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TUNNELING
METHODSDEEPAK JAISWAL
MOHAMMAD SAL
BY
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS OF TUNNEL
MAIN PURPOSES
PROCEDURES INVOLVEDMETHODS OF TUNELLING
METHOD TO SELECTION
THE OTHER SIDE
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INTRODUCTION
A tunnel is an underground passageway,
completely enclosed except for openings for
egress, commonly at each end.
A tunnel may be for road traffic,road
traffic,canal,hydroelectric station,sewer etc.
TheDelaware Aqueductin New YorkUSAisthe longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at
137 km (85 mi)
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REQUIRMENTS OF
TUNNEL IT IS VERY USEFUL WHERE BRIDGE FAIL TO
FULFILL REQUIRMENTS LIKE IN SEA ,IN URBANAREA ,AND IN MOUNTAINS.
EFFICIENT COPARED TO BRIDGES.
IN WAR TIME IT IS MUCH DIFFICULT TO
DESTROY A TUNNEL BUT DESTRUCTION OF
BRIDGE IS TOO EASY.
LOTS OF LAND AND TIME IS SAVED.
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MAIN PURPOSES
1.IN ROAD TRAFFICS
2.IN SEWERS
3.IN MININGS
4.IN RAIL TRAFFICS
5.IN HYDROELECTRIC
STATIONS etc.
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The process for bored tunnellinginvolves all or some of the followingoperations:
Probe drilling (when needed)
Grouting (when needed)
Excavation (or blasting)Supporting
Transportation of muck
Lining or coating/sealing
Draining
Ventilation
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PROBE DRILLI!This type of drilling is done in order tofind out suitable method for drilling .
It consist of drilling in sample, by variousmethod to find most suitable .
It is necessary part of all drillingoperation .
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!RO"TI!
It is the process of providing additional
support to drilled mine.
It is done by a liquid called grout ,consistof water ,cement ,color tint and sometime
fine gravel .
Good surface is achieved .
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E#$%&%TIO
Excavation is the digging and recording ofartifacts at an archaeological site.
It is necessary to know the archaeological
importance of a site before digging .
This is performed by experts in a scientific way.
Many governments grants permission for
tunneling after finding a go certificate in
excavation.
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'"PPORTI!After initial mining , tunnel need supports
for further processing .
For the sake of life a perfect planning is
needed for support.
In ancient time timber and masonry were the
main methods.
Today support is provided by injecting final
pipe or building it completely before further
tunneling
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TR%'PORT%TIO O( )"$*
In ancient time transportation was done
by steam engine and by Manual transport.
Today it is done by modern methods and
process is automatic .
TBMs are also come with properarrangment for the transport of muck.
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LII! OR $O%TI!
Lining of proper material is done by
modern methods like polishing ,painting
to prevent wear and tear and corrosion.
Very necessary part where corrosive
metals are being used.
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DR%II!Draining is the process to remove the
water or other liquid from working site .
Very important where water level is veryhigh.
Pumps and pipes are used for thispurpose.
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&ETIL%TIOProper ventilation is required for safety of
workers.
This is done by proper checking of oxygen
and other parameters .
Proper installations for exit of hazardous
gasses coming out from tunneling .
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tunnel construction methods:
Classical methods Cut-and-cover
Drill and blast
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
Immersed tunnels
Tunnel jacking
Other methods .
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Classical MethodsAmong the classical methods are theBelgian, English, German, Austrian,Italian and American systems. These
methods had much in common withearly mining methods and were useduntil last half of the 19th century.
Excavation was done by hand or simpledrilling equipment.
Supports were predominantly timber,
and transportation of muck was doneon cars on narrow gauge tracks andpowered by steam.
Progress was typically in multiplestages i.e. progress in one drift, thensupport, then drift in another drift, and
so on. The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are nolonger applicable, although some oftheir principles have been used incombination up to present day.Nevertheless some of the worlds great
h li h h d
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The English method(crown-barmethod, figure left) started froma central top heading whichallowed two timber crown bars to
be hoisted into place, the rearends supported on a completedlength of lining, the forward endspropped within the centralheading. Development of the
heading then allowed additionalbars to be erected around theperimeter of the face with boardsbetween each pair to exclude theground. The system is
economical in timber, permitsconstruction of the arch of thetunnel in full-face excavation,and is tolerant of a wide varietyof ground conditions, but
depends on relatively low ground
Th A i ( b )
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The Austrian (cross-bar)methodrequired a stronglyconstructed central bottomheading upon which a crown
heading was constructed. Thetimbering for full-faceexcavation was then heavilybraced against the centralheadings, with longitudinal
poling boards built on timberbars carried on each frame oftimbering. As the liningadvanced, so was the timberingpropped against each length to
maintain stability. The methodwas capable of withstandinghigh ground pressures but hadhigh demand for timber.
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The German method(core-leaving method) provided a series ofbox headings within which the successive sections of the side wallsof the tunnel were built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunnerof the system of multiple drifts. The method depends on the central
dumpling being able to resists without excessive movement pressuretransmitted from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key'heading prior to completion of the arch and to ensuring stabilitywhile the invert arch is extended in sections.
The Belgian system(underpinning or flying arch method) started
from the construction of a top heading, propped approximately tothe level of the springing of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. Thisheading was then extended to each side to permit construction ofthe upper part of the arch, which was extended by under- pinning,working from side headings. The system was only practicable whererock loads were not heavy.
The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel onthe St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method ofconstruction, based on the use of successive headings to constructsections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner tothe German system described above.
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ROAD HEADERS
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CUT AND COVER METHOD
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CUT & COVER METHODThe principal problem to be solved in connection with
this construction method is to how to maintain surfacetraffic, with the least disturbance during theconstruction period. One method is to restrict traffic to areduced street width, another to direct traffic to abypassing street.
Another way of supporting the sidewalls of open trenchesis to substitute sheet-pile walls by concrete curtain wallscast under bentonite slurry (ICOS method), and usingsteel struts. This is especially a requisite in narrowerstreets trimmed with old sensitive buildings with their
foundation plane well above the bottom level of the pit.This type of trench wall becomes a requirement formaintenance of surface traffic due to the anticipation ofvibration effects potentially harmful to the stability ofbuildings with foundations lying on cohesionless soils.
DRILL AND
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DRILL AND
BLAST1.Before the advent oftunnel boring machines, drilling and
blasting was the only economical way of
excavating longtunnelsthrough hard
rock, where digging is not possible.
2.Even today, the method is still used in
the construction of tunnels.
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HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.
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MECHANICAL DRILLING AND CUTTING-
CRUSHING STRENGTH OF ROCK
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TB)In various size Tunnel Boring
Machines(TBM) are used for drilling avast type of tunnels .
Transportation of muck , supporting andall other actions are done automatically.
Very useful in boring tunnel where all
other methods fail.
A main method in use in now a days.
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IMMERSED TUNNELS
1.THIS TYPE OF TUNNELS ARE
PARTLY OR WHOLLY ARE
UNDERWATWER.
2.THEY DO NOT BLOCK THE
ROOT FOR SHIPS SO THERE IS
NO PROBLEM OFCONGESSION OF TRAFFIC AS
IN CASE OF BRIDGES OVER
RIVERS OR SEAS.
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TUNNEL JACKING
1.IT IS A PROCESS TO MAKETUNNELS IN ALREADY
EXISTING BOADIES SUCH AS
ROADS ,RAILWAYS.
2.IN THIS METHOD ESPECIALLY
MADE PIPES ARE PUSHED BY A
HYDRAULIC RAM IN GROUND .
3.MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF
TUNNEL BY THIS METHOD IS
AROUND 2.4 METER.
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The choice o t!""elli"#$ethod $a% &e dictated &%'
geological and hydrological conditions,
cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,
local experience and time/cost considerations (what is
the value of time in the project),
limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.
Tunnel methods .
Required speed of construction.
Shape of tunnel.Managing the risk of variations in ground quality
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THE OTHER SIDE
Beside of many security measures ,
tunnelling is still not full proof.
Failure of automatic system will causedeadly results as depicted in Hollywood
flick Die Hard 4.0.
High cost than bridges , but more fruitful
from previous.
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..
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QUERI
ESPLE
AS
E!!!!