Turning Bank Financial Statements into Useful Ratios & Trends November 2014 Presented by: Timothy P. Harrington, CPA T.E.A.M. Resources 7049 Tanque Verde.

Turning Bank Financial Statements into Useful Ratios & Trends

November 2014

Presented by: Timothy P. Harrington, CPAT.E.A.M. Resources

7049 Tanque Verde Road, PMB 136

Tucson, AZ 85715

800-788-9542 e-mail: [email protected]

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Disclaimer

This presentation is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. The handouts, visuals, and verbal information provided are current as of the webinar date. However, due to an evolving regulatory environment, Financial Education & Development, Inc. does not guarantee that this is the most-current information on this subject after that time.

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Sponsors

• 26 years Financial Institution experience

• 34 years business/consulting experience

• Consulted on over 1,000 projects

• Speaker at over 1,000 events

• Faculty of 3 National Financial Schools

About Timothy Harrington, CPA

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SAMPLE BANK 12/31/2012 12/31/2013

Balance Sheet

Assets (000)

Cash and Due from Banks 223,532 178,685Fed Funds Sold 2,994 109Deposits at Financial Institutions 315,053 611,224Other Cash & Cash Equivalents 2,208 405 Cash and Cash Equivalents 543,787 790,423Trading Account Securities 3,747 5,958Available for Sale Securities 2,625,229 1,790,978Held to Maturity Securities 4,541 5,563Other Securities 40,376 37,618 Total Cash & Securities 3,217,680 2,630,540

Gross Loans Held for Investment 7,176,433 7,728,166Loan Loss Reserve (103,666) (95,085)Loans Held for Sale, before Reserves 320,132 104,664 Total Net Loans 7,392,899 7,737,745

Real Estate Owned and Held for Investment 28,724 25,000

Goodwill 668,172 764,305Intangible Assets other than Goodwill 17,159 12,378 Total Intangible Assets 685,331 776,683

Loan Servicing Rights 27,428 47,765Fixed Assets 162,667 177,680Interest Receivable 26,998 23,720Prepaid Expense 12,307 610 Bank-owned Life Insurance 93,831 96,938Other Assets 147,080 119,431 Total Other Assets 442,883 417,769 TOTAL ASSETS 11,795,443 11,636,112

Balance Sheet

Assets

Earning Assets

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SAMPLE BANK 12/31/2012 12/31/2013

Balance Sheet

Liabilities and Equity (000)Liabilities (000)

Transaction Deposits $2,529,590 $3,396,328MMDA and Sacings Deposits $3,794,855 $3,773,799Time Deposits $3,054,830 $1,946,594 Total Deposits $9,379,275 $9,117,660

FHLB Borrowings $390,680 $476,376Total Subordinated Debt $196,066 $189,173 Total Debt $586,746 $665,549

Total Other Liabilities $105,383 $125,477Total Liabilities $10,071,404 $9,908,686

Equity ($000)

Total Preferred Equity $0 $0

Common Stock $1,073,616 $1,073,616Surplus $406,514 $406,514Undivided Profits $219,839 $317,412 Total Shareholder Equity $1,699,963 $1,797,542Net Unrealized Gain $24,346 ($70,116) Total Equity $1,724,309 $1,727,426 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $11,795,713 $11,636,112

Balance Sheet

Liabilities and Equity (Capital)

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SAMPLE BANK 12/31/2012 12/31/2013

Income Statement (000)

Interest Income 456,085$ 442,846$

Interest Expense (48,849)$ (37,881)$ Net Interest Income 407,236$ 404,965$

Provision for Loan Losses (29,201)$ (10,716)$

Compensation & Benefits 200,946$ 209,991$ Occupancy & Equipment 55,081$ 62,067$ Marketing and Promotion Expense 5,064$ 6,062$ Professional Fees $ 10,724 $ 10,114 Tech & Communications Expense 11,573$ 11,974$ Amrt of Intang & Goodwill Impair 4,816$ 4,781$ Foreclosure & Repo 12,655$ 1,248$ Other Expense 56,455$ 49,588$ Total Noninterest Expense (357,314)$ (355,825)$

Other IncomeTrading Account Income $ 6,137 $ 7,737 Service Charges on Deposits 28,299$ 30,952$ Gain on Sale of Loans 91,945$ 65,644$ Bank-owned Life Insurance Revenue 2,708$ $ 3,053 Insurance Revenue $ 739 $ 1,000 Investment Banking & Brokerage 12,967$ 14,736$ Other Noninterest Income (13,334)$ (3,690)$ Total Noninterest Income 129,461$ 119,432$ Realized Gain on Securities 3,868$ 209$ Nonrecurring Revenue 3,500$ 1,800$ Nonrecurring Expense (2,338)$ (8,836)$

Total Other Income 134,491$ 112,605$

Net Income before Taxes 155,212$ 151,029$ Provision for Taxes (53,321)$ (52,668)$ Effective Tax Rate (%) 34.35% 34.87%

406 Net Income 101,891$ 98,361$

37 Other Changes to Net Income (682)$ (788)$ 43 Net Income Avail to Common 101,209$ 97,573$ 5

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Income Statement

Revenues and Expenses

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Balance Sheet Income Statement ASSETS LIABILITIES & CAPITAL

Cash REVENUEMISCELLANEOUS

EARNING ASSETS LIABILITIES Loan Interest IncomeLoans

Less Allowance for Loan and

Lease Losses

Investment Interest Income

Fees and Other Non-Interest DEPOSITS Income

EXPENSES

Investments Held -to-Maturity Occupancy Available-for-Sale Personnel Trading Provision for Loan LossesLess allowance for unrealized

Gains or Losses in Invest's BORROWEDFUNDS COST OF FUNDS

Interest Expense

EQUITY CAPITAL Interest Paid in Deposits Interest Paid on Borrowed Funds

NON-EARNING ASSETS Perpetual Preferred StockCommon Stock (at par)

Building, Equipment, etc. Surplus (in excess of par) NET INCOME or LOSS

Other Assets Unidivided Profits 8





Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense




Other Assets Unidivided Profits

Have Owe

Own

Earns

Pays

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Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense





ROA and Spread Analysis (aka: Net Interest Margin Analysis)

Measures: Profitability and how it was attained

Formula: Each of the key balances on the Income Statement is divided by Average Assets (for simplicity, we will use Total Assets in our example instead of Average Assets)

The Spread Analysis is a ratio of key balances on the Income Statement compared to the bank’s Average Total Assets. This allows a comparison between periods and between financial institutions based on their asset size.

Since banks earn most of their revenue from their major, earning assets (Loans and Investments) and one of their highest expenses is often from their major liability (Deposits), measuring the effect of the Income Statement against the size of the Assets makes sense. This is a standard banking measure.

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ProfitabilityHow we earn profit How we measure it

Spread Analysis:

Simply dividing the Income Statement amounts by Average Assets

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Which bank is doing better?Why we use comparable ratios

10 Bil bank 100 Mil bankInterest income $ 496,000,000 4,630,000Cost of funds (175,000,000) (640,000)

Net Interest 321,000,000 3,990,000Operating costs (Burden) (329,000,000) (3,320,000)Provision for loan losses (111,000,000) (440,000) Net loss before other income (120,000,000) 230,000NII – Non-interest income 136,000,000 780,000 Tax Expense (2,000,000) (320,000)Net Profit or Loss $ 14,000,000 690,000

Total Equity $ 500,000,000 $10,000,00013

As a % of Average Assets $10 Bil $100 MilYield: Interest income 3.96% 4.63%Less: Cost of funds (0.75% ) (0.64%) Net Interest Margin (NIM-Spread) 3.21% 3.99%Less: Non-Interest Exp (Burden) (3.29%) (3.32%)Less: Provision for loan losses (1.11%) (0.44%)

Net loss before other income (1.20%) 0.23%Plus: NII-Non-interest income 1.36% 0.78%Less: Tax Expense (0.02%) (0.32%) Equals: Return on Assets (ROA) 0.14% 0.69%

Equity Ratio 5.00% 10.00%

Which bank is doing better?Spread with ROA (ROAA)

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The ‘Banking’ Business

Banks make money 2 ways:• Interest Income• Non-Interest Income (Other Income)

Banks spend money 4 ways:• Cost of Funds, Deposits and Borrowings• Non-Interest Expenses (cost of people, buildings,

and systems)• Provision for Loan Losses (cost of building the

Allowance for Loan Losses)• Taxes

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As a % of Average Assets 6/30/14 12/31/97

Yield: Interest income 4.21% 8.39Less: Cost of funds (0.48%) (3.70) Net Interest Margin 3.73% 4.69Less: Non-interest expense (3.05%) (3.56)Less: Provision for loan losses (0.12%) (0.29)

Net loss before other income 0.56% 0.84Plus: Non-interest income 0.66% 1.13 Less: Taxes (0.23%) (0.64)

Equals: Net Profit or Loss (ROA) 0.99% 1.33

SpreadCommercial Banks $1 Bil to $100 Mil

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Source: FDIC

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Net Interest Margin: All US Banks

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Source: FDIC

ROA: All US Banks

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SAMPLE BANK 12/31/2012 12/31/2013

Balance Sheet

Assets (000)

Cash and Due from Banks 223,532 178,685Fed Funds Sold 2,994 109Deposits at Financial Institutions 315,053 611,224Other Cash & Cash Equivalents 2,208 405 Cash and Cash Equivalents 543,787 790,423Trading Account Securities 3,747 5,958Available for Sale Securities 2,625,229 1,790,978Held to Maturity Securities 4,541 5,563Other Securities 40,376 37,618 Total Cash & Securities 3,217,680 2,630,540

Gross Loans Held for Investment 7,176,433 7,728,166Loan Loss Reserve (103,666) (95,085)Loans Held for Sale, before Reserves 320,132 104,664 Total Net Loans 7,392,899 7,737,745

Real Estate Owned and Held for Investment 28,724 25,000

Goodwill 668,172 764,305Intangible Assets other than Goodwill 17,159 12,378 Total Intangible Assets 685,331 776,683

Loan Servicing Rights 27,428 47,765Fixed Assets 162,667 177,680Interest Receivable 26,998 23,720Prepaid Expense 12,307 610 Bank-owned Life Insurance 93,831 96,938Other Assets 147,080 119,431 Total Other Assets 442,883 417,769 TOTAL ASSETS 11,795,443 11,636,112

Comparative Balance Sheets (2 years)

We will use this to prepare a Spread Analysis for SAMPLE BANK.

Let’s Calculate Spread

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1. Calculate Average AssetsTotal Assets Beginning of Year + Total Assets End

of Period / 2

$11,795,443 + $11,636,112 / 2 = $11,715,778

There are other ways to calculate Average Assets, but this is a simple, common way of doing so

Spread Analysis or Net Interest Margin

2323

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Income Statement for 12/31/13 Only

We will use this to prepare a Spread Analysis for SAMPLE BANK.

Income and expenses must be ANNUALIZED.

This ratio works when the Income Statement is for 12 months. If the Income Statement is for less than 12 months, you must annualize the income.e.g. To Annualize income, divide by the month number (from September, divide by 9: ninth month) and multiply by 12 (months)

2. Yield on Assets (Yield)Interest Income from loans and investments /

Average assets

$442,846 / $11,715,778 x 100 = 3.78%

3. Cost of Funds (COF)Dividends paid / Average assets

$37,881 / $11,715,778 x 100 = 0.32%

Subtract COF from Yield and you get

4. Net Interest Margin (NIM) = 3.46%


= 25

5. Non-Interest Expense RatioTotal non-interest expenses (excluding Provision for

Loan & Lease Losses) / Average assets

$355,825 / $11,715,778 = 3.04%

6. Provision for Loan and Lease Losses RatioPLLL / Average assets

$10,716 / $11,715,778 = 0.09%


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7. Non-Interest Income (NII) Ratio (OI-Other Income) (Service Revenues, Fees, Commissions, etc.)

Total NII / Average assets

$112,605 / $11,715,778 x 100 = 0.96%

8. Tax Expense RatioTotal Expense / Average assets

$52,668 / $11,715,778 x 100 = 0.45%


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9. Return on Average Assets (ROA)Net income / Average assets

$97,573 / $11,715,778 x 100 = 0.83%(there will often be a 1 or 2 basis point difference between added ROA and Calculated ROA)

This number is also the sum of the items above it in the spread analysis: Yield – Cost of Funds + Non-interest Income – Non-Interest Expenses – Provision for Loan Losses = Return on Assets


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Spread for Sample Bank

As a % of Average Assets Sample Bank Yield on Assets 3.78

Cost of Funds (0.32)

Net Interest Margin (Spread) 3.46

Non-Interest Expense (3.04)

Provision for loan losses (0.09)

Non-Interest Income (Other Income) 0.96

Tax Expense (0.45)

ROA: Net Profit or Loss 0.84

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Capital is Important to:

• Provides a cushion– For unexpected losses

• Provides Stability– The company’s ‘keel’

• Allows bank to take calculated risks• Allows bank to sustain growth in

assets• Ensures general public of safety and

soundness of institution3131

What is Capital?

Capital is not cash

• It is the accumulated earnings and losses since the bank was established.

• Tells you what portion of your assets belong to the owners, meaning the rest is dedicated to your creditors

• Your ‘rainy day’ fund• Your ‘hibernation’ fat

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Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense





• Stock (at par value)– Preferred– Common

• Surplus (in excess of par)• Undivided Profits … retained earnings

– Increases with Annual Net Profit– Decreases with Annual Net Loss

• Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-sale (AFS) Securities

Common Capital Accounts

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Capital Ratios

Core Capital = 10.77%

Measures stability of the bank and ability to sustain growth

TotalAssets





Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense


NON-EARNING ASSETS Perpetual Preferred Stock







Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense





Capital Ratios

Woops! Now 8.60%

TotalAssets





Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense


NON-EARNING ASSETS Perpetual Preferred Stock







Lease Losses



EXPENSES



Interest Expense





If Assets grow, and Capital doesn’t grow proportionately, the Ratios will decline

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If Assets grow and capital doesn’t keep up, the bank becomes unstable

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Bank needs more Capital

If a Big Wind comes up…

Negative economic change

…Large Charge-offs…

Your sail boat could tip

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All US Banks Source: FDIC

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Project worst 3 years possible (this is what ALM is all about)

Prompt Regulatory Action RulesNational or Peer AveragesDepends on how much risk your assets and

liabilities representDepends on level of growthDepends on level of profitabilityDepends on future plans

How much capital is enough?

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Capital Can Disappear Fast

11.07 11.17

11.97

3.202.89

6.42

9.55

11.1810.96

4.76

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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Prompt Corrective Action Prompt Corrective Action

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Prompt Corrective Action

Adequately capitalized institutions

Such institutions must receive a waiver from the FDIC to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits (banks sell these large-denomination deposits to brokerages). A waiver is granted on a case-by-case basis, upon a finding that acceptance of such deposits does not constitute an unsafe and unsound practice.

If granted, an institution may not pay an effective yield that exceeds by more than 75 basis points the effective yield paid on deposits of comparable size and maturity.

Institutions that are undercapitalized to varying degrees must take additional actions and have additional requirements:

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Undercapitalized institutions-must file an acceptable capital restoration plan; -cannot pay dividends or management fees;-may not accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit; and

-may not solicit any other deposits by offering an effective yield that exceeds by more than 75 basis points the effective yield paid on deposits of comparable size and maturity.

Significantly undercapitalized institutions-are subject to the same actions as an undercapitalized bank;-cannot pay bonuses to, or increase compensation of, senior executive officers without prior regulator approval; and -are subject to other restrictions and actions as noted in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA).

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Critically undercapitalized institutions

-are subject to the same provisions as an undercapitalized bank and a significantly undercapitalized bank; and

-cannot pay interest or principal on subordinated debt (without FDIC waiver) after 60 days of becoming critically undercapitalized.

In addition, within 90 days of the bank becoming critically undercapitalized the chartering authority must:

-appoint a receiver; or

-take other such actions that the primary regulator, with the concurrence of the FDIC, determines would better serve the purposes of prompt corrective action (and review such determination every 90 days).

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Regulatory Capital

Leverage Capital The minimum leverage ratio requirement consists only of Tier 1 (Core) Capital.

Tier 1 Capital or Core Capital is the sum of:

common stockholders' equity – the sum of common stock and related surplus, undivided profits, disclosed capital reserves that represent a segregation of undivided profits, and foreign currency translation adjustments, less net unrealized losses on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair values;

noncumulative perpetual preferred stock

minority interests in consolidated subsidiaries minus all intangible assets other than …

See Handout on Capital

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Tier 1 Capital is calculated as follows: + Permanent shareholders’ equity

+ Undivided Profits (retained earnings)Less: Goodwill

Tier 2 Capital is calculated as follows: + General provisions/general loan-loss reserves

+ Revaluation reserves+ Hybrid (debt/equity) capital instruments+ Subordinated term debtLess: Investments in unconsolidated financial subsidiariesLess: Investments in the capital of other financial institutions

Total Capital = Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital

Regulatory Capital

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Regulatory Capital

Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital: Tier 1 Capital / Risk Weighted Assets

Tier 2 Risk-Based Capital: Tier 2 Capital / RWA

Total Risk-Based Capital: Tier 1 plus Tier 2 Capital / RWA

Leverage Ratio: Tier 1 Capital / Total Assets – goodwill, other disallowed intangible assets and disallowed deferred tax assets

You have been provided a Regulatory Capital Estimation Tool as developed by FDIC

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ROE – Return on Equity

Measures: Return to Investors

Formula: Net Income divided by Shareholder Equity

4949

Source: FDIC

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51/

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ROE: All US Banks

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Sources of Non-Interest Income

• Deposit service charges

• Fiduciary activities

• Trading revenue

• Investment, advisory and brokerage

• Insurance commission fees and income

• Servicing fees

• Net gains (losses) on sales of loans

• Other net gains of (losses)

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As a % of Average Assets 6/30/14 12/31/97

Yield: Interest income 4.21% 8.39Less: Cost of funds (0.48%) (3.70) Net Interest Margin 3.73% 4.69Less: Non-interest expense (3.05%) (3.56)Less: Provision for loan losses (0.12%) (0.29)

Net loss before other income (0.56%) 0.84Plus: Non-interest income 1.78% 1.13 Less: Taxes 0.23% (0.64)

Equals: Net Profit or Loss (ROA) 0.99% 1.33

SpreadCommercial Banks $1 Bil to $100 Mil

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Efficiency Ratio

Measures: Percentage of Controllable Income that is used up by Operations OR “How much does it cost for you to earn $1 in Net Revenue”

Formula: Operating Costs – Amortization of Intangible Assets [Interest Income – Cost of Funds + Non-interest Income]

Industry Standard: Bank averages range between 55% and 70% depending on size and business model

How to Improve: – Increase Interest Income– Decrease Cost of Funds– Increase Non-interest Income– Decrease Operating Costs

Typically, the lower this ratio is, the better. This means your cost per dollar earned is less 5555

SAMPLE BANK 12/31/2013

Income Statement (000)

Interest Income 442,846$

Interest Expense (37,881)$ Net Interest Income 404,965$

Provision for Loan Losses (10,716)$

Compensation & Benefits 209,991$ Occupancy & Equipment 62,067$ Marketing and Promotion Expense 6,062$ Professional Fees $ 10,114 Tech & Communications Expense 11,974$ Amrt of Intang & Goodwill Impair 4,781$ Foreclosure & Repo 1,248$ Other Expense 49,588$ Total Noninterest Expense (355,825)$

Other IncomeTrading Account Income $ 7,737 Service Charges on Deposits 30,952$ Gain on Sale of Loans 65,644$ Bank-owned Life Insurance Revenue $ 3,053 Insurance Revenue $ 1,000 Investment Banking & Brokerage 14,736$ Other Noninterest Income (3,690)$ Total Noninterest Income 119,432$ Realized Gain on Securities 209$ Nonrecurring Revenue 1,800$ Nonrecurring Expense (8,836)$

Total Other Income 108,915$

Net Income before Taxes 151,029$ Provision for Taxes (52,668)$ Effective Tax Rate (%) 34.87%

406 Net Income 98,361$

37 Other Changes to Net Income (788)$ 43 Net Income Avail to Common 97,573$ 5

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Operating Expenses – Amort of Intang AstsInterest Income - COF + Non-Interest Income

$355,825 - $4,781

($442,846 - $37,881 + $108,915)

Efficiency Ratio

$351,044 X 100 = 68.31%$513,880

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Non-Performing Loans Ratio

Measures: Quality of Loan Portfolio based on what percentage is currently late by 90 days or more

Formula: Dollar Amount of Delinquent Loans (90+days) Total Loans

Industry Standard: Somewhere in the 0.50% to 1.50% range, depending on strategy. Banks that take more credit risk will have higher ratios.

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Net Charge-offs

Measures: Quality of Loan Portfolio based on the percentage of loans removed from the books (so far this year) as non-performing.

Formula: [Charge offs – Recoveries] Average Loans (Charge-offs and Recoveries must be annualized)

Industry Standard: Somewhere in the 0.25% to 0.75% range, depending on strategy.

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Non-Performing Loans and Charge-offs

$100 mil to $1 Bil Asset CategoryNormal 6/30/14

Delinquency 0.75% 1.59%

Charge-offs 0.40% 0.21%

Combined 1.15% 1.80%

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Loan to Assets Ratio

Measures: Percentage of Assets funded by Deposits

Formula: Total Loans Total Assets

Industry Standard: 50% to 65%

Generally, the higher the ratio the better. However, ratios getting too high can create liquidity problems.

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Thank You!

Timothy Harrington, CPA

T.E.A.M. Resources7049 East Tanque Verde, PMB 136Tucson, AZ 85715(800) 788-9542 [email protected]

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Turning Bank Financial Statements into Useful Ratios & Trends November 2014 Presented by: Timothy P. Harrington, CPA T.E.A.M. Resources 7049 Tanque Verde.

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