Julius1959 Indogermanisches etymologisches Wórterbuch, Bern/Mrinich.

WINTER' Węrner1970 Some Widespread Indo-European Titles, |in:.) Indo-European ąnd In-do-Europeans. Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference atthe University of Pennsylvania (ed. by G. Cardona, H.M. Hoenigswaldand A. Senn), Philadelphia, pp. 49-54.WITCZAK, Krzysztof T.1993 Greek Aphrodite and her Indo-European origin. With an excursus on Myc.Pe-re-wa, and Pamph. [Iąeua, |in:f Miscellanea linguisticą Graeco-Lątina (ed.by L. Iseabert), Namur, pp. II5-123.

NOTES:1I would likę to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr.

Gtinter Neumann (Wtirzburg, Germany) and Prof. Ignacy Ryszard Danka(Łódź, Poland) for comments on a preliminary version of this paper, and toProf. Dr. William C. Bricę (Manchester, England) for valuabl'e criticism of thepręSęnt version and for taking the effort of checking my English style.Understandably, I assumę all the responsibility for any errors and short-comings. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Roberto Gusmani (Udine, Italy) forsending a copy ofhis "Studi frigi", and to Alexander Lubotsky (Leiden, TheNethSrlands) for sending some offprints of his useful articles.

I The text of the OPhr. inscription M-01a can be read as follows: ates:arkiaęvais: akenanogavos: midai: lavagtaei: vanaktei: edaes. Cf. Hass [1966:1871, Neroznak [1978: 71], Brixhe-Lejeune [198a: 6].

' For the text of the inscription W-01 and its interpretation, see especiallyLubotsky [1988]. Cf. vrekun: tedatoy: yostutut... a. m?noy: akenanogavosI aey ll materan; areyastin ll bonok: akenanogavos.aThe title is differently interpreted by Ne ióznak [1978: 76] andBrixhe-Lejeune [1984: 23], who (mistakenly) compare the elemęnt Modro-with_such adjectives as Lith. mandras, OChSl. modrr "wise, sage".

5 For adjectives in -eyo- in Mycenaean Greók, see recently KillęnI r e83].

Ó originally (epe}'roo rtt..., but I agree with C. Brixhe [1978: 1G-11],who lroposes to-TE-in rre a mistake for Tte.

7 Bithynian was probEbly a 'consonant sTift' language, related closely toThracian. It should be noting that two processes, namely IE. *w > zetoand IE. *eu > e, are also typical of Thracian, cf. for instance, (1) Thraffi-n'ETE'A ''frars"< IE. *wótesi (nom. pl. neut.) ''years', cf. Gk. Att. ćtoq n.@(pl. ru); (z) Thraffi-n-(etqaia f. "pipkin" < IE. *gheutraya f-'Td.",

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cf- Greek 2(ótgą f. ''pipkin''. It cannot be excluded, however, that thę Thracianlanguage W3'Lautuerschiebung" as well.

8 Cf. L,emaupoE. @eóę ,apd' zropEoiolE (Hesychius).' Cf' Ma(eóę. ó ZebE ónb lpóyav (Hesychius). Unfortunately, the element

Mo- has no satisfactory explanation."-o It should be noticód tńat three deities are of thę lranian origin, namely

(l) Mttoa : Indo-Iranian *Mitra- m., cf. Skt. Mitróh m. [Mayrńoier L96i:6]3-4f, Av. Mi$ra-, .OPers. (+ Median) MibralBactr. Mrpgo, etc.; (2)Óatą: Indo-Iffiian *Yata_ 'wind-God',lf-S-kt. Yetóh m=v. Vata-,Bactr. 0ą6o, etc.; (3) Mcrq : Iranian *Mes- ''god (dess)-of the mooffi'Av. Mnh- m.. Scvth- M'*n'r]'l"iłł'lyl

"gq" ''ós",ę (Hesychius)' Bactr.

M"g_-(SEt. mes "m-oon, month" [Mayrhofe;-Tg6T-6-31--dizl, Av. mah-Tii] etc'). o-ne can add that repqiygóę is the god of a river,lvnereaffitheonym flouvtag is still uncie6il-

.11 Unf6iTuńiltely' oPhr. batan occurs in a fragment, the context of which isquite unclear.

12 Boda is mentioned in Powieść o kląsztorze Łysogórskim (from 1550A. DJ,lilBr{ickner [1985: 38-9 and, 226].

13 Tbę transfer of thó name tBhńd-s f. (conionant-stem) into the femininea-stem is characteristic of slavic. FTiTi-alogical reformation of a stem, see Lat.Auróra f. (a-stem) ''Dawn-Goddęss'' < IE. *Awsós f. (s-stęm) .'id... cf. Vedic!ęa1 (no-. .c. tJE!) f' and Greek Hom. I{T5, Aeolic Aijog, Aitic ''Etos.

PĘ' lrtos "Dawn:Goddess''. (For .easo ns-iF-convenienĘTsugges t usirrgthe following notations: ó źi ó : e_/a-/o-colouring vocalized lar}igeals i.Jgr !z 9s in the traditional- symbolism; a - any vocalized laryngeir or anundętermined vocalized laryngeal). It should be added that the devńpment ofIE. t_ńw- to Skt. -u- and Gk. -eF- is highty regular, cf. (1) Vedic śńryah /4 @ m. ''Su-n{od'' and Gre"t ń*. 'iąó,

""i" 'aaff"'

''id.'' (both from IE. *Siwóliyos m' ''Solar God'') and (2) Vedic rńslm- 1nom.C. ry ..: Gr""k-A.". fl&n I W,dat. sg. n"qni (both from IE.*Pinmón m' ''id.''), cf. Witczak 11993: 121f.