www.chaihana.com copyright 1996 -- do not distribute, re-post, or deep-link without permission Please Note: This dictionary was intended to further understanding between English and Turkmen speakers. It may be freely distributed for educational purposes. It may not be sold for profit without the express written permission of its authors. Please direct all comments and inquiries regarding this dictionary to the following e-mail address: [email protected]Helpful feedback and suggestions are always appreciated. Greg Lastowka Charlottesville 1999
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www.chaihana.comcopyright 1996 -- do not distribute, re-post, or deep-link without permission
Please Note:
This dictionary was intended to further understanding between English and Turkmen speakers. It may be freely distributed for educational purposes. It may not be sold for profit without the express written permission of its authors. Please direct all comments and inquiries regarding this dictionary to the following e-mail address: [email protected]
Helpful feedback and suggestions are always appreciated.
Greg LastowkaCharlottesville 1999
Introduction 2
TURKMEN - ENGLISH
DICTIONARY
a SPA project of Peace Corps Turkmenistan
Contributing Editors:
Jonathan GarrettGreg LastowkaAkgul MuhammetmuradovaJahan MyradovaKimberly NaahieluaMeena PallipamuMuhammed RustamovMeretgul SharipovaAynabat Yaylymova
This dictionary is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive
Turkmen/English dictionary to be printed. It consists of over 10,000
words and definitions and is intended as a general-purpose dictionary.
This dictionary was conceptualized, researched, and written as a
secondary project of Peace Corps volunteers living in Turkmenistan,
aided by Peace Corps staff and local counterparts. Its first printing
was funded by a Small Project Assistance grant from the United States
Goverment through Peace Corps Turkmenistan. We hope that it will aid in
communication and mutual understanding between the people of our two
countries.
Please direct any comments, corrections, or ommissions to Turkmen
Dictionary Project, c/o Peace Corps Turkmenistan, P.O. Box 258,
Krugozor, Central Post Office, Ashgabat 744000.
Introduction 4
Acknowledgements
This dictionary was a cooperative effort. We would like to extend
our thanks to: Ainabat Yaylymova for her enthusiasm and dedication to
the project; Muhamet Rustamov of Bairam Ali for his expertise and
assistance in translating obscure phrases and usages; Mehri Karkulova
and Zuhre of the Peace Corp Staff in Ashgabat for their proofreading and
general assistance; Berdi and Gulya Orazahatov of Bairam Ali for their
encouragement and support; Sofia Esenovna Bagirova of Buzmein for her
encouragement; and special thanks to Atgul Muhammetmuradova for her
assistance throughout the project.
The authors also wish to acknowledge the contribution of V.
Mesgudov, whose Turkmen/Russian Student's Dictionary was an important
resource.
Above all, the authors would like to thank our Turkmen friends,
families, and co-workers, who taught us their language and made this
book possible.
Jonathan GarrettGreg LastowkaKimberly NaahieluaMeena Pallipamu
Ashgabat, September 1996
Introduction 5
Abbreviations
adj. adjectiveadv. adverbanat. anatomicalbot. botanicalcol. colloquialfig. figurative usegeol. geologicalgeom. geometricalgram. grammaticali.e. for examplemat. mathematicalmed. medicalmil. militaryn. noun, or noun-adjectivepoet. poetic languager. denotes that the word in question is either exists in the
Russian language, or is derived from a word that exists in the Russian language.
v. verbzool. zoological
Notes on Method
Every attempt was made to find the most reasonable and accurate
translation for all words. In cases where a single Turkmen word has no
single equivalent in English, multiple possible translations are
separated by a comma, i.e.:
çekisme discussion, debate
When a word has various meaning in Turkmen, the multiple meanings
are separated by numbers, i.e.:
gujak 1. embrace 2. armfull
When a two completely different words are spelled alike, their
different meanings are separated by Roman numerals, i.e.:
saz I. music, musical II. accurate, intact
Introduction 6
Where two words are spelled alike, but differentiated by a long
vowel (see Appendix), they are listed as above, with the long vowel
indicated by the vowel letter in brackets, i.e.:
at I. horse II.[a:] 1. name 2. vowel
Occasional examples of usage are given to help readers understand
the word in context, or understand how the word is used in an idiomatic
way. In this case, the illustrated word is followed by a colon, which
is followed by the example, i.e.:
dek like, as: Bu burç dek ajy = This is hot as a pepper
In most cases, part of speech is obvious and ommitted in the
interest of conserving space. However, when the part of speech is would
otherwise be ambiguous, it is indicated.
When single-word translations are impossible, or clarification of
usage is necessary, editorial text is written in italics. For short one
or two word comments, parentheses are used.
Introduction 7
Printer's Note
At the time of this printing, a complete computer-based font of the new Turkmen alphabet characters was not available to the general public. As a result, three characters have been substituted with close equivalents. These characters are as follows:
Official Character Substitute Character
¥ / ÿ
£ / £
? / ?
Turkmen/English Dictionary 1
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Aabadanylyk well-beingabadanlaºdyrmak to
make wellabadanlaºmak to be
made wellabanmak to lean overabat intactabatlyk intactnessabraØ reputationabuna subscriptionabunay subscriberabzal toolabzallar instrumentsabzallaºdyrmak to
make a toola gšz greedya opena-aan freely, frankly :
A-aan aØtsana = Please speak frankly
aar keyagšzlylyk greed,
fighting by greedy people
amak to openayk adj. openaylyº openingada islandadaglamak to betrotheadagly betrothedadalat fairnessadalatly fair, justadalatlylyk justiceadalatsyzlyk injusticeadalga term, titleadam person, manadamkŠrilik philanthro
pyadamzat humanityadata normal, okayadatlanmak to adaptadaty usualadmiral r. admiraladres r. addressadykmak to acquireadyl lavish, wealthyady–daky named afteraffiks r. affixafiºa r. posterafrikaly Africanaga 1. older brother 2.
(Balkan dialect) uncleagajet withered,
wrinkled
agaran 1. creamy froth of al 2. foam, froth 3. lightened, whipped up
agdar-du–der etmek to turn upside-down
agdarmak to overturn, push over
agdyk overmuchagdyklyk predominanceaglaba often, the
greater partaglamak to cry, weepagralmak 1. to grow
heavy, weighten 2. to advance in pregnancy
agram weightagramly heavyagsak lameagsamak to limpagºamky adj. evening agºamlyk nahar dinneragtarmak to search, to
look foragtaryº search, questagtyk grandchildagy weeping, cryingagyl pen, enclosureagyr heavyagyrlyk weightagyrmak to hurtagyrtmak to hurt,
cause painagyry 1. ill 2. troublesagyz beklemek to fastagyz mouthagyzzyryk horse's bitagza memberagzala disjointedagzamak 1. to mention
someone else 2. to give voice to
agzybir friendlyagzybirlik friendshipah darn!aha aha!ahlak moral (of a story)ahmyr etmek to regret,
exitahyrky last, finalahyryn last, finalajal deathajamak 1. to be spoiled
2. to be fermented
ajatmak 1. to spoil 2. to ferment
ajaØyp wonderful, beautiful
ajdarha dragonajšze on an empty
stomachajy spicy, peppery, hotajyga ajyga, a spicy
Turkmen salad or sauce made from potatoes, garlic, peppers, and onions
ajykmak to be hungry, hunger
ak whiteakaba flowingakar stream, flowakdyrmak to release,
let flow water or any other liquid
akgšwŸnli honest, open-hearted
aklamak to whiten, white-wash
aklawy lawyerakmak 1. foolish, stupid
2. to flowakmaklyk stupidityakrobat r. acrobataktiw r. activeaktØor r. actorakØuzli paleakyl mindakyldar intellectualakylly smart, cleverakylsyz stupidakylsyzlyk stupidityakym stream, flowakytmak to poural pinkala multi-colored (2
colors)alabahar early springalabeder multi-colored
(3 or more colors)ala exit, escapealasyz inescapablealasyzlyk inevitability,
unavoidabilityalada cares, troublesalada etmek to care
for, go to trouble overaladalanmak to care
for, go to trouble overaladaly troubled,
preoccupiedaladandan in the pre-
dawn
Turkmen/English Dictionary 2
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alahekik magpiealahuberen alahuberen
, a species of white and gray snake
alaja talisman of camel hair
alajy purchaser, customer
alaka ratalamat mark, sign,
signifieralamatlandyrmak to
signifyala– hillalarmak to dazzlealarylmak to stare
threateningly, to glare angrily
alasarmyk cloudy, uncertain
alaØaz early spring: ol alaØaz Øaly boldy = he came out of his bad mood
alak friendly, sociablealdamak to liealdanmak to deceive
oneselfaldaw deception, liealdawy liar, rascal,
fakeraldygyna to the best of
(my, its, his) ability : Men buni aldyguna etdim = I tried my best to do this
aldym-berdimli hard-fought, give-and-take
algy debtaljyramak to be
insecurealjyra––y insecure,
uncertain, afraid to actaljyratmak to make
someone/something a nervous wreck
alkym chinallanŠme wonderfulalma 1. apple 2. (as a
command) Don't take it!
almak to takeal–asamak to hurry,
make hasteal–asan hurriedal–asatmak to hastenaltmyº sixtyalty sixaltyn gold
making term)argyn tiredargynlyk wearinessarheolog r.
archeology, archeologist
arheologik r. archeological
arhitektura r. architecture
arhiw r. archivearka back (physical)arkadaØŠn brace,
supportarkalanmak to hopearkalaºmak to give a
hand to, assistarkalaºyk mutual aidarkalaºyk supportarkaly supported,
helped byarkan pronearkaØyn bolmak to
count onarkaØyn safearkaØynlamak to
quiet, to make stillarman impossible
fantasyarmyt pear
Turkmen/English Dictionary 3
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arpa barleyarryk skinnyarryklamak to get
skinnyarslan lionartdyrma increase,
multiplyartilleriØa r. artilleryartist r. artist, actorartmak 1. to increase
2. to peelartyk extraartykma 1. extra 2.
very: artykma gyz = very good girl
ary beearza declarationarzan inexpensivearzuw dream, wisharzuw etmek to wisharzuwlamak to wishas lizardasfalt r. asphaltasgy hanging pegasgyn weakasgynlamak to weakenasgynlyk weaknessasgyrmak to sneezeaslynda generallyasmak to hang upasman air, skyaspirant r. graduate
studentassa gentlyassistent r. assistantassyryn secretassyrynlyk secretivenes
sast bottom, belowastronom r.
astronomerastronomiØa r.
astronomyasuda peacefulasudalyk peaceasyl tribe, kin : sizi–
asly–iz kim? = Who are your kin?
asylly nobleasylmak to hangasylyp durmak tohang,
be hangingasyr centuryaº foodaºa too muchaºak below : aØagy–
aºagynda bolmak = to be underfoot
aºaklamak to lower
aºaky beggar, low-lifeaºgar lyeaºgazan stomachaºmak to cross :
Kšeden aºdym = I crossed the street
aºpez cookaºyk sheep knee-bones
(used in a children's game like dice)
aºyr somersaultaºyrmak to get acrossat 1. horse 2. [a:] first
name 3. [a:] noun 4. (as a command) shoot!
at calysma pronounat capysyk horse raceat Øatak stableat-abraØ authority,
"legger")aØakgap footwearaØakgap shoeaØaklamak to finishaØakly leggy, fastaØakØala–a barefootaØal wife, womanaØamak to take care ofaØan obviousaØat memorial
ceremonyaØawly cautiousaØaz frostaØba-aØ every monthaØbogdaº "Indian
make clear, explainaØgyr stallionaØgyt determinationaØgytly determinedaØlag 1. circle 2. gulfaØlamak to turn,
reflectaØlanjyramak to stroll,
saunteraØlanma rotation
Turkmen/English Dictionary 4
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aØlanmak 1. to go around, turn
aØla–-saØla– a little stroll
aØlar seasonsaØlaw 1. circle 2.
racetrackaØlawly circular, curvy,
windingaØlyk 1. salary 2.
monthlyaØmana fenceaØna window, glass,
mirroraØnadan reflectiveaØnalamak to make
glassyaØra singular, uniqueaØralyk loneliness,
separationaØratyn specific,
particularaØratynlyk specificityaØry differentaØrylmak 1. to get out
2. to complete 3. to dieaØy bear (animal)aØyl-saØyl obviousaØylgan fright, horroraØyp worthy of blameaØypgy accusative
(gram.)aØyplamak to blameaØyrmak to completeaz little, fewaz-azdan little by littleaz-oblak a little bitaza illazalmak to lessenazap torment, tortureazar bermek to give
trouble, painazar trouble, painazaºmak to get lostazat freeazatlyk freedomazgyrylmak to hollerazmak to get spoiledazot r. nitrogenazyk food
Bbaba grandfatherbabatda on the part ofbabatdan from that,
that's whybada initiallybada-bat immediatelybadamjan eggplantbadyna immediately bag 1. tree 2. lace,
shoelacebagaj r. baggagebagana sheep skinbagjyk lacebaglamak to join,
connectbaglanyºyk joint,
unisonbaglanyºykly unitedbaglaØjy united, joinedbagly bolmak to
animalsbakteria r. bacteriabaky eternalbakyna colonialbakyº glance : ogryn
bakyº = a furtive (stolen) glance
bal honeybala babybalak pantsbaly bee-keeperbaldak stablebaldyz younger sister-
in-lawbalet r. balletbalkon r. balconybalkyldamak to glisten,
glitterballistik r. ballisticbalyk fishbanderol r. packagebank bankbanka r. jarbap chapterbar to exist : Seni–
kellŠ– barmy? = Are you thinking? (Do you have your head?)
barabar equal, equallybarada aboutbardaºly healthybardy-geldi if
something comes up : Bardy-geldi siz gerek bolsany–iz... = If it happens you need something...
barha allbarlag check-upbarlag iº quizbarlagy examinerbarlamak to check,
examinebarly rich in
possessions, abundantbarlyk beingbarlyºyk coming,
meeting, gatheringbarmak 1. finger, toe
2. to gobarrikada r. baracadebars r. snow leopardbarØer r. barrier
Turkmen/English Dictionary 5
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bary all, everyone, everything, entire: Bary ºumy? = Is this all?
bary-Øogy all in allbaryp againbasgalamak to tramplebasganak step(s)basmak to pressbasseØn r. poolbassyrma awningbasybalyjy agressorbasylmak to lose, be
defeatedbasym soonbasyrganmak to rant
and ravebasyrmak to close,
coverbasyº pressurebaº 1. head 2. [a:] boil,
abscessbaº egme worshipbaº egmek to worshipbaº tutan boss, chiefbaºa-baº one on onebaºagaØ 1. vain 2.
busybaºagaØlyk vanitybaºarjan efficientbaºarmak to be able tobaºarnykly able,
capablebaºarnyklyk abilitybaºaºak the very
height, the tippy-topbaºda in the beginningbaºdan from the very
startbaºdan-aØak from
head to toesbaºga otherbaºga zat other thingsbaºgaa 1. differently 2.
otherwisebaºlamak to beginbaºlangy primary
beginningbaºly-barat orderlinessbaºlyk boss, hetmanbat spanbatalion r. battallionbatareØa r. batterybatga 1. slime, mud 2.
swampbatlandyrmak to
stretch, extendbatmak to sink, fallbatnyksyz meaningless,
silly
batyr courageous, boldbatyrlyk courage,
boldnessbaØ richbaØ-bow good golly!
sheesh!baØan enriched,
become richbaØanmak to become
richbaØdak flagbaØguº owlbaØlaºdyrmak to
enrichbaØlyk wealthbaØrak prize, rewardbaØram festivalbaØry old, greatbaØrynmak to rely, be
protected, be supportedbaØtal marebaØyr hillbaza r. base,
asly loud, greataslyk bandy-leggedasowoØ r. by the hour,
by the clockasy slanting, oblique;
squinty-eyedasyrmak 1. to pitch a
tent, spread out, set up 2. to knock down, overthrow 3. to knock unconscious
aºmak 1. to disperse, break up 2. to come apart, fall to pieces 3. to lose, waste 4. to be lost, wasted
at split, crack, creviceatak difficultatalba anat. sacrumatlamak to burst, crack
up, split openatma hut, tentatmak 1. to sew,
embroider 2. to tie together, connect, bind
3. to snatch, grasp, seize
atryk crossroadsatynja = tŠze
atynja newlywedsawmak to ricochetaØ I. tea II. small
river, creekaØ-šrek mealaØhana tea-houseaØkamak 1. to rinse
out 2. to rinse, gargle 3. to rock, swing, shake
aØkamak to rinseaØkanmak to stagger,
lurchaØkeº tea-loveraØlamak to water, give
drinkaØmak to cover, coataغarmak to bend, to
distortaغyk bandy-leggedaØyr bot. chayirebis kidebºek little bunnyek check : ek boØuna
tšlemek = to pay by check
ekankalamak to mint, coin, chase
ekdirme chekdirme, a traditional Turkmen meat dish
ekelemek 1. to torment, torture 2. to pester
ekeleºik discussion, dispute, controversy
ekeleºmek to dispute, argue, quarrel
eker sliding box, drawer
ekge cheek-boneeki hammerekilmek 1. to step back,
fall back, retreat 2. to reduce diminish, grow less 3. to grow lean
ekimiz agreeable, harmonious
ekimli publicekimli ses vowelekimsiz ses consonantekinmede feel free to...ekinmek 1. to feel shy,
embarrassed 2. to be afraid
Turkmen/English Dictionary 10
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ekirtge locustekis hammerekisme discussion,
debateekiºme etmek to
debateekiºmeler debateekize chekize: a
common milk product resembling cream cheese, but more sour
ekmek I. 1. to pull, draw, tow 2. to carry, drag, pull 3. to last : Examinler bir aØa ekdi = The exam took one month 4. to lead, conduct 5. to drag in, involve 6. 7. to smoke 8. to get procure 9. to be like, resemble 10. to carry, bear, bring 11. to draw a picture, make a design II. to hang up; weigh
ekremek to bleatelek cask, tunelgi landmarkelpek r.em successful moment,
good eventeme spooneme convenient
situation?emedan r. suitcaseemelenmek to prepare,
trainemeleºmek to
approach, go up to, arrive, come
emeli 1. convenient, comfortable 2. exemplary, approximate 3. apparently, evidently
bawl, lament, wailykalga exitykan cousinykarmak 1. to take out,
pull at 2. to take off, strip, undress 3. to let out, release 4. to dismiss, discard 5. to
publish, edit, put out 6. to manufacture, produce 7. to get, obtain, procure 8. to display, expose 9. to dislocate, sprain 10. to remove, transfer
ykdajy expenditure, debt
ykdaØjy expenseykgynsyz 1. continual
2. desperate, hopelessykmak 1. to exit, to
leave 2. to go, set off 3. to climb up, into 4. to utter, emit 5. to result in 6. to turn out, be found 7. to meet 8. to leave, withdraw, drop out 9. to originate, eminate 10. to dislocate, sprain : gapºy ykmak = to oppose : Øatdan ykmak = to forget
ykyrynmak to take off, to strip
ykyº etmek to perform, make a speech
ykyº speech, presentation
ykyw addressylgym strip, streakylka filletylpyk pusylpyklamak to festerylºyrymlaºdyrmak to
be complicatedylºyrymlaºmak to
become complicatedylºyrymly complex,
complicatedym : ‚ym-ym etme! =
Don't be shy! (used when someone is eating little)
yn trueyn ØŸrekden sincerelyynar plane treeynlakaØ in earnest,
seriouslyynØŸrekdeºlik sincerit
yyp noise from eating?ypar red, sorrelypdyrma lie, falsehoodyplak lightly dressed,
with light baggage
ypla– lightly dressed, with light baggage
yra lampyryk sicknessyryklamak to fall illyrlamak to wind
around, embrace withyrmamak to wrap upyrmaºmak to plait,
braidyrmaºyk ivyyrpmak I. to mint, coin
II. to rinse, gargleyrpynmak 1. to wind,
wiggle, twist, meander 2. to roar, rage, storm
yrryldamak to whistleyrryldyy a whistleyrºak dirt, mudyrºamak 1. to smear, to
rub in, to spreadytalaºmak to try, to
endeavor, to striveytmak to knit the
browns, to frown, to wrinkle
ytyk 1. gloomy, sullen, cloudy (personal) 2. gloomy, dark (weather)
yzgmak to turn up, to tuck up
yzgy 1. drawing 2. drawing, draft, note
yzgy ruler (for geometry)
yzmak to draw, designyzmyk stripeyzyk line, trait, feature
Turkmen/English Dictionary 13
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Ddaban sole (of foot)dabara celebration,
ceremonydabaralanmak to
celebrate, observe a ceremony
dabaraly ceremonialdadyrmak to tastedag mountaindagatmat to scatterdaglamak 1. to grill 2.
to branddagly mountain-dwellerdagy else, what else :
Dagy zat tapmady–my? = Didn't you find anything else?
dagy-duwara from now on, henceforward
dagynyk uncoordinated, odd
dahylly important, relevant : Bu sa–a dahylly dŠl = This doesn't concern you
dakmak to put on : Ol barmagy–a ØŸzŸk dakdy = She put the ring on her finger
dakynmak to weardalak med. spleendalan veranda, porchdalbar summer-housedalyn carnationdalda help, aiddaljykmak to pant, be
out of breathdamak throatdamar vein, artery,
nerve : gan damar = blood vessel
damdyk small drop (i.e. of water)
damja dropdamjalamak to dripdammak to drip :
Dama-dama kšl bolar, hi dammasa - šp bolar Å Drop by drop makes a lake, but not a drop makes a desert
daniØaly Danishdanmak to tie, fasten
da– atmak to dawnda– dawnda–dan at dawnda–danky adj. early-
morningda–mak 1. to tie 2. to
wrap aroundda–y tether, tiedar narrowdarak combdaraklyk toesdaralmak to shrinkdaramak to combdartgynly tense,
intensedartmak to tugdary milletdarykmak to worrydaº I. far II. 1. exterior
2. yard, outside area 3. cover (i.e. of a book) III. [a:] stone
daº-tšwerek vicinity, surroundings
daºamak to carrydaºary 1. outside 2.
externaldaºary Øurt
dili foreign languagedaºdeºen woodpeckerdaºgyn above, beyonddaºky outside, outerdaºlamak to stone,
throw stones atdaºlaºdyrmak to
remove, extractdaºly stony, rockydaºlykdaky remotedaºmak to overflowdaºyndan besides, in
addition todat-bidat! help!datmak to tastedavaØ r. "Come on!
Let's!"dawa conflict, argumentdawalaºmak to arguedawaly argumentativedaØamak to prop updaØan supportdaØaw strong, healthydaØhan peasant (often
used to replacethe Russian "kolhoznik" , meaning "collective farmer")
daØy uncledaØza 1. aunt 2.
ma'am
dazarylmak to come down hard on someone, get tough with
dazlamak to rush, speed along
debsilmek to spurdegerli 1. persuasive,
convincing 2. efficacious
degirmek to concern, affect
degirmen mill : degirmen daºy = millstone
degiºgen jokerdegiºli bolmak to
belongdegiºli concerning, in
relation todegiºmek to jokedegmek 1. to touch 2.
to bump against 3. fig. to affect, bother, play with : Gowusy, sen ma–a degme! = You'd better not mess with me!
dek I. still, unmoving II. like, as : Bu bur dek ajy = This is hot as a pepper
deºik 1. hole 2. full of holes : deºik halta = sack with many holes 3. gap
deºirmek to check against, with
deºmek to make a hole, puncture
dŠde uncle, father (Balkan dialect)
dŠl notdŠli crazy: dŠli
bolmak = to go crazydŠliremek to go crazy
dŠne 1. seed, pit; grain, kernel 2. bunch, group
dŠnmek 1. to deny 2. to retract (ie. one's words)
dŠp traditiondŠp-dessur traditiondialekt r. dialectdidar face: Men seni–
didary–a zar Å I miss you
didivan gun-sight, gun-scope
digden eklemek to tremble
digir graindiglemek to shudderdik steep;
perpendiculardikdټdi obstinatedikelmek 1. to
straighten oneself; raise oneself
dikeltmek 1. to straighten, to set straight
dikmek to dig indiktant r. dictationdiktatura r.
dictatorshipdiktor r. radio-
announcerdil 1. toungue 2.
language 3. pointer, indicator (ie. on a gauge)
dilden orallydildŸwºŸk plot,
conspiracydileg prayerdilemek 1. to ask 2. to
wish 3. to praydilewar 1. witty 2. witdilik etmek to slitdilik n. slit; slice; cutdilim slice; segmentdillenmek to say
somethingdilleºmek to make said;
to come to the pointdilmek to cut; slicedin religiondindar religious;
faithfuldini religiousdi– emphatic
preposition: Ol di– arkan Øykyldy = He
Turkmen/English Dictionary 15
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fell flat (directly) on his back
di– salmak to overhear; to hear about
di–e onlydi–ir genmek to
ponder, meditate ondi–lemek to listendi–leØji listener;
audiencedi–leØmek 1. to listen
2. to overheardi–mek to become
calm; grow quiet; ceasedi–ºirgemek to listen todiplom r. diplomadiplomatic r.
diplomaticdireg strut, brace, propdirektor r. directordirelmek to come to
lifediremek to prop up;
bracedirenmek to be
propped up; c=braceddiri alivedirijØor r. conductor
(of a band or orchestra)diriligene alivediriliº resurrectiondispanser r. clinicdispeter r. dispatcherdissertatsiØa r.
dissertationdiº tooth : Diº agyrysy
= toothachediºlemek 1. to bite 2.
to have a bite, eat a little
diversiØa r. sabotagedivisiØa r. division
(military)diwar walldiØen Øaly almostdiØmek 1. to say: Mu–
a nŠme diØØŠrler? = What's this called? 2. to mean, to signify; to imply
dizel r. dieseldodak lipdoga from birthdoga okamak to praydogan brotherdogan-garyndaº relati
vedoganlyk brotherhooddoganoglan cousin
doglan gŸni birthdaydogluº birthdogmak to rise (of the
sun)dogralmak to be
straightened updograltmak to
straighten updograma dograma, a
dish made of stuffing, onions, and sheep's head , sometimes made into soup
dogramak to cut to pieces
dogruyl honest, sinceredogruyllyk sinceritydogruda concerningdogrudan true, reallydogrulamak to direct,
aim atdogrusy in truth, trulydogry 1. true 2. exact
3. straight 4. righteous, upright
dogulmak to be borndogumly determineddogurmak to give birthdok full, satisfieddokalmak to be wovendokamak to weavedokulyk prosperitydoklad r. reportdokluk satisfactiondokma weaving, carpet-
making : dokma fabrigi = carpet factory
doktor r. doctordokument r. documentdokuz ninedokuzynjy ninthdoky Belugiandolag wrapperdolak leg-wrappingsdolama ground meat
wrapped in cabbagedolamak 1. to wrap,
bind 2. to turn, double back
dolandyrmak to manage, control
dolandyrys management
dolanmak to come back
doldurgy gram. object : gšni baglanØan doldurgy
= direct object : gytaklaØyn baglanØan doldurgy = indirect object
doldurmak to filldolmak to be filleddoly I. hail II. [o:]
full(y), filled; thick; complete
domma quiet, reserveddon robe (traditional
Turkmen)do– frozendo–aklyk freeze, frostdo–an rigid, frozendo–durma ice-creamdo–durmak to freezedo–mak to be frozendo–uz pigdor bay (color of a
horse)dos used in
superlatives: dos-doly = completely full
dost friend, friendly (male or neuter)
dost-Øar friendsdostlaºmak to become
friendsdostluk friendshipdotsent r. doccentdowam etmek to
continuedowamynda duringdowan length, course
(of time)dowanly lengthydowar livestock
(specifically: sheeps, goats, and small cattle)
dowul panicdowzah helldoØa until satisfied :
Men doØa iØdim = I ate until I was full
doØmak to eat one's fill, stuff oneself: Men doØdym = I'm full, I've stuffed myself
doØurmak to fill (an animal) with food
dškmek 1. to spill 2. to leak
dškŸlmek 1. to be poured out 2. to drop : Agalary– Øapaklary dškŸlØŠr = Leaves fall from the trees
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dškŸn manure, nightsoil
dškŸnlemek to fertilizedšmmek to tear off a
piecedšndermek to flip overdšnmek 1. to be flipped
over 2. to switch over, turn : Bu gŸn howa gyºa dšndi = Today the weather turned wintry
dšnŸk traitor, turn-coatdšnŸklik treacherydšrdŸnji fourthdšrediji creatordšredijilik creationdšremek to arise,
spring updšretme creationdšretmek to createdšretmek to start,
create, founddšrjemek to dig intodšrmek to search, dig
around fordšrt fourdšrtlŸk a four, a "B"
studentdšrŸºdirmek to turn
overdšs pile, heapdšº breastdšw I. set, match II.
giant; demondšwek threshing :
dšwek dšwmek = to thresh
dšwlet 1. government 2. richness, goodness
dšwmek to breakdšwrŸnde duringdšwŸk brokendšwŸlgi fragiledšwŸlmek to breakdšwŸm piece, lump,
portiondšwŸr 1. epoch 2.
period, timedšwŸrdeº contemporar
y (said of a person)dšwŸrleØin periodicdšzmek to be uncaringdšzŸmli hardy, staunchdšzŸmsiz sympathetic,
compassionatedrama r. dramaduar bolmak to be
faced with
duk mixed updul 1. place of respect
2. widowerdul aØal widowduldegºir near,
neighborly : duldegºir bolup Øaºamak = to be a neighbor to, live near
duluk cheekduman fog, mist, hazedumanlamak to grow
foggydumanly foggy, misty :
dumanly daglar = misty mountains
dura-bara gradually, continually
duralga stop (as in bus or taxi stop)
durdugya gradually, continually
durlamak to clear, make still
durmak 1. to stand, be still 2. to be (used to express cost or fixed state) 3. used as a modal verb to express a state of being or continual action: Ol gŸlŸp durØar = She's smiling, she's been smiling
durmuº life, existencedurmuºa ykan married
(of a girl)durmuºa ykmak to
marry (of a girl)durna crane (bird)durnukly solid, stabledurnuklylyk stabilitydurºuna entirelyduruzmak to make a
stop, to stopdury pureduº bolmak to be faced
with somethingduº gelmek to meet,
come toduº I. [u:] close to : Ol
duºuna bardy = He went closer II. r. shower
duºak fettersduºenbe Mondayduºly closelyduºmak to meet,
encounter
duºman enemyduºmanylyk animosityduºuºmak to meet,
encounterduºuºyk meeting,
encounterdutar dutar, a
traditional Turkmen instrument which is two-stringed, looks somewhat like a mandolin and has a twangy sound
duw superlative affiz: duw-ak = the whitest, completely white
examine, inspect 2. to nurse, care for, look after
esger soldieresgerlik position,
locationesgi rageskalator r. escalatoreskiz r. sketchesli considerable, largeessalawmaleØkim for
mal greetingesse time (x)estafeta r. relay raceestetik r. aestheticestetika r. aestheticsestrada r. stage,
platformeºek donkeyeºik clotheseºikler clotheseºitmek to heareºret well-being,
prosperityeºretli blessedet meatetazh r. floor, story of
buildingetek lap, skirtetli of meat, meatyetli-ganly full-bloodedetmek to do, to make,
to produceetmiº offenseetrap geographical
regionetØud r. etudeeØ-waØ oh!eØ-wŠk ouch!eØe bolmak to owneØe ownereØeilik ownershipeØelemek 1. to capture
2. to conquer 3. to gain, occupy, employ
eØelik etmek to keep house
eØer saddleeØerlemek to saddle
eØermek 1. to follow, ensue 2. to be led 3. to imitate, copy
eØgermek to inquire about, ask
eØgilik well-being, prosperity, happiness
eØikmek to grow stronger
eØjelik prettyeØle like that, as sucheØleki different, others,
the otherseØlemek 1. to tan 2. to
kneadeØmen older, senioreØmenmek to fear, be
afraideØwan verandaeØØam I. already II.
eraezenek lazyezilmek 1. to get wet 2.
to moisten 3. to be oppressed
eziz dearezmek 1. to wet,
moisten, soak 2. to opress
ezØet martyr
€Š ah! I see!Šbermek to give, serve,
render, get readyŠdik bootŠdiki shoemakerŠdim footstepŠdimlemek to step,
marchŠgŠ: Šga bolmak to be
carefu;Šgirt 1.huge 2.veryŠhe– toneŠhey yo, hi (greeting)ŠhŠ ah!, I see!Šhlepus dunce, know-
nothingŠhli all, the whole, fullŠhlihalk nationwideŠhlumumy universal,
generalŠhmiØet meaning,
significance, importance
ŠhmiØetli significant, considerable
Šht vow, pledge, promise
Šhtibar 1. reliable, dependable 2. authentic
Šhtimal possiblyŠhtiØalanlyk treachery
, perfidyŠkitmek to carry, take
awayŠklemek to bring,
deliverŠlem worldŠlem-jahan universe,
worldŠlemgoºar rainbowŠ– lower jawŠ–etmek 1. to look at
2. to look overŠpet mighty, powerful,
hugeŠpiºge windowŠr husbandŠr-aØal married coupleŠsgermek to consider,
regardŠsgermezilik neglect,
disdainŠsgermezlik neglect,
disdain
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ŠºgŠr open, obvious, evident
ŠºgŠrlik openness, obviousness
Štiºgir railroad pliers, tongs
ŠtiØa caution, heedŠtiØaly cautious,
carefulŠtlemek 1. to step 2. to
cross, transgressŠtmek to stepŠwmek to feel, react,
respond toŠwmezlik slowness,
tardiness (?)ŠwŸl-sŠwŸl by chance
(?)ŠØnek glasses,
spectacles
Ffabrik factoryfakt r. factfakultØet r. facultyfamiliØa r. surnamefaner r. plywood,
veneerfantastika r. fantastic,
imaginaryfantaziØa r.
imagination; fantasyfarfor r. china; porcelinfartuk r. apronfason r. stylefederasiØa r.
federationfederatiw r.
federative; federalfehtowaniØe r. fencingfeldsher r. medical
assistantfelØeton r. feuilletonferma r. farmfestiwal r. festivalfewral r. FebruaryfeØerwerk r. fireworkfilarmoniØa r.
philharmonicfilm r. filmfilologik r. philologicfilologiØa r. philologyfilosofik r. philosophicfilosofiØa r. philosophyfin r. Finnfinal r. final; finalefirma r. firmfizika r. physicsfiziki r. physicistflot r. fleetfond r. fundfonetik r. phoneticfonetika r. phoneticsfontan r. fountainforma r. uniformformal r. formalformat r. size; formformula r. formulaformulirlemek r. to
formulateformulirowka r.
formulationforografilemek r. to
photographfortoka r. window leafforum r. forum
fotoapparat r. camerafotografiØa r.
photographfoØe r. foyer; lobbyfraseologik r.
phraseologicfraseologiØa r.
phraseologyfront r. frontfundament r.
foundation; basisfunksiØa r. functionfutbol r. footballfutboly r. football
player
Turkmen/English Dictionary 22
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Ggaba cumbersome,
unweildygabahatylyk entrapme
nt, vicious schemegabak eyelidgabamak to encirclegabanja– jealousgabanmak to be
jealous ofgabara dimension, sizegabaryk callousgabarmak to callousgabat against : JaØlar
bir-birine gabat salnypdyr = The houses were built against each other
gabat gelmek to coincide
gabatlamak to intercept
gabaw siege, encirclement
gabsa shuttergabyk bark, shellgaa durmak to avoid,
keep at a distance : Men ony gaa durØaryn = I'm avoiding her
gaalak etmek to hide from, to avoid
gaalaklamak to hide from, avoid
gaalga avoidancegagak fugitive, refugeegagakmak 1. to avoid
2. to fall, be lost : Meni– ukym gaypdyr = My hopes were vanishing
gamak 1. to flee, retreat 2.to drop (on its own)
gay dikegayrmak 1. to drop, let
fall 2. to let loose : ol towºany gayrdy = He let loose the rabbit
gadagan forbidden, prohibited
gadam step, movementgadym ancientgadymy antiquity
gadyr fondnessgadyrly dear onegadyrsyz unlovedgagal stupid, foolishgagºamak to tremblegagyldamak to cackle,
croakgagyrmak to spitgagyrynmak to spit outgahar gelmek to get
angrygahar getirmek to
angergahar rage, furygahar-gazap rage, furygaharjan furious, angrygaharjandyrmak to
behind : galak okuwy = a pupil who isn't making progress
galak-galak leftovers, clippings
galaktika r. galacticgalam 1. pencil 2.
spoon (Yomud)galamdan pencil-casegalapyn most of the
time : Galapyn sen gije galyp gelØŠrsi– = You come late most of the time
galat untruthful : Siz galat aØdØarsy–yz! = You're lying!
galaØy tingalaØylamak to soldergaldyramak to tremblegaldyrnak 1. to raise :
Eli–i galdyry–! = Raise your hand! 2. [a:] to leave (something) : Kataplary–izi šØde galdyry– = Leave your books at home
galgamak to flutter
galkynys revivalgalla grain, breadgalmagal noise, racketgalmagally noisygalmak 1. to raise, be
lifted 2. [a:] to stay, remain 3. [a:] used to form modal verbs, keep Éing : Ol Øatyr galdy = He kept (remained) sleeping
gal–amak to thicken, become dense : Gar kem-kemden gal–aØar = The snow gradually thickened
galoº r. galoshesgalp fake, counterfeitgalpak a baby's first
hair : galpak toØy = a party celebrating a child's first haircut
galplaºdyrmak to falsify
galpyldy tremorsgalstuk r. necktiegaltak wheelbarrowgaltaman banditgaltaºdyrmak to be
right against : ºkafy divara galtaºdyryp goØdyk = We put the wardrobe against the wall
galtga floatgalyberse-de and with
that...galyn bride pricegalyndy remaining,
remainder: On iki dšrde galyndysyz bšlŸnØŠr = Twelve goes into four without a remainder
galy– thickgaly–lyk thicknessgam cekmek to mourngamak a kind of plantgamaºmak 1. to be
dazed, overwhelmed 2. to be disgusted
gamaºyk hazy, cloudy, dull
gamy whipgamylamak to whipgamgyn sadgamlaºdyrmak to
pack, stuffgamly sad
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gamyº reed : Gamyºy gowºak tutsa–, elinni gyØar = Hold the reed lightly, it might cut your hand
gan bloodgana plenty : Gana syw
i! = Drink plenty of water!
ganagy adj. bleedingganar sack (for cut
straw, etc.)ganat wingganatlandyrmak to
inspire (lit. to add wings)
ganaw ditchgandym a kind of plantgandyrmak to fill,
satisfy, slake, relieveganhor murderer,
monstrous personganjarmak to bleedganjyga saddle strapsganjyk bitchganly bloodyganmak to fill
(something with a liquid)
gansyz bloodlessgant sugargantly sugaryganybir one blooded :
Ol meni– ganybir doganym = He's my blood brother.
ganymat not badganymatlaºmak to get
betterga––a mule saddlega–rak hookga–rylamak to bend,
make hookedga–ºyrawuk anat.
nasopharynxga–yrak hook (for
clothing)ga–yrmak to bendgap 1. box, package 2.
vessel : naxar iØilØŠn gap = kitchenware 3. grammatical intesifier: gap-gara–ky = really dark
gapak covergapan 1. trap 2. scale
(for weighing)gapdal side : Gapy
jaØy– demirgazyk
gapdalyda = The door is on the house's north side
gapdalky adj. side : gapdalky gapy = side door
gapga dishes, utensilsgapgarmak to fillgapjamak to clampgapjawa clampgaplamak to cover,
burygapla– tigergapma-garºy contradic
tory : Ol ma–a gapma-garºy dyrdy = He contradicted me
gapmak to catchgapy doorgapyl ignorant, ill-
informedgapyrga ribgapyrjak boxgar snowgara blackgara-šrt bolmak to
chargarabasma nightmaregaraorba Turkmen
meat soupgaragol disorderlygaraguº epilepsygarahassalyk typhysgaraj r. garagegarak eye : NŠme,
seni– garagy– Øokmy? = What, you don't have eyes to see?
garaky bandit : de–iz garaylary = pirates
garakšl baby sheep's pelt (used to make Turkmen telpeks)
garalama draft, rough copy
garalamak 1. to blacken : Ol gaºy–y garalaØar = She's darkening her eyebrows 2. to dye 3. to shame, sully
garalawy public prosecutor, investigating magistrate
garalmak 1. to become dark 2. to burn : DŸn men gŸne gataldym = I got a sunburn
yesterday 3. to consider
garaltmak to make black
garaly plum, plum tree : garaly mŸrepbesi = plum jam
garalyºmak to wait for someone
garamak 1. v. to overlook 2. v. to consider 3. n. direction, auspices
garamandalak thistlegaramat responsibilitygaramaØak common
people (???)garamazdan despitegaramyk 1. chicken pox
2. a kind of plantgaranjaklamak to look
aroundgarantja scarecrowgara–ky 1. dark, unlit
2. darkness : Gara–kydan gorkØary–my? = Are you afraid of the dark?
gara–kylyk darknessgara–kyramak to
darkengarasšØmez reserved,
unsociablegarasuw glaucomagaraºdyrmak to make
someone wait awhilegaraºly bolmak to
depend ongaraºly dependentgaraºlylyk dependencegaraºmak to waitgaraºsyz independentgaraºsyzlyk independe
nce: syØasy we ykdysady garaºsyzlyk = political and economic independence
garaºyk attention, notice
garawul durmak to stand guard
garawul guardgaraØag targaraØagyz dark
complexionedgaraØyº 1. attitude,
opinion 2. look, glancegaraz in general, to put
it shortly : Garaz sen
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razy dŠl-dŠ = To put it shortyly, you don't agree
garbak-gurbak etmek to bite, eat some
garbamak to sufficegarbanmak to bite, eat
somegarygaØ fellowgardaº brothergarderob r. wardrobegarga crow, ravengargy reed, rushgargyº damnationgarjaºmak to get mixed
up, confusedgarjaºyk hoarsegark bilmak to drowngarlawa swallow (bird)garly snowygarma-gŸrmelik chaos
, confusiongarmak to mix with,
shufflegarmon r. accordiangarnizon r. garrisongarnuw dash, pinch (in
cooking)garnym ditchgarpyºmak to be
coupled with, to clamp on to
garpyz watermelon : Ker garpuz iØ! = Eat a piece of watermelon!
garramak to agegarraºmak to get a
little oldergarratmak to make old
: Agyr zŠhmet ony garradyrdyr = Hard work aged him
garry 1. old, aged 2. old person
garrygyz Old Girl (a variety of melon)
garrylyk age, old agegarsamak to putgarsylyk obstaclegarºy 1. against,
adjoining 2. to meet, greet : Olary– garºysyndan babam ykdy = My grandfather went to meet them 3. constantly : Ol okuwa garºy gijŠ galyp
gelmek = He always comes late to study
garºy cykmak to disagree, object
garºydaº adversarygarºyldamak to greet,
meetgarºylyk
gšrkezme protestgarºylyk gšrkezmek to
protestgarºylyk obstacle,
oppositiongarta– grown : Bu
telpek seni garta– gšrkezØŠr = This hat makes you look older
gartaºmak to grow oldgarym-gatym disorderl
ygaryn stomach : Meni–
garynym a = I'm hungry
garyndaº relativegaryndaºsyramak to
be relatedgaryndy dash, pinch (in
cooking)garynja antgaryp poor : garyp
adam = poor persongaryplyk povertygaryº a unit of
measurement equal to the width of a hand from the outside of the thumb to the outside of the little finger
garyºdyrmak to mix, mix in
garyºmak to be mixedgaryºyk mixedgassap butchergastrol r. tour (artistic)gastronom r. gourmetgasyk groin, pubisgasyn wrinkle
gaº 1 1. eyebrow 2. before : gaºynda durmak = to stand before
gaº 2 encrustations, inlayed stones
gaºamak to scratchgaºba-gaº face to face
(lit. brow to brow)gaºlamak to inlay,
encrust
gat layer, floor : iki gat jaØ = two-story house
gatakar rapidsgatalkmak to raise,
strengthen : Ol sesi–i galtalkmali = He should raise his voice
gatamak 1. to harden 2. to grow stale
gatan share, portiongatbar-gatbar many-
flooredgatla dam, dikegatlak layergatlakly layeredgatlamak to deposit,
add a layergatmak 1. to add 2. to
mixgatnamak to be going
(on a regular basis)gatnaºmak to
participate in, attend : Men lektsiØalara gatnaºdym = I attended the lectures
gatnaºyjy participantgatnaºyk relation:
dostlukly gatnaºyk = friendly relations
gatnaw 1. movement, traffic : HŠzir ºaheri– kšelerinde gatnaw uly = There's a lot of movent on the streets today 2. communication, route
gatnawy routegaty I. 1. hard, strong
2. stale : gaty šrek = stale bread 3. loud II. 1. very, extremely, a lot : Ol gaty gordy = He was very afraid 2. well-done : gaty biºirilen Øumurtga = hard-boiled egg
gatyk soft milk product like yoghurt
gatylyk hardnessgatyr mulegatyrganmak to angergatyºyk variousgawun melongaØ stormgaØa crag, cliffgaØamak to embroidergaØcy scissors
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gaØylamak to cut with scissors
gaØduwsyz intrepid, fearless
gaØdym derejesi gram. passive voice
gaØdyp forward, beyond
gaØdyºyn return, way back : GaØdyºyn size degip geepin = I'll stop by on the way back
gaØgy etmek to worrygaØgy worry, sadnessgaØgyly sad,
2. [a:] to whirl, spin around : ‚agajik enesini– daºynda gaØmalap Øšrdi = The child whirled around its mother
gaØmalaºmak [a:] to hurry about, bustle, make a fuss
gaØnag boiled : Men di–e gaØnag suw imeli = I must drink only boiled water
gaØnamak to boilgaØnatmak to boil
(something) : Sen suw gaØnatØa–my? = Are you boiling water?
gaØra north-eastgaØragolulmasyz urge
ntgaØralmak 1. to
worsen 2. to move backward
gaØramak to hone, sharpen
gaØrat strength, hutzpah
gaØratlanmak to buck up, get gutsy
gaØry differentgaغarmak to sag,
cave in
gaغartmak to bend, bend back, indent
gaØta 1. time(s) : Kitaby birnŠe gaØta okadym = I read the book a few times 2. just the opposite : Ùagyº di–mŠn, gaØta gŸØlenØŠrdi = The snow didn't slacken – just the opposite – it got stronger
gaØtalanmak to be repeated
gaØtalaºdyrmak to review, repeat several times : …Ø iºleri–izi gaØtalaºdyry– = Review your homework
gaØtalmak to repeatgaØtandan anew,
again : GaØtadan geli–! = Come again!
gaØtargy change (money)
gaØtarma 1. negative command or gerrund form of gaØtarmak 2. A young wife who returns to her family for a short time after a month of marriage
gaØtarmak to give back, return
gaØtawul rebuff, repulse : Duºmana gaØtawul berdik = We repulsed the enemy
gaØybana externally, by correspondence
gaØyk boatgaØym firm, tough :
gaØym aga = solid wood
gaØyn in-law, in-laws : gaØyn ata = father-in-law
gaØyº leathergaØzykmak to become
weather-beaten, chapped
gaz gasgaz [a:] gooseGazak Kazahkgazan big palow pangazan earningsgazana [a:] potgazanly profitablegazanmak to earn
gazap angergazaplandyrmak to
make angrygazaplanmak to get
angrygazaply angrygazet r. newspapergazganak pothole : Ùol
durºuna gazganak = The road is full of potholes
gazly carbonated, gassy : gazly suw = carbonated water
gazmak to diggazyk peggeelge passagegeginli popular, sought-
aftergei goat : Gei ØŸwrŸp,
keØik bolmaz = A very fast goat won't be a gazelle : GeŠ jan gaØgy, gassaba – Øag : The goat loves life, the butcher loves fat
geiriji conductorgeirimli merciful,
charitablegeirmek 1. to conduct,
run, control 2. to translate : Turkmendiline geiri–! = Translate to Turkmen! 3. to reschedule, set a new time
geis transitiongemek 1. to pass 2. to
begin, start : TŠze tema geØŠris = We're starting a new theme 3. to pardon, forgive 4. used as a helping verb like the English "through" : deºip gemek = to pierce through : okap gemek = to read through
gemiº the past : yzak gemiº = the distant past
gedam proud, arrogantgedaØ 1. poor 2.
beggar, poor persongedaØlaºmak to
impoverishgedemlik arrogance
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gegemoniØa r. hegemony
gektar r. hectacregele–sizlik carelessnes
sgelin 1. young girl 2.
sister-in-law, bridegelinalyjy wedding
caravangelinbarmak grapes
(specifically, Lady's Finger, a long a sweet variety of grape)
gelingyz young bride, girl
gelip ykmak to originate
gelip ykyº origingeliºmek to go with,
suit : Bu kšØnek sa–a geliºmeØŠr = That dress doesn't suit you
geljek future : Bagtly geljek hakynda arzuw etØŠrin = I wish for a happy future : geljek Øyl = next year
gelmek 1. to come, arrive 2. to bear, carry 3. sometimes used as a modal verb with the -yp/-ip gerrund form : alyp gelmek = to bring : uup gelmek = to fly in 4. used to describe wants and desires : Ùatasym gelØŠr = I want to sleep : Ony– alasy– gelØŠr = She wants to cry
bedgowrak more thangowºak weakgowºamak to weakengowºatmak to make
weakgowºuramak to convey,
delivergowulandyrmak to
make better, improvegowularmak to get
bettergowulaºmak to make
bettergowulyl goodness, goodgowurma preserved
meat that was fried in fat- something like jerky or hard tack
gowurmak to frygowuºmak 1. to give 2.
to reach, make it to : Olar Aºgabada gowuºdylar = They reached Ashgabat
gowuz not fullgowy good, wellgowy gšrmek to like,
be fond ofgowylandyrmak to
improvegowylyk goodnessgowzalmak to
decrease, get rid ofgoØalamk to thickengoØazy seriousgoØbermek 1. to let go
2. used as a modal verb to signify reflexive or involuntary actions : Ol muny aØdyp goØberdi = He let this slip from his toungue by accident, He said this
goØbolsun etmek to repeal, abolish
goØŠ as if, as though
goØmak 1. to put 2. to put forward, submit 3. used as a modal verb signifying a completed action : alyp goØmak = to make a purchase : edip goØmak = to get (something) done
unease, disquiet : Ondan gozgala–a duºØŠrin = That makes me feel uneasy, that disturbs me
gozgala–y rebel, mutineer
gozgamak to move (something)
gozganmak to move (oneself)
gšbek belly-buttongš 1. move, turn (in
chess or checkers) 2. nomadic camp
gšgŸnli jumpy, excitedgšme mobile, transitorygšmek to move, to go
somewhere else : Gš-aØ! = C'mon, move! (Heard often in buses)
gšŸrmek 1. to move (something) 2. fig. to copy
gšdek rudegšgerin wild dovegšgermek 1. to grow,
rise, come up 2. to become blue or green
gšjek clay ball (used for slingshots)
gšk 1. blue 2. green 3. sky : Gškde eke-je bulut Øok = There's not a single cloud in the sky
gšk šnŸm vegetablegšl central design,
symbol in a Turkmen carpet
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gšle calf (young cow)gšm-gšk bluest,
completely bluegšmelteØ directly,
immediatelygšmmek to fill ingšmŸk filledgšn leathergšnelmek to straighten
outgšnenilik pleasuregšnenmek to get
pleasure, benefitgšni straight, directgšnŸburluk mat. right
anglegšnŸkdirmek to directgšnŸkme exercise (in a
book)gšnŸlmek 1, to go
straight 2. to speak directly
gšnŸme directionsgšnŸmek to be directedgšnŸmel straightforwar
dgšr grave, tombgšre pupil (of the eye)gšredeli model,
examplegšreº wrestlinggšreºmek to fight,
wrestlegšrŠ 1. by comparison :
Ol sa–a gšrŠ daØawrak = By comparison to you, he's healthy 2. by, according to : seni– aØtmagy–a gšrŠ = by your words, according to your words
gšrgi suffering, torturegšrgŸli unfortunate
persongšrgŸlik torture : Bu
nŠ gšrgŸlik! = What torture this is!
gšrip enviousgšrk beauty : Gšrk gšz
bilen agyzda = Beauty is in the eyes and the mouth
gšrkana 1. nice 2. pretty, picturesque
gšrkezgi indicatorgšrkeziji index,
exponentgšrkezmek to show
gšrksŸz not prettygšrme-gšrŸº visitgšrmegoØ nicegšrmek 1. to see (in
various senses: to meet, to understand, to figure out) 2. as a modal verb, implying attempt or dare Men dadyr gšrdim = I tried (dared) to taste it, I tasted it
gšrnetin plain to see, obvious
gšrnŸkli visible, eminent, attractive
gšrnŸº 1. look, appearance 2. form, shape 3. kind, type 4. view, scene 5. gram. aspect
gšrŸbilmezilik jealousygšrŸnmek to appear, to
seemgšrŸº visiongšrŸºmek to meet,
greetgštergimek 1. to raise
above 2. to extolgštermek to pick upgštsbogma whooping
coughgšwher pearlgšwnayk open-hearted,
artlessgšwnamek 1. to agree
with, desire : Ol bizi– bilen gitmŠge gšbnŠnok = He doesn't want to go with us, He has not agreed to go with us
search forgšzØ as ifgšzØaº teardropgradus degree(s) (of
temperature)grafa r. graphgrafik r. draughtsmangrafim r. decantergrajjdan r. citizengram r. gramgrammatik r.
grammaticalgrammatika r.
grammargranat r. grenadegrek hozy walnutgrek r. Greekgrim r. make-upgrip r. flugruppa r. gruppagruzin r. Georgiangruzovik r. truckgubur tomb
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guda son-in-law or daughter-in-law's father or mother
gudrat miracle, marvelguduz 1. mad, rabid 2.
fig. mischeivousgujak 1. embrace 2.
armfullgujaklamak to
embracegujaklaºmak to
embracegujur force, energygujurly energeticgujursyz weakgulak asmak to listen
attentivelygulak ear(s)gulak salmak to listen
attentivelygulluk servicegulluky servantgulmak to pourgulp lockgulpak corn silkgulplamak to lockgum 1. sand 2. desertgum-gulluk not a soulgumak sandyguna bud (of a flower)gundag swaddling
clothesgunduz ottergunuºmak to whip up,
inspiregupba traditional
Turkmen girl's headpiece, made of metal and worn over a skullcap
numb : Meni– aØaklarym gurºupdyr = My legs fell asleep
gury drygus-gury absolutely
dry, the driestgusmak to throw up,
puke, vomitgussa sorrowguº birdguºak belt : Ol guºagy–
y da–dy = He fastened his belt
guºaklyk 1. waist 2. geog. belt
guºamak to tie with a belt
guºulyk poultrygutap pastry, piegutarmak 1. to finish,
to end 2. used as a modal verb to express completion : gazyp gutarmak = to finish digging, to dig out
gutarnykly final, lastgutaryº conclusiongutlag congratulationsgutlamak to
congratulategutly bolsun! Happy ...
! : TŠze Øul gutly bolsun! = Happy New Year!
gutulgysyz hopelessgutulmak to recoverguty boxguwan prideguwanmak to be proud
ofguØgu funnelguØma casting (metal)guØmak to pour, pour
inguØruk tailguØy well, shaftguzaØ shady sideguzlamak to calve
(used of cows, cats, sheeps, and some other animals)
guzla––y productive, fast-breeding
guzy lambgŸberek protruding,
bulging, convexgŸbermek to swell up,
inflategŸbŸrdemek to
thunder, roargŸe mothgŸje–lemek to
tantalize, teasegŸjŸk puppygŸl 1. flower 2. rose 3.
ornament 4. cataract 5. curl, flourish
gŸlaby a kind of melongŸldŸrmek to make
laughgŸlŠlek red poppy
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gŸlki laughter : Meni– gŸlkim tutØar = This makes me laugh
gŸlkŸli funny, humorous
gŸlkŸn ridiculous, funny, humorous
gŸlle bloominggŸllemek to bloomgŸlmek to laughgŸlŸmjiremek to gringŸlŸºmek to laugh (of
large groups)gŸlØaka traditional
Turkmen brooch inlayed with stones
gŸlzar flower bedgŸm bol! Get out of
here! Be gone!gŸmana doubtful,
uncertain, hardly possible : Olu– geljegi-gelmejegi gŸmana = It's uncertain if he'll come or not
gŸmmez cupola, domegŸmmŸrdemek to
thunder, roargŸmpŸldi gunshot
(sound of a)gŸmrŸk import/export
duty, customsgŸmrŸkhana customs
housegŸmŸr-ØamŸr
etmek to have a little chat
gŸmŸr-yamyr chit-chatgŸmŸrtik unconsidered
, sloppy : gŸmŸrtik jogap = thoughtless answer
gŸn 1. sun 2. day: gŸneºli gŸn = sunny day
gŸn tertibi agendagŸnasa every other daygŸnaºa all day, in a daygŸnbatar westgŸndelik diarygŸndiz daytimegŸndizine daytimegŸndizki daily, daylightgŸndogar east, easterngŸne Øanmak to get
sunburntgŸnebakar sunflowergŸneº sunshinegŸneºlemek to sunburn
regionierik insidesierki insidesigeme diarrheaigi alcoholic drinkigin very welliigara envious, evil
(adj.)iigaralyk envy, eviliinde insideiinden from insideiirgi beverage hostiirgilemek to saddleiirmek to cause to drinkiki adj. insideiki-geØim undergarme
man's sheepskin coatiØan scorpionideal r. idealidediji watchfulideg 1. tending, care 2.
surveillanceideg-sorag 1. search 2.
investigative, watchfulideklemek to hold in
hand, rein inidemek 1. to search for
2. to inform aboutideologik r. ideologicalideologiØa r. ideologyidetmek to growideØa r. ideaidili good, trueidioma r. idiomidiomatik r. idiomaticidirdetmek to drive,
force forward, to shoveligde bot. igdeige file (tool)igelemek to fileigen grumbling
igenje– grumbling, quarrelsome
igenje–lik grumbling, quarrelsome
igenmek to grumble, be quarrelsome
iglemek 1. to lose weght 2. to rust
igli thin, skinnyik spindleikatŠk cuckooiki twoiki-Øeke rarelyikibir in pairs, by pairsikiŠk eye to eyeikigšwŸnli undecided,
undeterminedikilen second time,
againikilik the number two, a
"D" gradeikindi early eveningikindin late afternoonikinji
derejeli secondaryikinji secondikinjilik second placeikirjinlemek to think
upon, mull overikiØanlaØyn two-sidedikiØŸzli two-facedikiØyllyk two-year, for
years old)iºe––ir hard-workingiºger colleagueiºgŠr colleagueiºik dooriºje– lover of workiºje–lik love of workiºlemek to work
iºle––ir hardworkingiºletmek to make
someone workiºli busy iºlik verbiºmek to knitiºsiz unemployediºsizlik unemploymentit I. dog II. a pushitalØan Italianiteklemek to pushitelemek to pushitermek to pushiteºen rashitigi pushy personitmek I. to push, shove
II. itniºik crush, squashitniºmek to push &
shoveiØdirmek to feed,
cause to eatiØermen gluttoniØermenlik gluttonyiØilmek to catch hold
ofiØm feed, animal foodiØmek to eatiØmek-imek food and
drink, to eat and drinkiØmiº fruitiØmit food,
nourishmentiØmitlendirmek 1. to
feed 2. to nourishiØmitlenmek to be fediØmlemek to feediØul JulyiØun Juneizolirlemek to separateizolØasion r. isolationizolØasiØa r. isolationizolØator r. isolatorizweºeniØe informationizzildemek to moan,
whine, make a fuss
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Jjabjynmak to snap at,
attackjady magicjadygšØ magician,
wizardjadylamak to cast a
spelljahan worldjahyl ignorant,
uneducated, inexperienced
jahyllyk ignorancejakyrdamak to laughjakyrdy laughterjala downpour,
cloudburst, heavy rainjalbar pantsjam I. bowl II. capsulejamal poet. visage,
countenancejan 1. soul 2. life 3.
individual 4. energy, vitality 5. dear, dear one
jan etmek to do one's best
jana-jan 1. cherishedjankšer faithful,
devotedjanlandyrmak to
refresh, bring to lifejanlanmak to come to
life, to revivejanly 1. alive 2. lively,
activejansyz 1. lifeless, dead
2. fig. spyjanykmak to tryjanypkeº industrious,
dedicated, hardworkingjanypkeºlik dedicationja– bellja– etmek to telephoneja––yrdamak to ringjar I. ravine, gulley II.
lopbush chubby; plumplorsuldamak firelotereØa r. lotterylowlamak to blaze;
flare uplowurdamak 1. to
shine; glitter 2. to sparkle 3. to blaze
lowurdawuk brilliantlowurdy 1. lustre;
shine 2. flame; blazelšdere grounds;
sediment;thicketlŸ– basmak to do the
boundary strip
lŸ– borderlŸØk slush; mudlØstra r. chandelierlØuk r. hatch (way)lybas clothinglygyrdamak to gurglelygyrdy gurglelyzha r. ski; skiinglyzhay r. skierlyzhaly r. ski...
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Mmadda 1. matter;
substance 2. articlemaddy materialmadyrdamak to talk;
chattermagallaklamak to
appear in the distancemagaryf enlightenment
, educationmagaryfy educatormagazin r. shopmagdan oremagistral highway,
thoroughfaremaglumat report,
messagemagnit r. magnetmagnitofon r. tape
recordermagtamak to praisemagtan praisemagtanmak to brag, to
ynŠbeletlik unfamiliaritynŠbelli unknownnŠbileØin unable to be
known, unknowablenŠe how much?nŠelik of what number?nŠenji which? what
number?nŠden how much?nŠdogry wrong,
incorrectnŠgile dissatisfied;
discontented; displeased
nŠgilelik dissatifaction; discontent; displeasure
nŠhak vain, futilenŠhili 1. how? 2. what
kind? what sort?nŠhoº unhealthy, not
wellnŠhoºlamak to become
illnŠhoºlyk illnessnŠlaØyk unworthy
nŠlet curse; damnation, perdition
nŠletlemek to curse, to damn
nŠme Ÿin whynŠme what?nŠmede bolsa bir
zat anythingnŠmŠlim unknownnŠrazy dissatisfiednŠrazyylyk wail,
scream, outcrynŠrazylyk dissatisfactio
nnŠsag bolmak to be illnŠsag unhealthy, ill,
sicknŠsaglamak to become
illnŠsaglyk illnessnŠtanyº unknownnŠtanyºlyk ignorancenŠtmek what to do?nŠtŸØsli 1. how? 2.
what kind? what sort?nŠwagt whennŠz 1. coquetry; flirting
2. whim; capricenŠzenin beautiful
women; a beautynŠzik 1. tender; gentle;
delicate 2. thinnŠzirgemek 1. to flirt
2. to be capriciousnŠzli coquettish;
flirtatiousnika marriagenikalaºmak to marrynil trunk (of a tree)nire where? what
place?nirede whereniØet intentionniØetlemek to mean;
intend; design (for)nobat n. queue, turn-
takingnobat tutmak to queue
upnobaty adj. on dutynobatylyk n. dutynobatdaky next;
immediate at handnobatky next;
immediate at handnogaØ Nogai (ethnicity
of the Caucuses)nogsan ?
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nogta halter (for a horse)
nogtalamak to bridle a horse
nohut peasnokat 1. dot 2. peroid
(punctuation)nokatma-nokat exactlynol r. zero; naughtnomer r. numbernomerlemek r. to
numbernorma r. norm;
standardnormal r. normalnosilººik r. porternota r. note (musical);
note (diplomatic)notarius r. notarynotorial r. adj. notary
(attribute)noØabr r. NovembernoØba kidney beansnukdaØnazar point of
viewnur ray; beamnurana good looking;
handsomenurbat screwnusga 1. sample;
specimen 2. copy 3. example
nyglamak to underlinenygtamak to
emphasizenyrh price, feenyrhlamak to appraise;
evaluate; assessnysan almak to take
aimnysan symbol/aimnyºan 1. mark, sign 2.
sign 3. badgenyºana target; marknyºanalamak to take
aimnyzam 1. formation 2.
marching
Ooba
hojalygy agricultureoba villageobaylyk territory where
there are villagesobadaº people from the
same villageobaly persons from
village (attrib.)oblast provinceobraz hero (fictional)oburmak to erodeoburylmak to be
erodedobØekt r. 1. object 2.
building siteobØektiw r. objective;
unbiasedoerk essay; sketchoko point (in a game)odekolon r. cologneodeØal r. blanketodun woodofiser r. officerofiserlik officer's messofisian r. waiteroglan boyoglan-uak little
childrenoglanlyk childhoodogramak to thieveogrulyk theftogry thiefogryn secretogryna imperceptibly;
insensiblyogºamak to kissogºaºmak to kiss
eachotherogul son; boyogul-gyz boys and girlsogulhajat ring fingerogullyk adopted childogurlamak to stealogurlyk theftoguºØa to be found (to
be); to turn out (to be)ojak 1. hearth 2. center;
seat (of war)ojar haloxylonok 1. arrow 2. axisok-dari ammunitionokamak to read, studyokatmak to teach
okdurylmak to dash; dart
okean r. oceanokgunly rapidly;
swiftly; promptlyokkupasiØa r.
occupationokkupirlemek to
occupyoklamak 1. to toss 2. to
load; chargeoklaw rolling pinoklukirpi porcupineoktØabr Octoberokudyjy teacherokuma whitlowokuw studiesokuwy pupilokuwly educatedokyjy person who reads
at the libraryol she, he, itolar theyolimpiada r. olympiadolja trophies; spoils (of
war)olluk possessiveolrug regionolta– sole of a shoeolum ford; passage;
crossingomurmak to break omuz shoulderomzamak to
emphasize; to stresson tenonakly not veryonda then; soondan hem baºga in
addition to; besidesongunlyk ten daysonluk ten (noun)onso– so thenonunjy tenthonØyllyk ten yearsonyana while; for the
time beingo– successo–armak to cope; deal;
manageo–at goodo–atlandyrmak to
make something bettero–atlaºmak to become
bettero–aØly favorable;
propitious
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o–aØsyz unfavorable; not propitious
o–lamak to agreeo–luk well-being;
prosperityo–ly goodo–mak to be satisfiedo––ut conditionso–ºuk peaceo–ºukly peacefulo–ºuksyz not peacefulo–ºuksyzluk unresto–urga spineo–uºmak to be
compatibleopera r. operaoperasiØa r. operationopmak broken (used for
large things)opurmak to destroyopurylmak to be
destroyedopurylyºyk disruption;
frustrationorak sickleoraky sickleroramak coverorbita r. orbitorbital r. orbitalorden order; decorationordenli decorated
personorfografik r.
orthographicorfografiØa r.
orthography; spellingorgan r, organ (biol.)organik r. organicorganizm r. organismorkestr r. orchestraormak to reapornaºdyrmak to
assimilate; masteršzluk gram. passivešzmek to repay a debtšzŸm myselfšzŸni alyp
baryº behavior, conduct
šzŸ–e ekmek to attract
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Ppaak peel, rindpagta cottonpahna wedgepahyr wretchpajalamak to prosper,
thrivepak emptypaket r. packetpakgarak blister, bumppakgarmak to swellpakyrdamak to laugh
loudlypal yawnpalak rottenpalan r. horseclothpalas r. thin rugpalata r. chamber (of
Parliment)palatka r. tentpalyk mud, claypalykyldamak to make
muddypallamak to yawnpalta axepaltalamak to chop
with an axepalto r. overcoatpamyk absorbant
cottonpanorama r.
panoramapansion r. pensionpanys torch, flashlightpa–kelle foolpa–lamak to bragpapak cappapiros r. Russian
cigarettepapka r. folderpara bribeparahat peaceparahatylyk peaceparahatlanmak to
make peacefulparahatlyk peaceparahor briberparamak 1. to reveal
oneself 2. to crackparasat wisdompara scrapparalamak to scrapparh differenceparhlandyrmak to
differentiate
parhly bolmak to distinguish
parhly distinctiveparhsyz indifferentpark r. parkparkyldamak to
plumpen, fattenparkyldy fattenedparlak sunshine,
radianceparlamak to radiateparran throughout,
through and throughparta r. deskpartisan r. partisanpartiØa r. party
(political)partladyjy fusepartlama explosionpartlamak to explodepasport r. passportpassiw r. passivepasyl seasonpasyrdamak 1. to soar
2. to wavepasyrdyr fluctuationpaº exposurepaºmak 1. to realize 2.
anat. sole (of foot)pata blessingpatlamak to hit, strikepatrak fried cornpatydyr stampingpatyºa kindpaØ r. portionpaØa r. by portionspaØawlamak to finishpaØy shareholderpaØdyrmak to tramplepaØhas wisdompaØhasly wisepaØlamak to dividepaØlanmak to be
dividedpaØlasºmak to dividepaØtagt capitalpaØyº abusivepaza ploughsharepazyl feathers, lashespe etmek to bakepeat r. seal, stamppeatlamak to seal,
stamppeek zool. field loach
(fish)peenØe r. cookiespedal r. pedalpedelemek to packagepekge dunce, dolt
perewod r. translationperhaØlyk indifferenceperik spinning wheelperiºan bolmak to be
upsetperiºde angelperizat beautiful
womanpero r. featherperron r. platformpers-ala shot up,
woundedpersona£h r.
personagepersonal r. personalperspektiv r.
perspectivepert firmpes 1. short, low 2.
undistinguishedpeseletmek to
decreasepeseltme reductionpeseltmek to reducepesinden a little at a
timepeslemek to decrease
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peslik n. decreasepessaØlamak to land
an airplanepeºehorda sore, ulcerpeºeº giftpeºew urinepet 1. bravery 2. starchpetde pack, small stackpete-pet face to facepetek anat. inner solepeteke croppete– etmek to be
tired, fed up withpetilemek to lockpetir r. unleavened
breadpetiº stuffy, sultrypetiºlik stuffinesspetle r. loop, stitchpetlemek to stitch uppetretmek to starepeØa r. landscapepeØda bolmak to
emergepeØda n. usepeØdalanmak to make
oneself usefulpeØdaly usefulpeØdasyz uselesspeØnir cheesepeØwagtna 1. in one's
way 2. idle, aimlesspeØwent etmek 1. to
inoculate 2. to graftpŠendeki "paendeky", a
winter melonpŠhim reasonpŠhimli reasonablepŠk pure, clean, clearpŠki razorpŠkize cleanpŠkizelik cleanlinesspŠklik honestypŠl intentionpŠlwan fighter, heropŠsgel bermek to
botherpŠsgelilik obstaclespianino r. pianopianist r. pianistpida sacrificepide haydustpijama r. pajamaspikerdeº like-mindedpikir 1. thought, idea,
opinion 2. intention, purpose
pikir etmek to thinkpikirlenmek to think
pil I. elephant II. shovel
pile shoulder bladepile cocoonpilot r. pilotpilotka r. female pilotpionir r. pioneerpionirlyk r. pioneer
dayspirim trick, strategem,
artificepirog r. cakepiro£ny r. little cakespis 1. bad 2. sufferingpisint oturmak to likepislemek to go badpisse pistachiopistolet r. pistolpiºek crutchpiºik catpiºme r. fried breadpiti potpitiki n. crackpitikilemek 1. to click
one's tongue 2. to snap one's fingers
pitirdemek 1. to vomit 2. to crawl away
pitne mutiny, rebellionpitnesi rebelpiwa r. beerplakat r. poster,
placardplan r. planplanaºdyrmak r. to
planplaneta r. planetplanetara r. between
planetsplanly r. plannedplanlyk r. planningplastilin r. plasticineplastinka r. vinyl
recordplaº r. raincoatplatforma r. platformpleØonka r. film, roll
of filmplita r. 1. slab 2.
stove, rangeplomwa r. filling (for a
tooth)plomwalamak r. to
seal, fill inplug r. plowplØa£ r. beachplØus r. pluspoerk r. hand-writingpota mail, post
potalon r. mailmanpodoº r. anat. solepodpole r. n.
undergroundpodpolenyØ r. adj.
undergroundpodrazdelenie r.
subdivisionpodwal r. cellar,
basementpodØezd r. 1.
driveway, entrance 2. porch
poema r. poempoeztik r. poeticpogon r. shoulder
strappokryºka r. cover, lidpol r. 1. floor 2. half 3.
sexpola£hitel r.
affirmativepolat steelpoliklinika r.
polyclinicpoliteknika r.
polytechnicpolk r. 1. regiment 2.
shelfpolkownik r. colonelpollamak 1. to lay,
spread 2. to pavepolotenste r. towelpolotno r. linenpolØak r. PolepolØar r. polarpolØus r. pole,
terminalpomidor r. tomatopopulØar r. popularporoºak r. powderporsy stench, stinkporsyn r. bed sheetporºen r. portionport 1. brittle, frail,
fragile 2. r. portportfel r. briefcaseportret r. portraitportsiØa r. portionportugal r. Portugalpos rustposly rustypossun fur (coat)post r. 1. post 2. fast
(religious)posulka r. parcelposØolok r. settlementpotolok r. ceilingpotratylyk contract
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potratlaØyn piece (of work)
powest r. storypowestka r. summonspozitsiØa r. positionpškgi 1. ball 2. chubby,
plumppškremek to swellpškretmek to inflatepraktika r. practicepredmet r. objectpremera r. premierprentsip r. principlepreparat r.
preparationpres-konferentisiØa r.
press conferencepreslemek to pressprezent child, babyprezi queen (in chess)prezident r. presidentprezidium r. presidiumprintsipal r. of
principlepristan r. pier, quaypristawka r. prefixpriz r. prizeproblema r. problemprofessional r.
professionalprofessor r. professorprofsoØuz r. trade
unionprognoz r. prognosisprograma r. programprogres r. progressprogressiw r.
progressiveprogul etmek to shirkprogul truancyprojhektor r.
searchlightprokuratura r. office
of the public prosecutorprokuror r. public
prosecutorproletariat r.
proletariatproletor r. proletarianpropaganda r.
propogandapropagandirlemek r.
to propagatepropusk r. omission,
blank, absenceprospekt r. avenueprotest r. protestprotez r. artificial limbprotokol r. protocol
protsent r. percentprotses r. processprowlenie r. 1.
government 2. management, board, administration
prowodnik r. guide, conductor
prowokatsiØa r. provocation
proØekt r. project, plan
proØektirlemek to project
proza r. proseprozai r. prose writerpru£in r. spring,
sourcepu empty, hollowpudak branch, twigpudaklamak to branch
outpugta 1. firm, solid,
long-lasting, durable 2. serious
pugtalandurmak 1. to consolidate 2. to stabilize
pugtalyk firmnesspukara n. poorpukaralyk povertypul moneypulemØot r. machine
gunpunkt r. 1. station,
place 2. point, itempunktuatsiØa punctuat
ionpursat time, momentpuºman etmek to
regret, pitypuºman getermek to
compelpuºman regret, pityputØowka r. pass,
permitpŸr crownpŸrepŸr overcrowded,
overflowingpŸrepŸrlemek to
overfillpŸrkmek splash,
shuffle, sprinklepŸrs 1. hollow 2. beampØan drunkpØure r. pureepyak knife, bladepyaklamak to knife,
stab
pygy sawpygamber prophetpygyl intention, design,
purposepykyrdamak 1. to
seethe 2. to chuckle, giggle
pylan a certain, somepylana a certain (time,
amount)pylamak to crack,
strikepyntyk 1. bud 2. kidneypyntyklamak 1. to
enlist, recruit 2. to dial (telephone)
py–kyrmak to leappyrlamak 1. to twist,
twirl 2. to roll uppyrlanmak to twist
oneselfpyssarmak 1. to wither,
fade 2. to give up hopepyºbaga turtlepyºdyl turtlepyºyrdamak to whisperpyºyrdy whisperpytramak 1. to crumble
2. to dispersepyØada by footpyØadalamak to go by
footpyØaluºka little cuppyzmak to hurl, fling
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Rradio r. radioradionpryomnik r.
receiving setradiostantsiØa r.
radio stationradiouzel r. radio
centerradist r. radio operatorradius r. radiusrahat 1. peace 2.
peaceful; quietrahat peacefulrahatlanmak to calm
down; subside; become quiet
rahatlyk rest; repose; peace
rahatsyzlandyrmak to alarm; disquiet; disturb
rahatsyzlanmak to be upset; anxious; alarmed
raketa r. rocketraport r. raportrasØot r. calculation;
estimation; settlement of accounts
raspisaniØe r. schedule
ratsionaylyk r. rationality
ratsionalizator rationalist
raund r. round (of a competition)
raØat nationality; citizenship
raØat- bolmak to become a citizen
raØdaº someone in sympathy with others
raØdaºlyk solidarityraØon r. regionrazrØad r. category;
classrazwedka r. 1. geol,
prospecting 2. reconnaissance party 3. secret service
razwedkay r. 1. scout 2. secret service officer, intelligence officer
razylaºmak to agreerazylyk harmonyreaksion r. reactionaryreaksiØa r. reactionreaktiw r. reactivereal r. realrealistik r. realisticrealizm r. realismredaksion r. editingredaksiØa r. editorial
staffredaktirlemek r. to
editredaktor r. editorredaktorlyk r.
editorshiprediska r. radishreforma r. reformregbi r. rugbyregbii r. rugby playerregistrasiØa r.
registrationregistratura r.
registryregistrirlemek r. to
registerregulirlemek r. to
regulateregulØar r. regularrehim pity, compassionrehimdar generous,
rektorlyk r. rectorshiprels r. rails, trackremont r. repair(s) rende planerendelemek to planerentgen r. X-ray(s)re–be-re– multi-coloredre–k 1. paint 2. color re–klemek to paint,
colorre–kli colorful, coloredrepetisiØa r. rehearsalreplika r. replicaresmi official, formalresmileºdirmek to
form, shape, legalizerespublika r. republicrespublikan r.
republicanrestoran r. restaurantresurs r. resourceret etmek to deflect,
dissuade, rejectretsept r. reciperewolØusion r.
revolutionaryrewolØusiØa r.
revolutionreØs r. flight, voyage,
triprezerw r. reserve(s)rezhim r. regimerezhissØor r. stage
managerrezin r. rubberrezolØusiØa r.
resolutionrŠhnet 1. well-being
2. bliss rŠhnetli blissfulrifma r. rhymerol r. part, rolerolik r. rollerrom r. rhombusroman r. novelrota r. companyrowa bolmak to be
worthyrowa worthy, well-
deservedrowa successful, goodrowalanmak to attain
successrowaØat legend, storyroØal r. grand piano
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ršwºen radiant, brilliant, light, joyful
ruka r. penrugsat permissionruh I. soul, spirit, mood
II. r. rook (of chess)ruh spirit, soulruhlandyrmak to
saklamak 1. to keep 2. to store 3. to detain 4. to take care of, oversee, act as a guardian 5. to retain 6. to support 7. to keep from someone 8. to make someone do something
saklanan second-handsaklanmak to restrain
one's selfsaklaØyº upkeep,
maintenencesakydamak to tweet
sakyrdama!=shut up!sakynmak to stuttersakyrtga skin
burrowing animal, chigger
sal raftsala advicesalam hisalamlaºmak to greet,
say "hi"salat r. saladsalawmaleØkim may
peace be upon yousaldamly heavy,
ponderoussalfetka r. napkinsalgamak to wave, flapsalgy atmak to find out
aboutsalgylanmak to refer
to, citesalgym miragesalgyt tribute, payment,
tax salgyt tšlemek=to pay taxes
salkym bunch, cluster bir salym ŸzŸm=a bunch of grapes
salkyn coolsalkynlamak to
become coolsallah bachelorsallamak to lower, cast
down, drop, hangsallanak 1. crib 2.
swingsallanmak 1. to hang
2. to be hungsalmak 1. to place, put
2. to build jaØ salmak=to build a house 3. iºe salmak=to help someone get a job 4. abraØdan salmak=to
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dishonor 5. to pretend not to bilmezlege salmak=to pretend not to know, gšrmezlege salmak=to pretend not to see
salparmak to danglesalpy danglingsalØut r. salutesalyhatly serioussalykatly to be
courteoussalym one moment bir
salym aØak ekmek=to stop for one moment
samahylamak to chatter
saman straw saman kelle=stupid
sambo wrestlingsamolØot r. airplanesamramak to mutter,
generalsermek to spread outsersag sobersersaglyk sobrietyserzhant r. sergeantses 1. sound 2. voice 3.
noiseses-ŸØn soundsseslenmek 1. to be
heard 2. to respondsesli I. andj. sound,
talking II. loud, noisysessiØa r. sessionsessiz 1. silent 2. mutesetilemk to line up, to
put in lines, rowssetin r. satinsetir 1. line 2. rowsetka r. netseØalka seederseØil walking, revelry
stroll, roam, wanderseØis horse jockeyseØislemek to train a
horseseØran etmek to roam,
stroll, wanderseØrek 1. rare, seldom
2. unusualseØreklemek to
diminish, reduce
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sezewar bolmak to face difficulties and overcome them
sŠginmek to pause, hesitate, stop
sŠhel a little, slightlysŠhele a liitle, slightsŠher dawnsŠhra steppesŠwlik occasionsfera r. shpereshema r. schemesifr r. figure, numbersifrlemek to count, to
figuresignal r. signalsil floodsilindr r. cylindersilkmek 1. to shake 2.
to brush offsilos r. haysiloslamak to make haysiltemek to jolt or
shakesim wire, clotheslinesimap mercurysimbol r. symbolsimlemek to become
infectedsindirmek to digestsink r. zincsinonim r. synonymsintaksis r. syntaxsintaktik r. syntheticsintenjiremek to fidgetsintez r. synthesissinus r. sinussi–dirmek 1. to absorb
2. to digestsi–e attentivelysi–ek flysi–mek 1. to be
absorbed 2. to be digested
si––itli 1. to be drizzled 2. soft food
sirk r. circussirke I. lice eggs II.
vinegarsirkul r. circlesistema r. systemsistemleºdirmek to
systemizesisterna r. cisternsiºenbe Wednesdaysitada r. quotationsitirlemek to quotesiØdik winesiz you (pl.)
sizinge your way, as you would (pl.)
skafandr helmutsklad r. storehouseskulptor r. sculptorskulptora r. sculptureskwar r. alleyskwazhina r. motorized
water pumpslawØan r. Slavicslesar r. plumberslØot r. congresssmena r. period, shiftsmirno r. at attentionsnaØard misslesogan onionsogap good deedsogurmak to pull outsojamak to gaspsokgarylmak to be
snoopysokjamak to sucksokmak to insertsoky pestlesoldat r. soldiersoldatlyk soldierhoodsolgun pale, fadedsolmak 1. to fade 2. to
wiltsomsa r. meatpieso– 1. later, after, then
2. continuing 3. endso–abaka adv. laterso–ky final, lastso–lamak to complete,
sosial r. socialsosialism r. socialismsosialstik r. socialisticsosiska r. sausage linksostaw r. staffsowa by-passed, missedsowal questionsowamak 1. to cool 2.
to become disinterestedsowat literacysowatly literatesowatmak to become
literatesowatsyz illiteratesowatsyzlyk illiteracysowet r. advicesowgat presidentsowhoz state farm sowly successfulsowmak 1. to consume
sowurmak 1. to have a dust storm 2. to blow money carelessly
soØmak 1. to skin 2. to scratch 3. to cut off
soØulmak 1. to shed hair 2. to flake (skin)
soØuz unionsšbeºmek to fightsšbŸk hillsše supporter (thing)sšgmek 1. to scold,
curse, abuse 2. to swear at
sšgŸn obsenity, swear word
sšgŸºmek to quarrelsšhbet chat, discussionsšhbetdeº conversation
partner
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sškmek 1. to take apart 2. to rip out a seam 3. to plow 4. to reinvestigate
sškŸlmek to rip out a seam
sšlpi absent-minded, sloppy
sšmelmek to be dumb-founded, numb
sšndŸrmek to extinguish, turn off the light
sšnen extinctsšnmek to fadesšw-sšw with syryp
Øšremek=to hang outsšwda commerce, tradesšwda etmek to make a
tradesšwdagar trader,
merchant, businessmansšwdalaºmak to
bargain, hagglesšweº battlesšweºjen militant,
energeticsšweºlyk militancysšweºmek to fightsšwmek to swear
(curse)sšwŸt willowsšØemek to leansšØenmek to be
leaningsšØget supportsšØgi lovesšØguli favoritesšØli favorite, belovedsšØmek to lovesšØnji gift to the bearer
of good newssšØnmek to be happysšØŸºmek to love one
anothersšz 1. word,
introduction 2. conversation 3. speech 4. promise
sšzbaºy preface, titlesšzlem sentencesšzlemek to speaksšzleºmek to arrangesšzlŸk dictionarysšzlŸklik little
dictionarysšzso–y prepositionspartakiØada r.
olympics
spasiba r. thank youspektakl r. spectilespesalist r. specialistspirit rubbing alcohol spisok r. the leastsport r. sportsportmen r. sportsmansprawka r. permissionspwa£ga 1. pocket
money 2. reasonstadion r. stadiumstakan r. glassstanok r. loomstansiØa r. stationstarºina the oldest in
the groupstart r. beginning (n.)stazh r. tenuresterzhen r. ink cartrigestil r. stylestol r. tablestrahowanie r.
insurancestudent r. studentstudentlyk
studenthoodstul r. chairsubut bolmak to be
provensubut etmek to prove,
make clearsubutnama proofsud r. courtsudlaºmak to suesudur outlinesudØa judgesugun deersugunylyk raising deersumat bolmak to
disappear 2. to disguise 3. to conceal
sumka r. bagsungat artsurat 1. picture 2.
photographgsuraty artistsuratlandyrma descrip
tionsuratlandyrmak to
depict, describesuraty illustratedsurnukmak to suffer,
to be torturedsusak ladlesusgu shovelsusmak to scoopsustupes exhausted,
frustratedsuºilka dryer
suw 1. water 2. waterysuwag stucco plastersuwamak to plastersuwarmak to watersuwarym wateringsuwasty underwatersuwjarmak 1. to soak
2. to sentimentalize over
suwlamak to spraysuwsamak to be thirstysuwuk thin, fluidsuwuklyk liquid (n.)suwulu sprayersuwulgan lizardsŸbce broomsŸbcelemek to sweepsŸem barmak pointer
fingersŸlhi detectivesŸle oatssŸlenmek to crown,
swarmsŸlgŸn phesantsŸllermek to fadesŸllŸmbaØ to be wet,
to be soakedsŸlŸk leechsŸmek earlobesŸmgŸrmek to blow
one's nosesŸmmek to creep into,
get intosŸmmŸl stalksŸmsŸnmek to walk,
strollsŸnbŸl stalk of wheatsŸnnet circumcision sŸ–k bonesŸpŸrmek 1. to sweep
2. to wipesŸrek ice-crusted,
slipperysŸren den, cave, lairsŸrgŸn etmek to exilesŸrgŸn exilesŸri 1. herd, flock 2.
group, crowdsŸrmek 1. to drive 2. to
tillsŸrtenmek to rubsŸrtmek to rub insŸrŸgi driversŸrŸm tillagesŸsdŸrilmek to run
into somethingsŸsmek to butt, goresŸtem pressure,
oppression
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sŸtŸk fursŸtŸkli furrysŸtŸn column, pillarsŸu goºamak to feel
careºrift r. type, printººi beet soupºtab r. headquarters,
staffºtamp r. stampºtamplamak r. to
stampºtat r. stateºtepsel r. plug, jackºu this, thatºugullamak to carry or
bring, inform, slanderºugundyr beetºum wicked, evilºumjarmak to sobºumlukda thus, so,
well, then, nowºumroØ deformed,
ugly, abnormalºumroØluk ugliness,
deformityºuna so, so much, so
manyºuwlamak to buzz,
honk, hoot, whistleºuwwuldamak to
whistleºuwwuldy whistle, hissºŸbhe doubtºŸbhelenmek to
suspect, doubtºŸbheli doubtful,
dubiousºŸbhesiz unquestionabl
e, doubtlessºŸdŸgŠr field, tillageºŸle rice porridgeºŸwele– merry, joyfulºŸwele–li merrily,
joyfullyºwed r. Swedeºybyrdamak to rustleºybyrdy rustleºygar slogan
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ºyglamak to buzz, rustle, hiss, whiz
ºygyr verse, poemºygyrdamak to rustleºygyrdy rustleºykyrdamak to rustleºykyrdy rustleºylha rags, tattersºyltak etmek to slanderºyltak slanderºy––yrdamak to ring,
jingle, clickºy––yrdy jingle, ring,
peal, chimeºyrdak hat (esp. for
horseback riding)ºyrkyldamak to snap,
crack, crackleºyrkyldy snap, crackle,
rustleºyrlamak to murmur
Ttaba pantabak dish, bowl, cuptabel r. time-sheettabigat 1. nature 2.
personal naturetabletka r. tablet, pilltablisa table, list,
schedule, scaletabºyrmak 1. to charge
with a comission, to entrust 2. to deliver, hand in, hand over 3. to punish, order
about, almost: Oba henli takmyn 2 kilometer Øol Øšremeli bolarcyn =
You should reach the village in about 2 kilometers.
takmynan almosttaksi r. taxitaktika r. tactictakyk exacttakyklamak to specifytakyklyk exactness,
precisiontakyr I. bald II.smooth,
plain, lanktakyramak to be emptytakyrdamak to rumbletakyrdatmak to rumbletakyrlyk cracked desert
areatal willowtalamak to rob, plundertalant r. talenttalantly r. talentedtala– thefttala–ylyk thefttala–ylykly stolentalap 1. demand 2.
requirement 3. claim 4. order
talapkŠr exacting, particular, fussy
talapkŠrlik exactitude, particularity
talh tarttalhan oat flourtalon r. coupontam house tama etmek to hopetama hopetamakin inept persontamam bolmak to
finish, endtamamlamak to finish,
endtamamlanmak to
finish, complete, accomplish
tamdyr clay oven for baking šrek
tamdyra dutartamdyray dutaristtamºanmak 1. to bite
through, take a bite 2. to lick one's lips
tanalmak to introducetanamak 1. to know
somebody 2. to recognize
tanap rope, cabletangens r. mathtank r. tank
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tankydy criticaltankyt criticism,
critique, reviewtankytlamak to
critiquetans etmek r. to dancetans r. dancetansy r. dancer
(prominent)tanymal distinquished,
notable, eminenttanyº bolmak to meet
(lit. to become acquaintance)
tanyº I. known, familiar II. acquaintance, known person
tanyº-biliº acquaintance
tanyºdyrmak 1. to introduce 2. to acquaint
tanyºlyk acquaintancetanyºmak 1. to meet,
make acquaintance 2. to be introduced to
ta–ka "tangka", a traditional Turkmen tea vessel, placed in a fire
ta––yr basinta––yrdamak to peal,
thunder, rattleta–rybir united under
Godtap 1. mood, spirits 2.
strength, force, power, might
tapa rest, repose, peace, calm
tapawut difference, differentness
tapawutlandyrmak to distinguish, differentiate
tapawutlanmak 1. to differ 2. to be noted, to stand out
tapba suddenly, all of a sudden
tapbat pattapbatlamak to pattapgyr 1. group, party
2. round, tourtaplamak 1. to whet,
grind, sharpen 2. to kill or slaughter
taplanmak to be hardened, tempered
tapmaa riddle tapmak 1. to find, come
across 2. to think out, devise 3. to find, discover 4. to determine, designate, define 5. to receive, get, obtain
tapylgysyz irreplacabletapylmak to be foundtapyndy find, discoverytapyrdamak to stomptapyrdy stamping,
trampingtapyºmak to help to
find somethingtar 1. string 2. r. tartarap 1. direction 2.
place, land 3. side 4. part 5. group, side
tarapdar supportertarapdar supportertaraplaØyn sided : bir
taraplaØan = one-sided
taraº cleansing, polishing
taraºlamak 1. to cleanse, polish, clean 2. to grind, polish
taraz divide, watershedtarkyldamak to knock,
rap, rattletarkyldatmak to knock,
rap, rattletarkyldy knocking,
rattlingtarlamak to buzz, honk,
hoot, whistletarp virgin soiltarpa sudden,
unexpectedtarpa-taØyn suddentarpyldatmak to
stamp, trampletarpyldy stamping,
tramplingtarsuldamak to knock,
raptarsuldy n. knock, raptartmak 1. to pull,
draw, tow 2. to stretch, drain, pull
tarØelka r. platetaryh historytaryhy historiantaryhy historicaltaryp etmek to speak
highly
taryp praisetaryplamak to praisetas 1. almost: Men tas
Øykyldym = I almost fell 2. nearly, missing a little
taslama sketch, drafttaslamak to give uptassyklamak to ratifytassyklanmak to be
ratifiedtaºlamak to throw with
forcetaºlandy throwntatar Tartartataºmak to inflame,
get inflamedtawus peacocktaØ I. stallion, colt II.
1. pair, couple 2. one of a pair III. direction : ºu taØda = here
taØak stick, cane, club, pole
taØaklamak to knocktaØanak foal, colttaØga slipperytaØganak 1. slippery
2. rink, mangle (?)taØhar baby donkeytaØlamak to balancetaØmak to slide, sliptaØpa tribe, clantaØØar readytaØØyn readytaØyarlamak 1. to
prepare 2. to cook 3. to compose, make up
taØyarlyk preparedness, preparations
taØyarlyly readytaØynalmak to
prepare, get readytaØzarmak to stick outtazy houndteatr theatretebigy natural : tebigy
gaz = natural gastebip arch. doctortebit heat, fevertegek coil, spooltegelek I. 1. round,
circular 2. precisely, exactly II. circle, sphere
tegelenmek to become circular, grow in a circle
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tegmil spot, stain, blotch
tehnik r. techniciantehnika r. techniquetehniki r. technicaltehnikum r. technical
shooltejribe experiencetejribeli experiencedteke I. Teke (Turkmen
tribe) II. goat producertekepbir haughty,
arroganttekepbirlik haughtines
s, arrogancetekge support, approvaltekiz smoothtekizlemek to smoothtekizlik smoothnesstekje level, shelfteklip etmek to make
an offerteklip offertekst r. texttelbe crazy, madtelefon etmek to
telephonetelefon r. phonetelegraf r. telegraphtelegrafirlemek r. to
telegraphtelegramma r.
telegramtelek erroneous,
mistakenteletin skin, leathertelewideniØe r. adj.
televisiontelewizion r. televisiontelŠr awning, shedtelim 1. a few, some,
several, somewhat 2. repeated, many
telkermek to slouchtelli-pelli somehow (or
other)telpek hat, Turkmen
hattelper small little,
pretty, finetema r. theme, subjecttematic r. thematictemen big needletemenge pin, saftey pintemmŠki tobaccotemmi bermek to
punishtemmi punishment
temperatura r. temperature
ten fleshteneir 1. dragonfly 2.
earringstenekar boraxtengin heat rashtenmek to pour out, intennis r. tennistentek I. silly, stupid II.
fool, simpletontentemek to wander,
roamte––e coin, currencyteorema r. theoremteoretiki r. theoreticteoriØa r. theoryteplisa r. hot-houseteplohod r. motorshipteplowoz r. cargo shipter fresh, cool, lastest,
newterapewt r. therapistterapewtik r.
therapeuticterbiØe upbringingterbiØei educator,
tutorterbiØeilik educational,
pedalogicalterbiØelemek to bring
up, educateterbiØeleØiº upbringin
g, educationterbiØeleØjilik educati
onal, pedalogicalterbiØeli well-bredterezi scales, balanceterjime translationterjimei translatorterjimehal biographyterlik freshnesstermin r. term, notionterminologiØa r.
terminologytermometr r.
thermometertermos r. thermosternaw gutterterne small mellonternelemek to begin to
growterritoriØa r. territoryterrorizm r. terrorismters 1. incorrect, false
2. uneven 3. backwards, inside-out
tersine 1. on the contrary, opposite 2.
against 3. contrary to, in spite of 4. vice-versa 5. in defiance of
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Wwada promisewadalaºmak to make a
pact, negotiatewadalaºyk treaty,
settlementwagon r. wagonwagºy predatorywagºylara brutal,
bestialwagt timewagtal-wagtal from
time to timewagtlaØyn temporarywagtly-wagtynda at
the right timewagtynda at the right
timewagyr noisewagyrdamak to make
noisewagyz etmek to preachwagyz-nesihat 1.
directions, instructions 2. sermon
wah oh! gosh!waharman a kind of
melonwajyp importantwaka event, situationwakgyldamak to cluck
(like a chicken)waktsina r. vaccinewakyrdamak to belly-
laughWaleØkimessalam "An
d God's peace be with you!" (formal reply to SalamaleØkim)
waleØkimessalam response to formal greetng
walla honestlywalØuta r. currencywanna r. bathwa–kyrmak to wailwarak no-good,
worthlesswariant r. variantwarkyldamak to croakwarsaky chatter, gossipwasp descriptionwatan countrywatany patriot
waØ oh! oh boy! : WaØ waØ waØ != Oh my goodness!
waØkyrmak to cry outwazypdamak to buzzwazzyldy buzz, dronewe andwehim terrorwejera shamefulwekil representativeweli but, but alsowelosiped r. bicyclewelwet r. velvetwelØur r. velourwengr r. Hungarywepa truthwepaly true, honestwepalylyk allegiancewepat bolan deceasedwepat bolmak to diewepat dead, finishedwerdiº adaptation:
agyr iºe werdiº boldim = I've adapted to this difficult work
wertikal r. verticalwertolØot r. helicopterwesØet lawwesØetnama will
(document)weºalka r. peg, rackweºe–-weºe– very muchweteran r. veteranweterinariØa r.
supportØagyrny back, spineØagyº rainØagyºly rainyØakymly nice, pleasantØakymsyz meanØakyn nearØakynda the other dayØalan falseØalana nakedØalany liarØalandan falseØalkamak to pardon or
spare : ta–ry Øalkasyn = thank you
Øal–yº mistakeØal–yºdyrmak to
confuse, muddle, mix up
Øal–yºmak to be mistaken
Øalpa momentary, instantaneous
Øalpak 1. shallow 2. small, petty
Øalpylda duran shiny, brilliant
Øalpyldawuk brilliant, sparkling, shining
Øalpyldy lustre, shine, brilliance
Øalta still, idle, lazyØaltaklamak to
examine, take a view ofØaltalyk stillness,
idleness, lazinessØaltanmak to be idle,
lazy, to tireØaly likeØaly-la seemsØalym-Øulumetmek t
o ingratiateØalyn flameØama patchØamamak 1. to mend,
repair 2. to sharpenØaman 1. bad 2. veryØamanlamak 1. to
slander 2. to talk, sayØamanlyk harm,
damage, detrimentØamaºgan anew, once
again
Øamaºgandan anew, once again
Øanamak 1. lean 2. to press 3. to oppress
Øanawu handfulØa– echoØa–ak cheekØa–y Øakynda recentlyØa–yja just nowØa–yltma tongue-
twisterØap ditchØapbaºak slope, pitchØapbaºdyrmak to
flattenØapbaºmak to flattenØapgy coverØapgyt slope, inclineØaplamak to leanØaplanmak to lean
againstØapmak 1. to close 2.
to cover 3. to bake 4. to enclose, affix 5. to finish, to end
Øapon JapaneseØaponiØa JapanØaprak leafØapraklamak to be
leafy, grow leavesØapy I. slope II. lid,
coverØapyk 1. closed 2.
covered, enclosedØapynja cape, cloakØapyºdyrmak to stick
(something into something else)
Øapyºmak 1. to stick to, hold fast to 2. to be pasted to
Øar belovedØara woundØarag weaponØaraglandyrmak to
arm someoneØaraglanmak to take
up arms, arm oneselfØaragly armedØaragsyzlandyrmak to
disarmØaragsyzlanmak to lay
down armsØaralamak to woundØaraly 1. wounded 2.
adj. woundØaramak to likeØaramaz bad, useless
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Øaramazlaºmak to deteriorate, worsen
Øaramly 1. suitable, good, fit 2. useful, helpful
Øaran adherent, supporter, partisan
Øaranja– toady, lickspittle, sycophant
Øaranja–lyk sycophancy
Øaranlyk friendshipØaranmak to pleaseØaraºdyrmak to
reconcile (others to others)
Øaraºmak to make up (become friends)
Øaraºyk peace, reconciliation
Øaratmak to use, employ
Øarawsyzlyk painfulness, morbidity, sickness
Øardam aid, helpØardam etmek to helpØarma grits, groatsØarmak 1. to cut up 2.
to blow up, explodeØarmaºmak to climbØarpy halfØarsmak 1. to be
warped 2. to be offended, disgusted
Øartma cut, section, angle
Øarty halfØary gije midnightØary halfØaryk fissure, crack,
creviceØarylma explosionØarylmak 1. to crack,
split 2. to explodeØarym halfØarymada peninsulaØaryº race, competitionØaryºmak to race,
competeØasama artificial, false,
imitationØasamak to craft,
makeØasaØjy master,
craftsmanØasli r. 1. day care
center 2. crib, mangerØassanmak to lean on
one's elbows
Øassyk pillowØasy flatØasylamak to flattenØaº 1. age 2. young 3.
teardropØaºamak to liveØaºarmak to waterØaºaØyº life, livingØaºdaº person of the
same ageØaºlyk youthØaºmak "yashmak",
traditional bridal mouth covering
Øaººik r. case, chest, box
Øaºuly elderØaºyl greenØaºyrmak to conceal,
hideØaºyryn secret,
stealthy, vagueØat I. mind II. 1. alien,
foreignØata stagnantØatak 1. bread 2. stall
for animalsØatakhana hostel,
homeØatalatmak to remindØatdan ykarmak to
forgetØatlamak to rememberØatmak to lie down,
sleepØatymlaØyn 1.
overnight 2. daily, a day's
Øatyrlma abolitionØatyrmak to abolishØaz springØazdyrmak 1. to
unbutton, unfasten 2. to lower, launch, set loose, slacken
Øazgarmak to accuse of, charge with
Øazgy 1. entry, registration, record 2. note, sign, inscription
Øazgyt fateØazlamak to lead,
guide, conductØazlyk adj. summer,
springØazmaa cursive,
handwritingØazmak I. to lay down;
write II. to become
loose, unfastened III. 1. to spread 2. to smooth, iron, press
rockyramak to swing, rockyranmak to swing, rockyra– atmak to swing,
rockyrga rolling, pitchingyrgyldamak to vibrate,
moveyrgyldatmak to
vibrate, oscillateyrgyldy oscillation,
vibrationyrmak to bend, inclineyrsaramak to find fault
withyrØa loss, wasteys odor, smell, aromaysgamak to smellysgyn strength, power,
force, mightysgynsyzlanmak to
tire, lose energyysgynsyzlyk feebleness,
weaknessyslanan rottenysly aromaticysmanak spinachysnyºmak to become
friendsysnyºyk closeness
(emotional)yssy hotyssylamak to get hot,
heat upysygra earringsysytma fever, malariayº crevice, slit, crackyºk loveyºyk lightyºyklamak to spy, peepyºyklandyrmak to
touch up, brush up, refresh
yz 1. trace 2. backside, rear, base 3. close by
yza ache, painyzaly painfulyzarlamak 1. to track
down 2. to trace, follow, look after, watch
yzgar moisture
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yzgarly humid, dampyzgyt caress, affectionyzlamak to whine,
snivelyzly-yzynda successivel
y, one after the otheryzy bilen right after,
behind, followingyzygideri consistent,
successivelyyzynda behindyzzat reverence,
respect, awe
Zzabt etmek to invade,
attackzabun cruelzaØot r. examzag crow, ravenzagyrdamak to shake,
tremblezakaz r. order,
commandzakaznoØ by order, by
commandzakyja jackdawzal r. hallzalym tyrant, tyrannicalzalymlyk tyrannyzaman epoch, era, timezama type of melonzamun bail, surety,
guaranteezapas r. storage,
savings, back-upzaply 1. strong 2. swift,
suddenzapowednik r.
preserve, reservezar die, dicezarba swift attack,
blitzkreigzarbykdyrmak to
wound, to inflict harmzarbykmak to be hurt,
to be inflamedzar–yldamak to call,
ringzarp strength, force,
powerzarpy battler, fighterzarplandyrmak to
strengthenzarplanmak to be
strengthenedzarØadi r. 1. charge
(electric) 2. cartridge, ammunition
zarØadka r. 1. drill, exercise 2. loading, charging
zarØadlamak to load, to charge
zaryn mournful, sad, plaintive
zarynlamak to mournzastawa r. outpostzat thing
zawod r. factoryzaØa spoiledzaØaylyk rottenesszaØalamak to pollute,
spoilzaØalamak to spoil,
ruinzaØalanan spoiledzaØalanmak to spoil,
go badzaØawka r. claim,
demandzaØleek to dampen,
liquify, moisturizezaØom r. loanzehin talent, giftzehinli talented, giftedzehinsiz untalentedzelel harmzelelli harmfulzemzen giant lizardzenzele noise, racketzerarly becausezergŠr jewelerzerrin bolmak to be
takmynan, tas, takmynalone Øeke, Øeke-Šk, tŠkalong boØunaalphabet elipbiØalphabet book harplykalphabet letter harpalready I era eØØamalso hemalter ŸØtgetmek,
guard Ÿºerilmekbe on the alert Ÿºerilmekbe on time Øetiºmekbe oppressed ezilmekbe organized Šklenmekbe out of breath daljykmakbe parted dyr-pytrak
bolmak, Øapyºmakbe placed goØulmakbe poured out dškŸlmekbe prim eljiremekbe propped up direnmek
be protected baØrynmak, goranmak
be proud buØsanmak, guwanmak
be proven subut bolmakbe provoked hekgermekbe pushed in dyknyºmakbe put together guranmakbe quarrelsome igenmekbe quiet dymmakbe ratified tassyklanmakbe reconciled ylalaºmakbe rectified dŸzelmekbe regarded hasaplanmakbe
related garyndaºsyramakbe repeated gaØtalanmakbe resolved šzŸlmekbe right
against galtaºdyrmakbe ruined bozylmak,
Øykylmakbe
satisfied kanagatlanmak, o–mak
be scared of Ÿrkmekbe settled Øerlemekbe shaken titretmekbe shamed uØalmakbe shortened keltelmekbe shy Øygrylmak, utanmakbe situated Øerleºmekbe snoopy sokgarylmakbe soaked sŸllŸmbaØbe spoiled ajamakbe still Šºermek, durmakbe straightened
up dogralmakbe
strengthened zarplanmak
be stuffed (from eating) zerrin bolmak
be supported baØrynmakbe surprised ge–irgenmekbe sweet sŸØjemekbe swollen Øellenmekbe taken with deprenmekbe the first š–Ÿrtmekbe thirsty suwsamak,
suwsamakbe tightened bŸzŸlmekbe tired irmek, pete– etmekbe torn Øyrtylmakbe tortured surnukmakbe uncaring dšzmekbe united birleºmekbe unpleasant Øokuº
get bound up ºinelemekget cold feet namartlamakget confused olaºmakget dark i–rik garalmakget dirty bulaºmak,
orlamak, gŠzlemek, hapalanmak, kirlemek
get done bšlŸºmekget dusty a–amak, a–
jarmakget entangled ºinelemek,
igmekget even with haklaºmak,
hasaplaºmakget fat semretmekget fixed up ornaºmakget gutsy gaØratlanmakget hot yssylamakget inflamed tataºmakget into sŸmmekget lost azaºmakget mad šjŸkmekget married (for a man
only) šØlenmekget mixed up garjaºmakget moldy he–lemekget news habarlaºmak,
habar tutmakget numb guruºmakget on mŸnmekget out aØrylmakget out of dyndarmak,
dynmakget out of here! gŸm bol!
owarra!get packed dykyzlanmakget pleasure gšnenmekget ready taØynalmakget rid of gowzalmak,
sabamak, sypmakget sick of bizar bolmakget situated Øerleºmekget skinny arryklamakget spoiled azmakget started (about
cooking) atarmakget sunburnt gŸne
Øanmakget tangled and
confused bulaºmakget tied up igmekget tied up in
knots igilmekget tired lejikmekget tough with dazarylmakget up turuzmak, durmak
get used to šwreniºmek, uØgunlaºmak
get wet ezilmekgift peºeº, zehin, sylaggifted zehinligiggle hikirdi, hikirdemek,
hykyrdamak, hykyrdy, pykyrdamak, kikirdemek
giraffe £iraf(r)
girdle bilguºakgirl gelingyz, gyzgirlfriend boØdaºgirth semizlikgive Šbermek, gowuºmakgive a hand to arkalaºmakgive a turn tow bermekgive an account hasap
bermekgive back gaØtarmakgive birth dogurmakgive birth a
goat owlaklamakgive drink aØlamakgive someone a
cold sowuklatmakgive trouble azar bermekgive up Øitirmek, taslamakgive up hope pyssarmakgive voice to agzamakgive-and-take aldym-
grow old gartaºmakgrow quiet di–mekgrow stale gatamakgrow still kšºeºnekgrow stronger eØikmekgrow taller beØgelmekgrow thin horlanmakgrow tired of bizar bolmakgrow up šnŸp-šsmek,
hate Øigrenmekhateful Øygren, Øigrenjihatred Øigrenhaughtiness tekepbirlikhaughty tekepbirhave a bite diºlemekhave a cold dŸmewlemekhave a dream dŸØº gšrmekhave a dust
storm sowurmakhave a little chat gŸmŸr-
ØamŸr etmekhave a party toØlamakhave a
premonition syzmakhave a snack ØŸrkese
edinmekhave doubts mŸ–
kŸrlenmekhave free time sypynmakhave occasion
(to) miØesserhawk gyrgy
hay bede, silos(r)
haydust pidehaze dumanhazy gamaºykhe ol
head baº, kelle, naalinik(r), mŸdir
head for Øšnelmekhead of the table tšrhead scarf alynda–y
improved guratimprovement guratlykin iindein a big way gerimin a day gŸnaºain a grand style gerimin a short time mšhletin a word mahlasyin addition Ÿste, Ÿstesinein addition to ondan hem
baºga, daºyndanin agreement with razyin conformity
with laØyklyk-dain disagreement jetin earnest ynlakaØin front of š–Ÿndein full supply ŸpjŸnin general garazin good spirts ºŠhdaykin great detail jikme-jikin my opinion... meni–ein one's way peØwagtnain order ugrukdyrmakin pairs ikibirin place of Øerinein relation to degiºliin short mahlasyin the beginning baºdain the front ilerik,
ilerlegini, š–in the future šwrŸlipin the past š–
in the pre-dawn aladandanin the summer tomsmain truth dogrusy,
suwuklykliquify zaØleeklist tablisa, ugurlisten di–lemek, di–leØmeklisten attentively gulak
asmak, gulak salmaklisten to di–ºirgemeklistener di–leØjiliteracy sowatliteral harma-harpliterary edebiliterate sowatly, sowatlyliterature edebiØatlitter zibillittle az, ownuk, uºaklittle bells dŸwmelittle book depderelittle brother inilittle bunny ebºeklittle by little az-azdan,
gitdigie
little cakes piro£ny(r)
little children oglan-uaklittle cup pyØaluºkalittle dictionary sšzlŸkliklittle finger kŸlembibilittle knot dŸwŸneklittle rascal bezzatlittle slice gy–aklive Øaºamaklive coals kšzlively janlyliver bagyrlivestock mal, dowarlivestock
make a bed gowlamakmake a bet jedel etmekmake a call jy––yrdatmakmake a
case delillendirmekmake a fist Øumruklamakmake a fuss izzildemekmake a hole deºmekmake a hole in kšwmekmake a noise gyk-bak
etmek, ºagyrdamak, ºaggyldamak
make a pact wadalaºmakmake a place
home Øerlemekmake a speech ykyº etmekmake a stop duruzmak,
dټlemekmake a
tool abzallaºdyrmakmake a trade sšwda etmekmake accurate sazlamakmake
acquaintance tanyºmakmake an abstract
of kospektirlemek(r)
make an agreement razylaºmak
make an effort emgemekmake an incision kertmekmake an indistinct
noise dŸkŸrdemekmake an offer teklip etmek
make angry gaharjandyrmak, gazaplandyrmak
make at home jaØlaºdyrmak
make beautiful owadanlamak
make better gowulandyrmak, gowulaºmak
make black garaltmakmake
bulging Øepbeºdirmekmake clear subut etmek,
anyklamak, aØdy–laºdyrmak
make deeper ukuralmak, u–almak
make dry kakatmakmake even de–lemekmake fine irlemekmake glassy aØnalamakmake haste al–asamakmake hay siloslamakmake hooked ga–rylamakmake it to gowuºmakmake in time Øetiºmekmake known bellenmek,
bildirmekmake larger ulaltmakmake laugh gŸldŸrmekmake merry bŠliremekmake more
oily Øaglyokay bolØar, adata, hoºold baØry, garry, goja, kšneold age garrylykold person garryold things kšne-kŸºŸlold woman kempirolder eØmen, ekabyrolder brother agaolive zeØtin
olympiad olimpiada(r)
olympics spartakiØada(r)
omission propusk(r)
on boØunaon a diet berhizlion an empty
stomach ajšzeon end syn-synon hand nagton purpose bilgeºleØinon the contrary tersineon the part of babatdaon top Øokary, atlaØynonlooker tomaºayonce birwagtonce again tŠzee,
Øamaºgan, Øamaºgandanonce and for
all dŸØpgšter, dŸØpleØinonce more Øeneone bir, Øekelikone after the
other udantutma, yzly-yzynda
one and all beØikli-peslione and only Øeke-tŠkone-blooded ganybirone by one Øeke-Øekeone day gŸninone hundred ØŸzlŸkone hundredth ØŸzŸnjione of birione on one baºa-baºone way gidiºinone-sided birtaraplaØynoneness birlik, Øekelikonion sogan
Turkmen/English Dictionary 118
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only di–e, birlik, Øekeonly a little alaonset tutnakonslaught tutnakopen a, ŠºgŠr, amak, ha–
rib gapyrgaribbon lentarice tŸw, bŸrŸnrice porridge ºŸlerich baØrich in content manylyrich in possessions barlyrich with bolrichness dšwletricochet awmakriddle matal, tapmaaride togalamakridge ulgamridiculous gŸlkŸn,
bolgusyzriding academy manerriding school manerrifle tŸpe–right hak, hak-hukuk,
hukuk, hukuk, mamla, hakright after yzy bilenright now derrewright up to tŠrighteous halalrigid do–anrim er–ekrime igrekrind paakring ØŸzŸk, halka, jy––
silent sessizsilently keremarasilk ØŸpeksilk production ØŸpekiliksilly tentek, batnyksyzsilt gyrmanasilver kŸmŸº, kŸmŸºlemeksilver jug for
water kŸnnŸksilver plate kŸmŸºlemeksimilar me–ze, me–zeºsimilar to ºekilli
Turkmen/English Dictionary 128
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similarity me–zeliksimple sada, tŸrkana,
ØšnekeØ, Øe–ilsimple greeting salamsimpleton tenteksimplicity sadalyksimplify Øe–illeºdirmeksimply so keØpinesin Øazyk, gŸnŠsince bŠrisince days of yore kšnedensince then aradansincere dogruyl, sadasincerely yn ØŸrekdensincerity ynØŸrekdeºlik,
thing zatthings goº, zatlarthink pikir etmek, šØtmek,
pikirlenmek, saØmakthink hard šlºermekthink out tapmakthink upon ikirjinlemekthinness Øukalykthird ŸŸnjithirst teºnelikthirsty teºnethirtieth otuzynjythirty otuzthis bu, ºuthis side of bŠrithistle garamandalakthorn tikenthorny tikenlithoroughfare magistralthought pikir, a–, oØthousand mŸ–thread dŸzmek, štŸrmek,
gusmakvote saØlowvoter saØlawyvow kasam imek, Šht, ºertvowel ekimli ses
voyage reØs(r)
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Wwaddle moØmuldamakwage war uruºmak
wagon wagon(r)
wail jŠgildemek, wa–kyrmak, nŠrazyylyk
wailing jŠgildiwaist bil, guºaklykwait garaºmakwait for
someone garalyºmak
waiter ofisian(r)
wake someone turuzmak, šrŸzmek
wake up oØanmakwakefulness ºšwŸrwaken turuzmakwalk sŸmsŸnmek, Øšremekwalking seØilwall diwar, haØat, se––erwallow lŠshermekwalnut grek hozywander entemek,
entreklemek, tentemek, gezmek, seØran etmek
wanderer segezdanwant gereklemek, islemek,
islemek, hajatwanting to gšwŸnje–war uruº, harbywarbler (bird) jikjiki
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XX-ray(s) rentgen(r)
Yyard howly, mellek, daºyarn ØŸpyawn pallamak, palyear Øylyear before last š––ilyear by year ØylsaØynyellow sary, meleyellowest sap saryyellowish saryØagyzyelp u–samakyes hawayesterday dŸØnyesterday's dŸØnkiyet entegem, entek, entŠk,
heniz, ºindiyield (cotton) Šyo Šheyyoghurt sŸzmeyou sen, (plural or formal)
sizyoung kšrpe, Øaºyoung and old alike uly-kiiYoung
Communist komsomol(r)
young girl gelinyoung people juwanyoung/little donkey kŸrreyounger brother jigiyounger sister-in-
law baldyzyour way seni–e, sizingeyouth juwan, juwanlyk,
Øaºlyk, Øigitlik
Zzeal yhlas, hšweszealous yhlasly
zero nol(r)
zinc sink(r)
zone zona(r)
zoo haØwanat bagy
zoological zoologik(r)
zoology zoologiØa(r)
Turkmen/English Dictionary 140
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Contents of the Appendix
1.0 Brief Introduction to the Turkmen Language1.1 The Alphabets1.2 Brief Dicussion of the Alphabets1.3 Learning the New Alphabet1.4 Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet1.5 Vowel Harmony1.6 Long and Short Vowels1.7 Vocal Transformations
2.0 The Case System2.1 Cases of Pronouns
3.0 Verbs3.1a- Present Comprehensive, long form3.1b - Present Comprehensive, short form3.2a - Present Perfect3.2b - Present Perfect (negative)/Habitual Present (negative) 3.3 - Future Certain3.4 - Future Indefinite3.5 - Conditional 3.6 - Past Definite 3.7 - Obligatory Form 3.8 - Imperative Forms 3.9 - Intentional Form
4.0 Relative Clauses 5.0 Cases and their suffixes
5.1 Possessive Suffixes 6.0 The Absolute Posessive 7.0 Nouns in Direct Relation8.0 Coparatives & Superlatives9.0 Some Unusual Structures in Turkmen Grammar10.0 Go?ylmalar
16.1 Expressing Ability: -p/-yp/-ip bilmek16.2 Doing an Action for Someone: -p/-yp/-ip bermek16.3 Attempted Action: -p/-yp/-ip görmek16.4 Anticipated Action: -jak/-jek bolmak
Turkmen/English Dictionary 141
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1.0: Brief Introduction to the Turkmen Language
The Turkmen Language belongs to the greater family of Turkic
languages. The Turkic languages, together with the Mongolian and
Manchu-Tungus languages, form the Altaic language group. Specifically,
Turkmen is included in the sub-group of Southern Turkic languages, along
with Turkish and Azeri. Among all the Turkic languages, there are
similar grammatical structures, similar phonetics and some shared
vocabulary.
In some ways Turkmen is an easy language to learn. Unlike Russian
or Spanish, Turkmen has no genders. There are no irregular verbs. For
the most parts, words are written exactly as they are pronounced.
Finally, Turkmen's grammatical case system is remarkably simple once
understood, and has almost no exceptions.
The greatest difficulty for beginning Turkmen speakers will
probably be adapting to Turkmen's elaborate system of grammatical
suffixes, or "tag words" and learning to re-order their speech so that
the predicate (verb) is the last thing spoken. Also, many simple
English grammatical structures (such as "to have", "to need", or "to be
able to") are handled differently in Turkmen.
Turkmen/English Dictionary 142
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1.1 The Alphabets
Täze Elipbi Tkmn Cyrillic English EquivalentAa Aa a, as in fatherÄä ‰´ a, as in catBb Bb bÇç Hh chDd Dd dEe ?/ e, as in eggFf Ff fGg Gg when starting a word, voiced like the
English "g" in "go". Within words, voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"
Hh Xx hIi Ii ee, as in seeJj Ú… jKk Kk kLl Ll lMm Mm mNn Nn nOo Oo o, as in goÖö Øø oo, as in good (approximately)Pp Pp pRr Rr r, pronounced with a trill, as in Russian
or SpanishSs Ss sTt Tt tUu Uu u, as in fluteÜü Á¥ like u, but pronounced with rounded lips
and higher in the throatWw Vv w (in Russian words, as v)Yy Yy i, as in sitŸÿ Jj y, as in yesZz Zz zÑñ ?§ ng, as in song£¡ "' zh, as in pleasure (only found in Russian
words)? Ww sh, as in wash?? }] sch, as in fresh cheese (only found in
Russian words)(ÿe) Ee ye, as in yes(ÿo) |\ yo, as in yo-yo(ÿa) Qq ya, as in yacht(ts) Cc ts, as in hats
Turkmen/English Dictionary 143
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1.2 Brief Dicussion of the Alphabets
The Turkmen alphabet was first written in Arabic, until about
1930, when a Latin script was introducted. The Latin script was
replaced in 1940 when all Turkic people in the Soviet Union were
required to adopt the Cyrillic script. Finally, in 1995, the "Täze
Elipbiÿi" or New Alphabet, was formally introduced by the President to
re-align Turkmenistan with the non-Soviet world. (Similar new alphabets
have been introduced in Uzbekiztan and other republics.)
The New Alphabet is currently used for street signs and political
slogans, but there is a severe deficit of other reading materials.
Almost all Turkmen books in print use the Cyrillic alphabet, and despite
the national-wide trainings that have taken place, and televised
instructional programs, the New Alphabet has yet to gain popular
acceptance.
1.3 Learning the New Alphabet
The new alphabet is much easier for native English speakers to
read and understand than is the Cyrillic, and also seems better suited
to the Turkmen language. For this reason we have used it in the grammar
discussions of this text. Most all letters are pronounced more or less
like their English counterparts. The unusual letters are as follows:
New Turkmen English EquivalentAa always the long a, as in "father"Ää always the short a, as in "cat"Çç ch, as in "cheese"Gg when starting a word, voiced like the English "g" in "go".
Within words, voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"Ii ee, as in seeOo always the long o, as in goÖö oo, as in good but rounderRr r, pronounced with a slight trillUu always the long u, as in fluteÜü like u, but pronounced with rounded lips and higher in the
throatWw w, as in "water" (in Russian words, v, as in "very")Yy i, as in sitŸÿ y, as in yesÑñ ng, as in song£¡ zh, as in pleasure (only found in Russian words)? sh, as in wash
Turkmen/English Dictionary 144
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1.4 Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet
The Cyrillic Alphabet is a little disorienting at first, since
many of the letters seem like English counterparts, but they're actually
not. The Cyrillic alphabet is also not ideally suited to Turkmen, and
as a solution to this, several distinctly Turkic characters are present
in the Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet that not present in Russian Cyrillic.
Also, several Russian Cyrillic characters are only found in words taken
from Russian.
Five characters look and sound approximately like their English
counterparts. These are:
Cyrillic English Aa long a, as in "father"Kk kMm mOo long o, as in "go"Tt t
The following eight characters might look like English letters,
but unfortunately they're different.
Cyrillic English Vv w, as in "water" (in Russian words, as v, as in "very")Ss s, as in "see"Ee at the beginning of a word, ye, as in yes (with the "y") In
the middle or at the end of the word, usually as e, as in "egg"
Nn n, as in "no"Rr r, pronounced with a trill, as in SpanishXx h, as in "hot", but throatierUu long u, as in "flute"Á¥ like u, but pronounced with rounded lips and higher in the
throat
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The following 22 characters look unlike anything in seen in
written English, though some bear striking resemblance to kindergarten
experiments:
‰´ short a, as in "cat"Bb b, as in "ball"Hh ch, as in "cheese"Dd d, as in "dog"?/ e, as in "egg" (almost exclusively used at the beginning of
words)Ff f, as in "fire"Gg when starting a word, voiced like the English "g" in "go".
Within words, voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"Ii ee, as in "see"Ú… j, as in "jump"Ll l, as in "lye"Øø oo, as in good, but rounder (approximately)Pp p, as in "pi"Yy i, as in "sit"Jj y, as in "yes"Zz z, as in "zoo"?§ ng, as in "song""' zh, as in "pleasure" (only found in Russian words)Ww sh, as in "wash"}] shch, as in "fresh cheese" (only found in Russian words)|\ yo, as in "yo-yo"Qq ya, as in "yacht"Cc ts, as in "hats"
1.5 Vowel Harmony
One very interesting feature of Turkmen is that all vowels can be
divided into two groups, the front vowels (inçe çekimli sesler) and the
back vowels (ÿogyn çekimli sesler). Front vowels are pronounced higher
in the throat and are more nasal, while back vowels are pronounced lower
in the throat and are more guttural. The front vowels are ä, e, i, ö,
and ü. The back vowels are a, y, o, and u. The "harmony" lies in the
fact that all Turkmen words of Turkic origin are pronounced either
entirely with front vowels, like kädi (pumpkin) or köwü? (shoes), or
with back vowels, like doganlyk (brotherhood) or mugallym (teacher).
Grammatical and verb suffixes also follow vowel harmony, being divided
into two groups for front-vowel words and back-vowel words. For
example, the front-vowel plural suffix -ler would be added to kädi to
form the word for "pumpkins," whereas the back-vowel plural suffix -lar
would be added to mugallym to produce "teachers." In short, front
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vowels go with front vowels and back vowels with back. Subsequent
suffix appendices will more completely explain applications of this
rule.
Turkmen has many Russian words, such as telewizor (television) and
radio (radio), that have simply been incorporated into the language.
These are spelled exactly according to the original Russian and often
have both front and back vowels within one word. Such is true for the
numerous Turkmen words of Persian and Arabic origin, such as kitap
(book), dükan (shop), and serdar (leader). In these cases, consistent
with the general rule for vowel harmony in Turkmen, the final vowel of
the word determines the vowel harmony for suffixation.
Verbs in Turkmen adhere consistently to vowel harmony. All verbs
belong to one of two groups determined by their infinitive forms: those
ending in -mak, and those ending in -mek. The suffixes for all -mak
verbs have only back vowels, whereas only front vowels will be found in
the suffixes of -mek verbs. Examples of this will follow in the
explanations of verb tenses.
1.6 Long and Short Vowels
Another interesting feature of Turkmen is the use of long and
short vowels. Short vowels are like those in English, like the a in
"bar." Long vowels simply require pronouncing short vowels for the
duration of two vowels. Often this difference in duration is all that
distinguishes the meanings of two words, as in the pairs below:
SHORT LONG
at horse at name
gyz get excited! (imperative) gyz girl
bil know! (imperative) bil waist
ot grass ot fire
öç extinguish! (imperative) öç revenge
gurt curd, dry cheese gurt wolf, worm
dü? come down! (imperative) düÿ? dream
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1.7 Vocal Transformations
Certain consonat combinations are rendered differently in spoken
Turkmen than their written forms would indicate. For example, the nd of
mende (on my person) is pronounced "nn" when spoken (menne). The
following chart will illustrate these combinations and examples with the
spoken transformations rendered in the new alphabet.
Written Spoken Written Spoken
Translation _________________n + d nn sende senne on your person l + d ll aldym allym I tookz + d zz agyzda agyzza in the mouths + d ss bäsde? bäsde? rivals + t ss üsti üssi top, surface? + j ?? go?jak go??ak will addz + s ss ÿazsyn ÿassyn let him writet + s ss gitse gisse if she goest + ç çç parahatçylyk parahaççylyk peaceç + s ?s açsa a?sa if it opensç + l ?l açlyk a?lyk hunger, famineç + d ?d geçdik ge?dik we passedç + j ?? içjek i??ek will drinkg + b gw bagban bagwan gardener
2.0 The Case System
Like Russian or German, Turkic languages have a system of
grammatical cases. Cases are defined by changes that occur to a word
when it is placed in different grammatical context. English has cases
for personal prounouns. For example: "I see him", "He sees me". Not:
"Me sees he", "Him sees I". Turkmen, however, has six cases, and these
cases are used for all words, not just personal prounouns. The six
Turkmen cases are: the nominative, used for the subject of the sentence;
the possessive, similar to English possessives; the dative, used to show
directed action; the accusative, which is similar to the English "direct
object"; the time/place, which shows locality; and the instrumental,
which is used to show origin.
While six cases might seem a bit overwhelming at first, it should
be noted that the case suffixes simply replace our English prepositions
such as "from," "at," "with," "in," "on," and "to". Also, the rules for
their use are remarkably simple and inflexible, unlike those of the
Russian cases.
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2.1 Cases of Pronouns
These follow fairly straightforwardly from the regular case
endings. The only unusual exceptions being the mutation of ol to on in
all cases, and the dative pronouns maña, saña, and oña.
Nomnative menI
senyou (singular informal)
olhe, she, it
bizwe
sizyou (plural or formal)
olarthey
Poss. meniñmy
seniñyour
onyñhis, her, its
biziñour
siziñyour
olaryñtheir
Dative maña˜to me
saña˜to you
oña˜to him, her, it
bize˜to us
size˜to you
olara˜to them
Accus. meni˜ me
seni˜ you
ony˜ him, her, it
bizi˜ us
sizi˜ you
olary˜ them
T/Place mende˜ upon me
sende˜ upon you
onda˜ upon him, her, it
bizde˜ upon us
sizde˜ upon you
olarda˜ upon them
Instrum. menden˜ from me
senden˜ from you
ondan˜ from him, her, it
bizden˜ from us
sizden˜ from you
olardan˜ from them
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3.0 Verbs
Like English, Turkmen has a great variety of verb tenses. Verbs
in Turkmen are conjugated in plural and singular for first, second, and
third persons. As in Romance languages and Russian, the subject of a
sentence is often not spoken if it is obvious.
Following is a selection of verb tenses and forms. All verbs are
conjugated on the model of ÿazmak, to write.
3.1a- Present Comprehensive, long form
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazÿaryn I write/I am writing. stem +(ÿar)yn +(ÿär)inSen ÿazÿarysyñ You write/You are writing.stem +(ÿar)syñ +(ÿär)siñOl ÿazÿar He writes/He is writing. stem +(ÿar) +(ÿär)Biz ÿazÿarys We write/We are writing stem +(ÿar)ys +(ÿär)isSiz ÿazÿarsyñyz You write/You are writing.stem +(ÿar)syñyz +(ÿär)siñizOlar ÿazÿarlar They write/They are writing. stem +(ÿar)lar +(ÿär)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:Men ÿazmaÿaryn = I am not writing. I don't write.Men iÿmeÿärin = I am not eating. I don't eat.
3.1b - Present Comprehensive, short form
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazÿan I write/I am writing. stem +ÿan +ÿänSen ÿazÿañ You write/You are writing.stem +ÿañ +ÿäñOl ÿazÿar He writes/He is writing. stem +ÿar +ÿärBiz ÿazÿas We write/We are writing. stem +ÿas +ÿäsSiz ÿazÿañyz You write/You are writing.stem +ÿañyz +ÿäñizOlar ÿazÿarlar They write/They are writing. stem +ÿarlar +ÿärler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:Men ÿazmaÿan = I am not writing. I don't write.Men içmeÿän = I am not drinking. I don't drink.
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3.2a - Present Perfect
Translates to the English Present Perfect.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazypdyrym I have written. stem +(yp)dyrym (ip)dirimSen ÿazypsyñ You have written. stem +(yp)syñ (ip)siñOl ÿazypdyr He/she has written. stem +(yp)dyr (ip)dirBiz ÿazypdyrys We have written. stem +(ypdyrys (ip)dirisSiz ÿazypsyñyz You have written. stem +(yp)syñyz (ip)siñizOlar ÿazypdyrlar They have written. stem +(yp)dyrlar (ip)dirler
To form the negative, insert -man or -män in place of the -yp or -ip after the stem in the above endings:Ol ÿazmandyr = He/she has not written.Olar gelmänderler = They have not come.
Translates to the negative English Present Perfect (or to a negative form of a "Habitual Present Tense")*, as such:
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazamok I have not written. stem +(a)mok +(e)mokSen ÿazañok You haven't written. stem +(a)ñok +(e)ñokOl ÿazanok He hasn't written. stem +(a)nok +(e)nokBiz ÿazamzok We haven't written. stem +(a)mzok +(e)mzokSiz ÿazañzok You haven't written. stem +(a)ñzok +(e)ñzokOlar ÿazanoklar They haven't written. stem +(a)noklar +(e)noklar
*These forms can also indicate that a certain activity is generally not performed by the speaker: Men ÿazamok = I don't write. (as a habit) Men çilim çekemok = I don't smoke. (as a habit)
3.3 - Future Certain
Translates to the English Future Simple with the tone of certainty.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazjak I will write. stem +jak +jekSen ÿazjak You will write. stem +jak +jekOl ÿazjak He will write. stem +jak +jekBiz ÿazjak We will write. stem +jak +jekSiz ÿazjak You will write. stem +jak +jekOlar ÿazjak They will write. stem +jak +jek
To form the negative, add -däl after the verb:Men ÿazjak däl = I will not write.Men gitjek däl = I will not go.
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3.4 - Future Indefinite
Translates to English Future Simple with a tone of probability.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazaryn I (probably) will write. stem +(ar)yn +(er)inSen ÿazarsyñ You (probably) will write.stem +(ar)syñ +(er)siñOl ÿazar He (probably) will write. stem +(ar) +(er)Biz ÿazarys We (probably) will write. stem +(ar)ys +(er)isSiz ÿazarsyñyz You (probably) will write.stem +(ar)syñyz +(er)siñizOlar ÿazarlar They (probably) will write. stem +(ar)lar
+(er)ler
To negate, add -m after the stem, except in the third person, where -maz is used.Men ÿazmaryn = I (probably) won't write. Ol ÿazmaz = He (probably) won't write.Men gitmerin = I (probably) won't go. Olar gitmezler = They (probably) won't go.
3.5 - Conditional
Expresses hypothetical situations, used like the English "if". Usually followed by a statement in the Future Indefinite tense.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazsam If I write... stem +(sa)m +(se)mSen ÿazsañ If you write... stem +(sa)ñ +(se)ñOl ÿazsa If he writes... stem +(sa) +(se)Biz ÿazsak If we write... stem +(sa)k +(se)kSiz ÿazsañyz If you write... stem +(sa)ñyz +(se)ñizOlar ÿazsalar If they write... stem +(sa)lar +(se)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the verb stem.Men ÿazmasam = If I do not write...Men gitmesem = If I do not go.
3.6 - Past Definite
Translates to the English Past Simple.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazdym I wrote. stem +(dy)m +(di)mSen ÿazdyñ You wrote. stem +(dy)ñ +(di)ñOl ÿazdy He wrote. stem +(dy) +(di)Biz ÿazdyk We wrote. stem +(dy)k +(di)kSiz ÿazdyñz You wrote. stem +(dy)ñyz +(di)ñizOlar ÿazdylar They wrote. stem +(dy)lar +(di)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem.Men ÿazmadym = I didn't write.Men gitmedim = I didn't go.
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3.7 - Obligatory Form
Translates to English "must," "should," or "ought to" with a verb.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazmaly I must write. stem +maly +meliSen ÿazmaly You must write. stem +maly +meliOl ÿazmaly He must write. stem +maly +meliBiz ÿazmaly We must write. stem +maly +meliSiz ÿazmaly You must write. stem +maly +meliOlar ÿazmaly They must write. stem +maly +meli
To form the negative, add -däl after the verb.Men ÿazmaly däl = I must (should) not write.Men gitmeli däl = I must (should) not go.
3.8 - Imperative Forms
In the singular and plural "you" forms, the verbs are simply rendered as commands, with the varying levels of politeness as noted below. Note that the personal pronouns are parenthetical, indicating that they are not spoken as part of the command form, but indicate to whom the command is being delivered. Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEKverbs (Sen) ÿaz! Write! stem(Sen) ÿazyñ! Write! stem +yñ +iñ(Sen) ÿazsana! Write, please! (polite) stem +sana +sene
The first person singular and plural forms translate not as commands, but more as expressions of "I'm going to," "may I," "let me," or "let us." The personal pronouns are necessary here.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazaÿyn. May I write. stem +aÿyn +eÿinMen geçeÿin. Let me pass.
Biz ÿazalyñ Let's write!. stem +alyñ* +eliñ*Biz gideliñ Let's go!
*In colloquial speech, the endings are sometimes shortened to -aly and -ely.
To form the plural negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:Hat ÿazmalyñ = Let's not write a letter.Bazara gitmeliñ = Let's not go to the bazaar.
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The third person forms are also not commands as much as they are urges or wishes, translated roughly as "let..." or "would that..."
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Ol ÿazsyn Let him write. stem +syn +sinOl geçsin Let him pass.
Olar ÿazsynlar Let them write! stem +synlar +sinlerOlar geçsinler Let them pass!
To form the negatives for all the above forms, add -ma or -me after the stems, according to vowel harmony:Ol ÿazmasyn = May he not write.Olar gitmesinler = May they not go.
3.9 - Intentional Form
Translates to the English "intend to."
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs Men ÿazmakçy I intend to write. stem +makçy mekçiSen ÿazmakçy You intend to write. stem +makçy mekçiOl ÿazmakçy He/she intends to write. stem +makçy mekçiBiz ÿazmakçy We intend to write. stem +makçy mekçiSiz ÿazmakçy You intend to write. stem +makçy mekçiOlar ÿazmakçy They intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
To form the negative, add after the verb.Men ÿazmakçy däl = I do not intend to write.Men gitmekçi däl = I do not intend to go.
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4.0 Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are formed in Turkmen simply by using verb suffixes based on the tense and vowel harmony of the verb. Who and which, used in English to form relative clauses, are not used as such in Turkmen.
Relative clauses in the present tense are formed by adding the suffixes -ÿan and -ÿän to the stems of MAK and MEK verbs, respectively:
gelÿän adamlar = people who are comingÿazÿan dostum = my friend who is writing
Sentence structure is as follows:
A?gabatdan gelÿän adamlar ÿolda durdular.from-Ashgabat-coming-people-road-at-stoppedThe people who are coming from Ashgabat stopped on the road.
Kitap ÿazÿan dostum Çärjewde ÿa?aÿar.book-writing-my friend-Charjew-in-livesMy friend who is writing a book is from Charjew.
Relative clauses in the past are formed by adding -an and -en to the stems of MAK and MEK verbs, respectively:
gelen adamlar = those who cameÿazan dostum = my friend who has written
Sentence structure is as follows:
Tejenden gelen adamlar köp iÿdiler.Tejen-from-came-people-much-they ateThe people who came from Tejen ate a lot.
Bu kitaby okanlar ony gowy diÿip tapdylar.This-book-read (plural)-it-good-that-they found Those who read this book found it (to be) good.
In the future tense, the definite future forms of the verb (-jak and -jek) form the relative clauses. There are no unique suffixes:
Biziñ klasymyzy okatjak mugallym Eÿrandan geldi.to-our-class-will teach-teacher-from Iran-cameThe teacher who will teach our class came from Iran.
Gökdepä gitjek okuwçylar duralgasynda gara?yp durlar.to Geok Depe-will go-students-stop-at-are waitingThe students who will go to Geok Depe are waiting at the stop.
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5.0 Cases and their suffixes
Vowel Endings Consonant Endings
Nomnative --- (no change)pagta - cottonGök Depe - Goek Depe (a town)
yñ, iñ (uñ, üñ)gazanyñ- ˜ pot'skä?iriñ- ˜ carrots's
Dative -a,-ä or -na, -nepagta - ˜ to cottonGök Depä- ˜ to Goek Depe
-a, -egazana- ˜ to the potkä?ire- ˜ to the carrots
Accusative ny, nipagtany - ˜ the cotton (direct ob.)Gök Depeni- ˜ Goek Depe (d.o.)
y, igazany- ˜ the pot (d.o.)kä?iri- ˜ the carrot(s) (d.o.)
Time/Place da, de or nda, ndepagtada- ˜ in cottonGök Depede- ˜ in Goek Depe
da, degazanda- ˜ in the potkä?irde- ˜ in carrots
Instrumental dan, den or ndan, ndenpagtadan - ˜ from cottonGök Depeden- ˜ from Goek Depe
dan, dengazandan- ˜ from the potkä?irden- ˜ from carrots
The Nominative Case answers Kim? Who?, Näme? What? , Nire? Where? It is used for the subject of the sentence and sometimes for non-specific direct objects. Gök Depe gowy. = Goek Depe is nice.
The Possessive Case answers Kimiñ? Whose?, Nämäniñ? Of what? , Niräniñ? Of where? Itis usually used to show simple possessive relationships. Gök Depeniñ häkimligi = Goek Depe's mayor's office. However, it is sometimes used in ways unfamiliar to English speakers, most notably in prepositional contexts: Gök Depeniñ ÿanynda = by Goek Depe, near Goek Depe.
The Dative Case answers Kime? To whom?, Nämä? Towards what? To what end? , Nirä? To where? It describes a motion directed toward something. Bu awtobus Gök Depä gitÿär = This bus is going to Goek Depe. It also describes abstract direction. Maña çaÿ gerek = Tea is necessary to me. (I need tea.) Please note how the final vowels change in the following examples: (Türkmenba?y) Bu awtobus Türkmenba?a gidÿär. (Mary) Bu awtobus Mara gidÿär. (Çüli) Bu awtobus Çülä gidÿär.
The Accusative Case answers Kimi? Who?, Nämäni? What? , Niräni? Where? It is used for direct objects – things that are acted upon by the verb of the sentence. Men kä?iri kesÿärin. = I'm cutting the carrots. It carries the specificity of an English "the" and is only used when the object is definite.
The Time/Place Case answers Kimde? Upon whom?, Nämede? At what? , Nirede? Where? At what place? It translate to English in various ways depending on the context. Gök Depede ÿa?aÿaryn = I live in Goek Depe. Mende çaÿ ÿok = I don't have any tea. (on me)
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The Instrumental Case answers Kimden? From who?, Nämeden? From what? , Nireden? From where? Like the English "from" it can be used to describe both physical origin, and more abstract concepts of origin. Bu köÿnek Gök Depeden/pagtadan. = This dress is from Goek Depe/ made from cotton.
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5.1 Possessive Suffixes
Unlike English, the Turkmen language also adds a suffix to the
object of possession. This may at times be redundant (Meniñ kakam
geldi. = My father-(my) came.) but often the possessive participle is
omitted (Kakam geldi. = Father-(my) came.) so the suffix alone shows
possession.
Vowel ending Consonant Ending Vowel ending Consonant EndingMy-mkakam, my fatherejem, my mother
Bu meniñ kitabym=this is my bookBu kitab meniñki=this book is mine
7.0 Nouns in Direct Relation Turkmen contains certain pairs of nouns that are in "direct
relation," or which together illustrate a concept, exist without use of the posessive suffixes. For example, the general concept of "bus stop" is rendered as awtobus duralgasy, whereas the posessive awtobusyñ duralgasy would indicate "one bus's stop." In these direct relation pairs, the first noun, in its nominative form, acts more as an adjective than a noun, specifying the genreal meaning of the two-word concept. Other examples are as such:
ma?yn ÿagy=motor oil (ma?ynyñ ÿagy=one car's oil)
miwe sogy=fruit juice (miweniñ sogy=one fruit's juice)
mekdep howlysy=schoolyard (mekdebiñ howlysy=a school's yard)
Note that the second noun is in its "posessed" form with the appropriate -i, -y, -si, or -sy ending.
8.0 Coparatives & Superlatives
To form the comparative, the -dan/den suffix (than) is added to the noun being compared, and the suffix -rak or -räk is then added to the adjective. As in the following examples, the -rak/räk ending is not mandatory:
Bu üzümler ?ol üzümlerden süÿjiBu üzümler ?ol üzümlerden süÿjiräk = These grapes are sweeter than
those grapes
The -rak/räk ending can be used to indicate a comparitive idea without the actual comparative structure:
Olaryñ köÿnekleri kelteräk = Their dresses are (generally) shorter.
To form the superlative, the words iñ or has (most) are added before the adjective:
Maral meniñ iñ gowy okuwçym = Maral is my best pupil.
Bu ma?ynlardan seniñki has owadan = Of all these cars yours is the most beautiful.
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Sekizinji klaslaryñ iñ ökde okuwçylaryny saÿla = Choose the most talented pupils of the eighth grade.
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9.0 Some Unusual Structures in Turkmen Grammar
A. Comparisons "As... as"
Your hat is as expensive as hers. = Seniñ ?lÿapañ hem onuñky ÿaly gymmat.Your hat and hers as expensive.
Your dog is as big as his. = Seniñ itiñ hem onuñky ÿaly uly.Your dog and his as big.
Their students are as good as ours. = Onuñ owkuwçylar hem biziñki ÿaly gowy.Their students and ours as good.
B. I (verb) (noun) to (verb)
I want him to come. = Onuñ gelmegini isleÿärin.His to come I want.
She wants you to listen. = Ol seniñ e?itmegiñi isleÿär.She your to listen wants.
I was asking her to do so. = Onuñ ?eÿle etmegini haÿy? edÿärdim.Her so to do I was asking.
I want him to come. = Onuñ gelmegini isleÿärin.His coming I want.
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10.0 Go?ylmalar
Letters, go?ylmalar, are added to verbs to change their function.
10.1: Passive
Adding these go?ylmalar changes the verb to passive voice where the doer of the sentence is unspoken.
-yl/-il; -ul/-ül; -l
Meniñ ejem uly halyny dokady.=My mother made/wove a big carpet.?u haly ÿüñden dokyldy.=This carpet was made/woven from wool.
?u ÿyl iki ÿazyjy täze hekaÿalary döretdiler.This year two writers created new stories.¥añy-ÿakynda ?äherimiz hakynda täze go?gy döretildi. =A new poem was written about our city.
10.2: Reflexive
Adding these go?ylmalar make the verb reflexive where the action of the sentence has its effect on the person or thing that does the action.
-yn/-in; -un/-ün; -n
Günde meniñ joralarymy görÿärin.=I see my girlfriends everyday.Ol i?e gidip görenip gaÿtdy.=He went to work, showed himself and left.
Kakam paltany ma?yna söÿedi.=My father leaned the axe against the car.Men ardamyny diwara söÿendym.=I leaned my back against the wall.
10.3: Reciprocal
Adding these go?ylmalar make the verb exchanged between two people or groups, or given and recieved in return.
-y?/-i?; -u?/ü?; -?
Maral jigisini gyjaklady.=Maral hugged her little brother/sister.Dostlar gyjakla?dylar we og?a?dylar.=The friends hugged and kissed each other.
Sen Selbini gördüñmi?=Did you see Selbi?Biz göre?ip salamla?dyk.=
Turkmen/English Dictionary 162
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We saw and greeted each other.
Turkmen/English Dictionary 163
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10.4: Causitive
Adding these go?ylmalar makes the subject of the verb also the cause of an action or state.
Men ?u kitap bilen gyzyklanamok.=I am not interested in this book.Meniñ mugallymym maña Türkmen go?gularany öwrenmäge gyzyklandyrdy.-My teacher got me interested in Turkmen poetry.
Mergen öÿe gelip derrew yatdy.=Mergen came home and went to sleep right away.Gül?at çagalaryny giç ÿatardy.=Gulshat put her children to bed late.
Men Ainabady görenimde güldim.=When I saw Ainabat, I laughed.Ol gülkunçli dege?me aÿdanynda dostlaryny gülderdi.He made his friends laugh when he told a funny joke.
Men ÿerde çökip gülleri ni çöpledim.=I knelt on the ground and picked flowers.Çopan düÿäni çökerdi.=The shepherd made the camel kneel down.
Tomsuna hemme adama ir turÿar.=Everyone gets up/wakes up early in the summer.Sagat onda maña turuzsana!=Wake me up at 10 o'clock!
Ol i?ini etdi.=He did the work.Ol meni holynda i?letdi.=He made me work in the yard. Only görmek=to see uses go?ylma -kez in its causitive form:
Olar bizi köçede gördiler.=They saw us on the street.Men suratlarymy jorama görkezÿärin.=I am showing my friend my pictures.
Turkmen/English Dictionary 164
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11.0 Four Important Modal Verbs : otyr, ÿatyr, dur, ÿör
Four verbs in Turkmen, oturmak, ÿatmak, durmak, and ÿörmek, have special 3rd person singular forms, otyr, ÿatyr, dur, and ÿör, respectively, that can be used alone or with compound verb structures to indicate a continuous action or the physical position of something. Personal endings are added to these 3rd person forms as such:
men otyryn men ÿatyrn men durunsen otyrsyñ sen ÿatyrsyñ sen dursuñol otyr ol ÿatyr ol durbiz otyrys biz ÿatyrys biz durussiz otyrsyñyz siz ÿatyrsyñyz siz dursuñyzolar oyrlar olar ÿatyrlar olar durlar
*The 3rd person singular, ÿör, is used alone only in certain regional dialects.
Examples of the use of the three above forms are as follows:
Myrat ?u wagt ÿatyr=Myrat is sleeping now.
Meniñ dostum mugallymlar jaÿynda otyr=My friend is sitting in the teachers' room.
Ma?ynym mekdebiñiziñ öñünde dur=My car is in front of your school.
In compound structures, these verbs' meanings are retained only in that they indicate the position of the doer of the action:
Ol okap ÿatyr=He is reading. (while lying down)
Men çaÿ içip otyryn=I'm drinking tea. (while seated)
Ol taÿda toÿ gidip dur=There's a party going on over there. (in one place)
Sag-aman i?läp ÿörsiñizmi?=Are you (safely) working? (continuously)
Physical objects capable of continuous action but not movement such as cars, refrigerators, electricity, and televisions, use dur in compound structures:
Swet ÿanyp dur=The lights are on.Holodilnik i?läp dur=The refrigerator is running. Duhowka ÿanyp dur=The oven is hot (on).
Turkmen/English Dictionary 165
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12.0 Selected Suffixes and Prefixes
12.1: -çy/-çi
The suffix -çy or -çi, according to vowel harmony, functions like -ist or -er in English to denote occupation, profession, or position.
i? work i?çi workerokuw school okuwçy pupil
In certain cases where the verbs are made into nouns, the suffix becomes -jy or -ji:
diñlemek to listen diñleÿji listenerokamak to read okaÿjy readerÿasamak to craft ÿasaÿjy master
12.2: -dar
The suffix, -dar can make personal nouns out of other nouns. It is unaffected by vowel harmony.
bergi debt bergidar debtortarap side tarapdar supporter
12.3: -ke?
The suffix -ke? personalizes certain nouns indicative of a particular cistom or habit.
The suffixes -siz, -suz, or -syz, according to vowel harmony, mean without or un-.
tertip order tertipsiz disorderlyhowp danger howpsuz secure jan spirit jansyz inanimate
Turkmen/English Dictionary 166
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12.5: -lik/-lük/-lyk/-luk
These suffixes function to create abstract nouns, like -hood, -ness, or -ity in English. They adhere to vowel harmony.
gözel beautiful gözellik beauty köp much, many köplük collective
çaga child çagalyk childhooddost friend dostluk friendship
These suffixes can also make nouns and adjectives from numerical expressions.
bä? five bä?lik five-Manat notebir ÿyl one year bir ÿyllyk a year's worthon üç thirteen on üçlük bus #13
These suffixes make nouns and adjectives which show purpose.
gün day gündelik diaryÿetmek to suffice ÿeterlik enoughel hand ellik glove
12.6: The prefix bi- The prefix bi- expresses the idea of without-. It does not affect, nor is subject to, vowel harmony.
tarap side bitarap neutralgünä sin bigünä innocent
The above forms can then combine with the -lik/-lük/-lyk/-luk forms to form nouns.
bitaraplyk neutralitybigünälik innocence
12.7: -daky/-däki
These suffixes adhere to the rules of vowel harmony and act as adjective clauses do in English, as in the following examples:
Men ?ol kinodaky gyzy halamok.I don't like the girl in that film.
Tejendäki mugallymlar biziñ ÿygnagymyza gelÿärler.The teachers from Tejen are coming to our meeting.
A?gabatdaky çörek biziñkiden gowy.The bread in Ashgabat is better than ours.
Öÿüñizdäkilere köp salam aÿt!Say "hi" to those at your house.
10njy "A" klasdaky okuwçylaryñ tertibi gowy däl.The pupils of the 10th "A" class are not well behaved.
Eliñdäkini aÿyr!Get rid of what's in your hand!
Turkmen/English Dictionary 167
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Parkyñ içindäki gazly suw ?äherimiziñ iñ gowysy.The juice in the park is the best in our city.
Mekdebiñ ÿanyndaky howlyda toÿ bar.There's a party in the yard next to the school.
Men ?u köÿnekdäki ÿakany gowy görÿärin.I like the yoke (collar) of this dress.
Öten ÿyldaky hasyl bu ÿylydakydan köpdi.Last year's harvest was more than this year's.
13.0 Expressing Needs and Desires
Although in Turkmen there is a way to express a wish to do something that parallels the English use of infinitives, such as Men çaÿ içmek isleÿärin (I want to drink tea), a far more common way to express desires involves a construction unlike any in English, utilizing the verb gelmek as a helping verb: Meniñ çaÿ içesim gelÿär (My-tea-drinking-comes).This would roughly translate as "I want to drink tea." or "I feel like drinking tea." The main verb içmek has the personal ending -esim added to the stem, with gelmek in the 3rd person singular, gelÿär. Note the use of posessive pronouns rather than personal pronouns in the following charts:
-mak verbs
meniñ ÿat-asym gelÿär I'd like to sleepseniñ ÿat-asyñ gelÿär You'd like to sleeponuñ ÿat-asy gelÿär He'd like to sleepbiziñ ÿat-asymyz gelÿär We'd like to sleepsiziñ ÿat-asyñyz gelÿär You'd like to sleepolaryñ ÿat-asy gelÿär They'd like to sleep
-mek verbs
meniñ iç-esim gelÿär I'd like to drinkseniñ iç-esiñ gelÿär You'd like to drinkonuñ iç-esi gelÿär He'd like to drinkbiziñ iç-esimiz gelÿär We'd like to drinksiziñ iç-esiñiz gelÿär You'd like to drinkolaryñ iç-esi gelÿär They'd like to drink
The negative is formed by changing the gelÿär to gelmeÿär or gelenok:
Meniñ hiç zady iÿesim gelenok. I don't feel like eating anything.
The past tense is also possible, as such:Meniñ bir zady bilesim geldi. I wanted to know something.
Turkmen/English Dictionary 168
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14.0 Indicating Possibility: mümkin
The word mümkin is used to indicate possibility or to ask permission for an action, using infinitive verbs, such as:
Çilim çekmek mümkinmi? Is it possible to smoke? (May I smoke?)
Girmek mümkinmi? May I come in?Jañ etmek mümkinmi? May I make a call?
Grammatically, it can be used to signify "may" or "might," as in:
Men ertir siziñ mekdebiñize geläÿmegim mümkin.I might come to your school tomorrow.
Men hat ÿazaÿmagym mümkin.I might write a leter.
-mak verbs
men ÿaz-aÿmagym mümkin I might writesen ÿaz-aÿmagyñ mümkin you might writeol ÿaz-aÿmagy mümkin he/she might writebiz ÿaz-aÿmagymyz mümkin we might writesiz ÿaz-aÿmagyñyz mümkin you might writeolar ÿaz-aÿmagy mümkin they might write
-mek verbs
men gel-äÿmegim mümkin I might comesen gel-äÿmegiñ mümkin you might comeol gel-äÿmegi mümkin he/she might comebiz gel-äÿmegimiz mümkin we might comesiz gel-äÿmegiñiz mümkin you might comeolar gel-äÿmegi mümkin they might come
The negative is formed as such:
Men ertir mekdebiñize gelmezligim mümkin.I might not come to your school tomorrow.
Men hat ÿazmazlygym mümkin.I might not write a letter.
-mak verbs
men ÿaz-mazlygym mümkin I might writesen ÿaz-mazlygyñ mümkin you might writeol ÿaz-mazlygy mümkin he/she might writebiz ÿaz-mazlygymyz mümkin we might writesiz ÿaz-mazlygyñyz mümkin you might writeolar ÿaz-mazlygy mümkin they might write
-mek verbs
men gel-mezligim mümkin I might comesen gel-mezligiñ mümkin you might comeol gel-mezligi mümkin he/she might comebiz gel-mezligimiz mümkin we might come
Turkmen/English Dictionary 169
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siz gel-mezligiñiz mümkin you might comeolar gel-mezligi mümkin they might come
Turkmen/English Dictionary 170
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15.0 -dygy/ digi Men oña alty-da geljekdigimi aÿtdym.I told him I would come at 6:00.
Siz maña näme isleÿändigiñizi aÿdyñ.Tell me what you want.
Ol maña köp zat öwrenÿändigini aÿtdy.He told me he's learning a lot.
Ol maña seniñ gelendigiñi aÿtdy.She told me that you came (had come).
Köwü?iñ bahasynyñ näçcdigini aÿdyp biljekmi?Can you tell me how much your shoes cost?
Mugallymyñ nirededigini bilÿärsiñmi?Do you know where the teacher is?
Men ol gyzyñ menden ulydygyny bilÿärin.I know that girl is taller than I.
Men seniñ kitabyñ meniñkiden gowydygyny bilÿärin.I know your book is better than mine.
Biz ?u kitabyñ sözlükdigini bilÿäris.We know this book is a dictionary.
16.0 Double Verbs
Whereas in English we conjugate all verbs and place "and" between them when two actions are done at once or at relatively the same time, Turkmen employs a structure that puts the two verbs together. The first verb is reduced to its stem and the participial ending -yp or -ip, according to vowel harmony, is added. The ending of the second verb determines the doer of the action indicated, as below.
Men düÿn nahar iÿip ÿatdym.Yesterday I ate and went to sleep.
Men radio diñläp hat ÿazÿaryn.I'm listening to the radio and writing a letter.
This form may be used to express an action which has been or will be completed before the expressed action of the second verb:
Biz iÿip gelÿäris.We ate before coming. (lit. We–eat-come)
Nahar iÿip okuwa gidiñ! Eat before going to school. (lit. Food-eat-to-school-go)
Swedi öçürip gaÿt. Go turn off the light. (lit. Light-turn off-come back)
Turkmen/English Dictionary 171
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The participlial -ip and -yp endings have negative counterparts, -män and -man, also added to the stem of the first verb
Çagalar iÿmän okuwa gitdiler.The children went without eating.
Okuwçylar okaman sapaga gelÿärler.The pupils come to the lesson without studying.
16.1 Expressing Ability: -p/-yp/-ip bilmek
A modal structure involving bilmek is used to convey the idea of being able to do something.
Men Türkmençe okap bilÿärin = I can read Turkmen
Ol Rusça ÿazyp bilenok = He can't write Russian
Biz bazara gidip biljek däl = We won't be able to go to the bazaar
16.2 Doing an Action for Someone: -p/-yp/-ip bermek
A modal structure involving bermek is used to express the doing of an action for someone:
Men size jaÿy salyp berdim = I built a house for you
?ol gapyny ÿapyp bermesene = Don't close that door
?ol käsäni saña alyp bererin = I'll give you that teacup
According to vowel harmony the main verb's stem is followed by the participial ending -yp or -ip, and bermek appears according to the doer of the action and the tense.
16.3 Attempted Action: -p/-yp/-ip görmek
A modal structure involving görmek is used to express the idea of trying to do something, or the idea of doing-and-seeing:
Bu nahary datyp gör = Try this food
Men pikir edip göreÿin = Let me think about it (and see)
?ol köÿnegi geÿip gördi = She tried on that dress
16.4 Anticipated Action: -jak/-jek bolmak
A modal structure involving the future tense and bolmak is used to indicate the idea of being about to do something:
Sen ÿatjak bolÿañmy? = Are you about to sleep?
Olar saña jañ etjek bolÿarlar = They're about to call you
Turkmen/English Dictionary 172
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Gara?yñ, men iÿjek bolÿaryn = Wait, I'm going to (about to) eat
Turkmen/English Dictionary 173
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References
The following works were used in preparing this dictionary:
A. Almammedov, R. Nazarov. English-Turkmen Dictionary. - Magaryph Publishers. Ashgabad. 1989. 10,000 words from English to Turkmen.
P. Azimova. Turkmenche-Ruscha Okuw Sozlugi. - Moscow "Russkiy Yazik". 1988. 9000 words from Turkmen to Russian. Our main reference text.
B. Chariyarova. Bolshoy Russko-Turkmenskiy Slovar. - Moscow "Russkiy Yazik". 1987. 77,000 entries in two volumes, translations from Russian to Turkmen.
B. Jumageldieva, G. Sopieva. Turkmenche-Ruscha Gysgalzha Tematik Sozlugi. - Ashgabad "Ilham". 1994. 75 pages of thematic word lists, listing Russian and Turkmen.
B. Meskutova. Ruscha-Turkmenche Okuw Sozlugi. - Moscow "Russkiy Yazik". 1982. 5000 words from Russian to Turkmen.
M. Soyegov, N. Rejepov. Taze Turkmen Elipbi. - Ashgabat "Ruh". 1993. An introduction to the new Turkmen alphabet for Turkmen speakers.
M. Wheeler. The Oxford Russian-English Dictionary. - New York "Oxford University Press". 1992. 82,000 entries from Russian to English.
The following additional works were used as references in preparing the brief grammatical appendix:
R. Nepesova, O. Yaslydeva. Let's Speak English. - Ashgabat "Ilim". 1992. Beginning English for Turkmen Speakers.
Peace Corps Turkmenistan. Turkmen. - Ashgabad. 1995. Compentency-based basic Turkmen instruction.
N. Rejepov. Turkmenskiy Yazik. - Ashgabad "Magarif". 1993. Beginning Turkmen for Russian Speakers.
A. Retman, R. Retman. Let's Learn to Speak English. - Ashgabat. 1992. Beginning English for Turkmen Speakers.
Turkmen Language Project. Turkmen Language Course. - Indiana University. 1994. Compentency-based basic Turkmen instruction.
D. Tyson, L. Clark. Turkmen Language Manual, 2nd Edition. - "U.S. Peace Corps". 1994. Compentency-based basic Turkmen instruction.
J. Yagmirov. Turkmen Dilini Owrenyeris. - Ashabad "Ilim". 1993. Beginning Turkmen for Russian Speakers.