Turbine control The principle features of the TCS Speed Control. Inlet/Admission Pressure Controller. Load Control. Turbine Stress Influence. Frequency.

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Slide 2 Turbine control Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 The principle features of the TCS Speed Control. Inlet/Admission Pressure Controller. Load Control. Turbine Stress Influence. Frequency Influence. Valve Lift Control. Slide 6 1-Speed Control Throttle governing. Nozzle governing. By pass governing. Combination governing. Emergency governing. Steam turbine governing Slide 7 Throttle governing Slide 8 Nozzle governing Slide 9 By pass governing Slide 10 Combination governing Slide 11 Emergency governing When the speed of shaft increases beyond 110%. Balancing of the turbine is disturbed. Failure of the lubrication system. Vacuum in the condenser is quite less or supply of coolant to the condenser is inadequate. Slide 12 2-Inlet Pressure Controller Slide 13 3- Load Control Slide 14 4-Frequency Influence. Slide 15 7-Valve Lift Control. Slide 16 Condenser Slide 17 Condensation Process Slide 18 Types Of Condensation Film-wise condensation: condensed liquid wets the surface and forms a film covering the entire surface. Drop-wise condensation: surface is not totally wetted by the saturated vapor, and the condensate forms liquid droplets that fall. from the surface. Compared to film-wise condensation, drop-wise condensation has a greater. surface heat-transfer coefficient as it has a greater area exposed to the. saturation vapor. Slide 19 Stages in Condensation De-superheating of the hot gas. Condensing of the gas to liquid state and release of the latent heat. Sub-cooling of the liquid refrigerant. Slide 20 Types of Condensers Water-cooled condensers. Double-tube condenser. Shell-and-tube condenser. Air-cooled condensers. Evaporative condensers. Slide 21 Double-tube Condenser Slide 22 Shell-and-tube Condenser Slide 23 Air-cooled Condenser Slide 24 Evaporative Condenser Slide 25 Condenser Coils Slide 26 Condenser Cleaning Program Cleaning the condenser coils will ensure: 1) maximum efficiency. 2) help prolong the life of the unit. 3) protect your Pumps from premature failure. 4) maximize your overall investment. Slide 27 Steps Of Cleaning First, and most importantly, turn off the power to the unit. Remove any visible grass. Brush in the same direction as the slots between the fins. You can do a better job if you remove the guard grill, which protects the coil. Wear a dust mask to avoid breathing the dust. Then put on a pair of rubber gloves and spray biodegradable outdoor coil cleaner into the coil.. Wait five or ten minutes and flush the coil with a gentle water spray. Use a gentle spray because a strong spray could bend the aluminum fins. Thats it! Simply restore the power to your AC unit and youll have a much smoother running air conditioner. Slide 28 Slide 29 How to increase cycle efficiency?! Slide 30 Feedwater heater Preheating feedwater before entering the boiler. Slide 31 How feedwater heater works?! We use a stream of the steam to heat the feedwater instead of using fuel. The extracted steam comes from the turbine. We extract steam at specific conditions and pressure to gain good output work from turbine. Slide 32 Main types of feedwater heaters Open feedwater heater Closed feedwater heater Slide 33 Open feedwater heater Slide 34 Advantages Disadvantages Simple. Inexpensive. High rate ofheat transfer. We need pump for each feedwater heater. Slide 35 Why we need a pump for each feedwater heater ?! Slide 36 Closed feedwater heater Slide 37 Advantages Disadvantages We dont need a pump for each feedwater heater because of different pressure. More complex. More expensive. Less heat transfer. Slide 38 Haw we can increase the rate of heat transfer in closed FWH ?! Slide 39 Two path feedwater heater Slide 40 Slide 41 Boiler Slide 42 What is Boiler ?! Slide 43 Types Of Boilers By Method of steam generation : Fire tube boiler. Water tube boiler. Slide 44 Slide 45 Shell Boilers Lancashire boiler. Economic boiler (two-pass, dry back). Economic boiler (three-pass, wet back). Packaged boiler. Reverse flame / thimble boiler. Slide 46 Lancashire boiler Highly efficient. Less used nowadays due to high expenses. Use economizer at the back to increase efficiency. Slide 47 Economic boiler (two-pass, dry back) about half the size of an equivalent Lancashire boiler. higher thermal efficiency. Slide 48 Economic boiler (three-pass, wet back) thinner metal tubes were introduced. the heat transfer rates to be improved. the boilers themselves to become more compact. Slide 49 Packaged boiler Size is as small as possible (save material). less heat is lost to the environment. Minimize the amount of floor space needed. Slide 50 Reverse flame / thimble boiler Slide 51 Slide 52 Combustor Slide 53 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler Compact boiler design, Fuel flexibility, Higher combustion efficiency. Uses solid particles with aid of high velocity (turbulent) air or gas. Superheated air stream with solid particles forms fluidized solution. Slide 54 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler Uses at atmospheric pressure. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler Used as a pressurized pressure vessel with aid of compressor to compress inlet air and hence high temp and better efficiency. Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers (CFBC). Slide 55 The Inside Story Basic Control. Feed Water Control. Pressure Application. Increased Demand. Slide 56 The Basic Control Slide 57 Feed Water Control Effect of : Feeding pump on Feeding pump off Effect of feeding water temp On/off or dripping On water surface ? Slide 58 Pump On. High temp FW. Pump Off. Low temp FW. Slide 59 Pressure Application Low Pressure vs. High Pressure. Surface level. Bubble. Turbulence. Stability. Steam take off ? (Steam Quality). Slide 60 So, If low pressure steam is required ?? Slide 61 Increased Demand Increasing the demand have the same effect as the pressure relief ! Slide 62 Increased Demand Does Water Added ??? Slide 63 Increased Demand Pressure drop cause larger bubbles. Higher water level. Steam flashing. Poor quality. Lower mass output.. Even flow increased ?! Slide 64 Power Planet Modification Slide 65 Slide 66 Slide 67 Deaerator An external device used to remove gases from water before feeding it to the boiler. Water with dissolved oxygen more corrosive. Co2 formation make it more acidic and hence more corrosion. Slide 68 Slide 69 Slide 70 Slide 71 Simple Schematic Diagram of Used Boiler !! Slide 72 Slide 73 References : http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam- engineering-tutorials/the-boiler-house.asp http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam- engineering-tutorials/the-boiler-house.asp http://www.youtube.com/user/SpiraxSarcoUK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler Slide 74 Steam Trap Slide 75 What is it ? Slide 76 How it works ? Slide 77 Slide 78 Major types Mechanical traps. Thermodynamic (TD) traps. Thermostatic Steam Traps. Slide 79 Mechanical traps Ex: Ball float steam trap. Slide 80 Mechanical traps Ex: Inverted bucket steam trap. Slide 81 Thermodynamic (TD) traps Ex: Traditional thermodynamic steam trap Slide 82 Thermostatic Steam Traps Ex: Liquid expansion steam trap. Slide 83 Nuclear Energy Slide 84 Construction of nuclear reaction Slide 85 How does a nuclear reaction work? Works as a boiler source of heat. Neutrons are travelling at high speed. Slowed down by a MODERATOR. Great amount of heat are generated. COOLANT helps to make steam. Slide 86 Types of nuclear reactors 1-Boling water reactor (BWR). Slide 87 2-Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Slide 88 3-pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) Candu is an example. Slide 89 4-Fast Breeder Reactor(FBR) Note:- Special Coolant >> Liquid Sodium Slide 90 5-High Temp. Gas Reactor (HTGR). - Moderator >> Graphite - Coolant >> Helium Slide 91 Reactor types in use world wide Slide 92 1-open fuel circle. 2-closed fuel circle. Slide 93 Disasters bleed humanity CHERNOBYL Slide 94 FUKOSHIMA Slide 95 THREEMILE Slide 96 DAIMONA Slide 97 Thank You Abd el rhman Bedir. Abd el rhman Ashour. Amir lebda. Ahmed ezzat. Ahmed hamdy. Ahmed el sayed. Amer mounir. Khaled ahmed. Shimaa shehab.