Medical Language Medical Language Immerse Yourself Immerse Yourself CHAPTER THIRD EDITION Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Orthopedics 9
Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself
CHAPTER
THIRD EDITION
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Orthopedics
9
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the muscular system.
2. Describe how muscles contract and produce movement.
3. Describe common muscular diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the muscular system.
5. Build muscular words from word parts and divide and define muscular words.
6. Spell and pronounce muscular words.7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of an orthopedic report.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
8. Dive deeper into orthopedics (muscular) by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 25Muscles AnimationSlide 35Elbow Flexion Movement AnimationSlide 36Arm and Hand Pronation Movement AnimationSlide 37 Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement AnimationSlide 38 Humerus Adduction Movement AnimationSlide 39 Humerus Rotation Movement AnimationSlide 40 Wrist Flexion Movement AnimationSlide 65 Muscular Atrophy VideoSlide 68 Muscular Dystrophy VideoSlide 84 Massage Therapist VideoSlide 85 Massage Therapy Changes Video
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 86 Massage Therapy and Ethical Situations VideoSlide 87 Chiropractor Video
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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OrthopedicsOrthopedics
• The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the muscular and skeletal systems and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat muscular and skeletal diseases.
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Figure 9-1 Muscular system.
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• The muscular system moves the bony framework of the body.
• There are approximately 700 skeletal muscles in the body, as well as tendons and other structures of the muscular system.
• Some skeletal muscles are readily visible on the surface of the body, while others are located more deeply.
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• All of the muscles of the body (or the muscles in a particular part of the body) are referred to as the musculature.
• The muscular system is also known as the musculoskeletal system because, without the muscles, the bones would not be able to move, and without the bones, the muscles would lack support.
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Anatomy of the Muscular SystemAnatomy of the Muscular System
• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles Provide the means by which the body
can move Are voluntary muscles that contract and
relax in response to conscious thought Are striated, have multiple nuclei, and
show bands of color when seen under the microscope
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Anatomy of the Muscular SystemAnatomy of the Muscular System
• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles Of the three types of muscles, only
skeletal muscle belongs to the muscular system.
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Anatomy of the Muscular SystemAnatomy of the Muscular System
• Types of Muscles: Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle of the heart pumps
blood through the circulatory system. An involuntary muscle that is not under
conscious control
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Anatomy of the Muscular SystemAnatomy of the Muscular System
• Types of Muscles: Smooth Muscles Involuntary, nonstriated muscles Form a continuous, thin layer around
many organs and structures (blood vessels, intestines, etc.)
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Figure 9-2 Types of muscle.
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,Muscle Origins, Insertions,and Related Structuresand Related Structures
• A muscle is attached to a bone by a tendon, a cordlike, nonelastic, white fibrous band of connective tissue.
• The origin or beginning of a muscle is where its tendon is attached to a stationary or nearly stationary bone.
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,Muscle Origins, Insertions,and Related Structuresand Related Structures
• The insertion or ending of a muscle is where its tendon is attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts and relaxes.
• The belly of a muscle is where its mass is the greatest, usually midway between the origin and insertion.
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,Muscle Origins, Insertions,and Related Structuresand Related Structures
• A bursa, a thin sac of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid, acts as a cushion to reduce friction where a tendon rubs against the bone.
• Each muscle is wrapped in fascia, a thin connective tissue that joins to the tendon.
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,Muscle Origins, Insertions,and Related Structuresand Related Structures
• Aponeurosis is connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to bone or to other, deeper muscles.
• Retinaculum is a band of fibrous tissue and fascia that holds down the extensor and flexor tendons that cross the wrist and ankle
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Figure 9-3 Tendon.
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Figure 9-4 Origin and insertion of a muscle.
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Muscle NamesMuscle Names
• Muscle names are in Latin.• They describe where the muscle is
located, its shape, its size, or what action it performs.
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Table 9-1 Muscle Names and Their Meanings
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Table 9-1 (continued) Muscle Names and Their Meanings
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Muscles AnimationMuscles Animation
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Types of Muscle MovementTypes of Muscle Movement
• Muscles function in antagonistic pairs to produce movement.
• These are opposite movements controlled by muscle pairs: Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Rotation to the right and to the left Supination and pronation Eversion and inversion
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Table 9-2 Types of Muscle Movement
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Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement
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Figure 9-5 Extension, abduction, and dorsiflexion.Rubberball/Getty Images
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Figure 9-6 Extension, adduction, pronation, abduction, flexion, and plantar flexion.Mark Anderson/Getty Images
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Figure 9-7 Rotation.
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Figure 9-8 Extension, supination, abduction, flexion, and inversion.Anthony Saint James/Getty Images
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Elbow Flexion Movement Elbow Flexion Movement AnimationAnimation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the elbow.
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Arm and Hand Pronation Arm and Hand Pronation AnimationAnimation
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Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement AnimationAnimation
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Humerus Adduction Humerus Adduction Movement AnimationMovement Animation
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Humerus Rotation Movement Humerus Rotation Movement AnimationAnimation
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Wrist Flexion Movement AnimationWrist Flexion Movement Animation
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Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Head and Neck
• Frontalis• Temporalis• Orbicularis oculi• Orbicularis oris• Masseter• Buccinator• Sternocleidomastoid• Platysma
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Figure 9-9 Muscles of the head and neck.
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Muscles of the Shoulders,Muscles of the Shoulders,Chest, and BackChest, and Back
• Deltoid• Pectoralis major• Intercostal muscles• Trapezius• Latissimus dorsi
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Figure 9-10 Muscles of the shoulder and chest.
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Figure 9-11 Muscles of the shoulder and back.
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Muscles of the Upper ExtremityMuscles of the Upper Extremity
• Biceps brachii• Triceps brachii• Brachioradialis• Thenar muscles
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Figure 9-12 Muscles of the upper extremity.McMinn and Hutchings. McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/e. Elsevier, 2002.
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Figure 9-13 Muscles of the forearm and the retinaculum.
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Muscles of the AbdomenMuscles of the Abdomen
• External abdominal oblique• Internal abdominal oblique• Rectus abdominis
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Figure 9-14 Muscles of the abdomen.
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Muscles of the Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Lower Extremity
• Anterior Leg Rectus femoris Sartorius Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis Peroneus longus Tibialis anterior
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Muscles of the Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Lower Extremity
• Quadriceps femoris is a collective name for the group of four muscles on the anterior aspect of the thigh: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius (beneath the
vastus lateralis) Vastus medialis
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Muscles of the Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Lower Extremity
• Posterior Leg Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus and semimembranosus Gastrocnemius
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Figure 9-15 Muscles of the lower extremity.
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Muscles of the Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Lower Extremity
• Hamstrings is a collective name for the group of three muscles on the posterior aspect of the thigh: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
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Figure 9-16 Growth and development milestones.
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Physiology of a Muscle ContractionPhysiology of a Muscle Contraction
• A muscle is composed of several muscle fascicles, each of which is wrapped in fascia.
• Each muscle fascicle is a bundle of individual muscle fibers.
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Physiology of a Muscle ContractionPhysiology of a Muscle Contraction
• These run parallel to each other so that, when they contract, they all pull in the same direction.
• A muscle fiber (which is actually one long muscle cell) has hundreds of nuclei along its length to speed up the chemical processes that occur as it contracts.
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Physiology of a Muscle ContractionPhysiology of a Muscle Contraction
• Each muscle fiber is composed of myofibrils that contain the proteins actin and myosin.
• A muscle contracts in response to an electrical impulse from a nerve.
• Each muscle fiber is connected to a single nerve cell at the neuromuscular junction.
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Physiology of a Muscle ContractionPhysiology of a Muscle Contraction
• Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that changes the permeability of the muscle fiber, which shortens the muscle and produces a muscle contraction.
• Muscles are in a state of mild, partial contraction because of nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord.
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Figure 9-17 Parts of a muscle.
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Figure 9-18 Muscle strength and size.
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DiseasesDiseases
• Diseases of the Muscles Atrophy Avulsion Compartment syndrome Contracture Fibromyalgia
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Figure 9-19 Muscle contracture.
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Muscle Atrophy VideoMuscle Atrophy Video
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DiseasesDiseases
• Diseases of the Muscles Hyperextension-hyperflexion injury Muscle contusion Muscle spasm Muscle strain Muscular dystrophy
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contus/o-
-ion
= brusing
= action; condition
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Figure 9-20 Muscular dystrophy.
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Muscular Dystrophy VideoMuscular Dystrophy Video
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DiseasesDiseases
• Diseases of the Muscles Myalgia Myasthenia gravis Myopathy Myositis Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Rotator cuff tear
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DiseasesDiseases
• Movement Disorders Ataxia Bradykinesia Dyskinesia Hyperkinesis Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Tremor
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DiseasesDiseases
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon Bursitis Dupuytren’s contracture Fasciitis Ganglion Pitcher’s elbow
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DiseasesDiseases
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon Shin splints Tendinitis Tennis elbow Tenosynovitis
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synov/o-
-itis
ten/o- = tendon
= synovium (membrane)
= inflammation of; infection of
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Figure 9-21 Ganglion.Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Blood Tests Acetylcholine receptor antibody Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM)
• Muscle Tests Edrophonium test Electromyography (EMG)
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures Braces and adaptive devices Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) Muscle strength test Rehabilitation exercises Trigger point injections
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Figure 9-22 Braces.K. Glaser & Associates/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Figure 9-23 Deep tendon reflex.PhotoAlto/Ale Ventura/Getty Images
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Figure 9-24 Active exercise.Alvis Upitis/Getty Images
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Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures
• Surgical Procedures Fasciectomy Fasciotomy Ganglionectomy Muscle biopsy Myorrhaphy Tenorrhaphy Thymectomy
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my/o-
-rrhaphy
= muscle
= procedure of suturing
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to treat muscular diseases and conditions: Analgesic drugs Beta-blocker drugs Corticosteroid drugs Dopamine stimulant drugs Drugs for fibromyalgia Drugs for myasthenia gravis
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to treat muscular diseases and conditions: Muscle relaxant drugs Neuromuscular blocker drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
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Figure 9-25 Intramuscular injection.
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
ADA Americans with Disabilities ActADLs activities of daily livingCOTA certified occupational therapy assistantCPK-MM creatine phosphokinase-MMCTD cumulative trauma disorderD.C. Doctor of Chiropracty or Chiropractic
MedicineDTRs deep tendon reflexesEMG electromyographyIM intramuscularLLE left lower extremityLUE left upper extremityMD muscular dystrophyNSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OOB out of bedortho orthopedics (slang)OSHA Occupational Safety and Health
AdministrationOT occupational therapy or occupational therapistPM&R physical medicine and rehabilitationPT physical therapy or physical therapistrehab rehabilitation (slang)RICE rest, ice, compression, and elevationRLE right lower extremityROM range of motionRUE right upper extremityRSI repetitive strain injury
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Massage Therapist VideoMassage Therapist Video
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Massage Therapy Changes VideoMassage Therapy Changes Video
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Massage Therapy andMassage Therapy andEthical Situations VideoEthical Situations Video
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Chiropractor VideoChiropractor Video
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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up
1. duct/o-2. extern/o-3. flex/o-4. my/o-5. vers/o-
a. bendingb. musclec. to turnd. outsidee. bring
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