1 Technical Seminar organised by HKIE Geotechnical Division, Geological Society of Hong Kong Professional Branch and NTU Alumni Association (Civil & Geology) in Hong Kong Chia-Han Lee United Geotech, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan 28 June 2012 Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan 2 2 Outline Introduction Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly Inspection methods and diagnosis Preliminary inspection Specific inspection Case studies Case study 1 - Wushanlin hydraulic tunnel Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel Future researches Conclusions 3 3 Introduction Tunnels differ from above- ground structures, and their design conditions vary case by case. So the deformation mechanism of tunnel is more complicated than bridge. 4 4 Flap Lining Tram line Water leakage (Up) (Down) Introduction - Shinkanmon Tunnel in Japan Due to leakage caused by power outages, operation of the Shinkansen was suspended for 2.5 hours. (1998.04.04) Water leakage Leakage induce spalling of concrete lining block
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11
Technical Seminarorganised by
HKIE Geotechnical Division,Geological Society of Hong Kong Professional Branch and NTU Alumni Association (Civil & Geology) in Hong Kong
Chia-Han Lee
United Geotech, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
28 June 2012
Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan
2222
Outline
� Introduction
� Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly
� Inspection methods and diagnosis
� Preliminary inspection
� Specific inspection
� Case studies
� Case study 1 - Wushanlin hydraulic tunnel
� Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Future researches
� Conclusions
3333
Introduction
� Tunnels differ from above-ground structures, and their
design conditions vary case by
case. So the deformation mechanism of tunnel is more
complicated than bridge.
4444
Flap
Lining
Tram lineWater leakage
(Up) (Down)
Introduction - Shinkanmon Tunnelin Japan
� Due to leakage caused by power outages, opera t ion o f the Sh inkansen was suspended for 2.5 hours. (1998.04.04)
Water leakage
Leakage induce spalling
of concrete lining block
5555
Introduction - Fukuoka Tunnel in Japan
� The spalling of concrete lining block from cold joints, hit the train on the Shinkansen, resulting in vehicle damage and suspension of operations. (1999.06.27)
Falling concrete block
The formation of cold joint.
The vibration of steel support,
influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack
Generation of cold joint
1
2
The formation of crack
The formation of cold joint.
The vibration of steel support,
influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack
Generation of cold joint
11
22
The formation of crack
Water leakage, changes of air pressure,
temperature, train vibration.
Crack developmentCrack development
Changes in air pressure
and train vibrations.
The formation of crack
3
Crack development
4
DroppedDropped
Water leakage, changes of air pressure,
temperature, train vibration.
Crack developmentCrack development
Changes in air pressure
and train vibrations.
The formation of crack
33
Crack development
44
DroppedDropped
6666
Introduction - Kitakyushu Tunnelin Japan
� The spalling of concrete lining block, suspended Shinkansen operating for 10 hours, affecting 62,000 people. (1999.10.09)
Falling concrete block
Roof
Sidewall
Construct joint
Protrusion area
The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack
Lining
Water leakage,
changes of
temperature,
train vibration
Crack developmentCrack development
DroppedDropped
Self-weight
The differential
settlement after
lining or early
mold release at
the underside of
the formwork.
Water
Water
leakage
1
2
3
Protrusion
area Crack
Roof
Sidewall
Construct joint
Protrusion area
The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack
Lining
Water leakage,
changes of
temperature,
train vibration
Crack developmentCrack development
DroppedDropped
Self-weight
The differential
settlement after
lining or early
mold release at
the underside of
the formwork.
Water
Water
leakage
11
22
33
Protrusion
area Crack
77
Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly
8
Tectonic plate motion
� Lies on western rim of circum-pacific seismic zone
� Located on convergent and compressive boundary between Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates
� Collision formed buck of island through on-going orogenic process
9
Topography and Geological in Taiwan
� The rock formation is quite young, resulted in weak and soft
geo-environment.
South Africa
AustriaChina
Japan
Taiwan
Age of oldest stratum (100 My)
Age of latest orogeny (10 My)
Elevation of highest mountain (m)
30
3482
28
2469
5.5
6.5 3779
29
6.6
8848
4.5 2.5
3776
0.80.6
3952
Norway
10
Climate and typhoons in Taiwan
� The climate is very unfavorable. Typhoons and torrential
Pullout test Pullout test system Non-destructive Lining strength
Compressive strength test
Compressive strength test system
Destructive
Concrete neutralization test
Concrete neutralization test
phenolphthalein indicator
Destructive
Acid-dissolution method
Nitric acid solution Destructive Chloride ion content
examination for concrete
Indirect examination
Chlorine content determination instrument
Destructive
Direct measurement by instruments
Reinforcement corrosion gauge
Destructive
Lining soundness
Reinforcement corrosion
examination Indirect examination
Static pulse measurement system
Non-destructive
(Lee & Wang, 2008)
25252525
Diagnosis on tunnel soundness
Tunnel classificationa,b
Damage level
Damage descriptionTraffic
strategy
No immediate
dangerA
No damage
No damages detectable by visual inspection.
Normal operation
SlightLight damages detected on visual inspection, no effects on traffic (wc<3mm, lc<5m).
Dangerous
B Moderate
Spalling, cracking of linings (w>3mm, l>5m), exposed reinforcement, displacement of segmental joints, leaking of water.Some disruption to traffic.
Operable with
regulations
C Severe
Slope failure at openings, collapse of main tunnel structure, up heave or differential movement of road and road shoulder, flooding, damaged ventilation and lighting system in long tunnels.Total disruption of traffic.
Not operable
Note: a. Classification of a tunnel is based on its functionality and extent of damage in the tunnel.b. Classification of a tunnel should be based on the least safe section being assessed to be
conservative. c. W means width of crack, L means length of crack
(Huang et al., 1999)
2626
Case studies
2727
Case study 1 - Wushanlinhydraulic tunnel
� Tunnel data� Length = 3.2 km
� Cross section area = 30 m2
� Built with ASSM method in 1922-1929
� Lining material: stones, bricks and plain concrete
� Reinforce 0.25 m thickness concrete in 1972-1974
� Tunnel data� Total length of 7 tunnels = 2.2 km� Cross section area = 13 m2
� Built with ASSM method in 1925
� Lining material: bricks (crown) and plain concrete (sidewall)� Repair by shotcrete and steel support in 1962-1964, 1986, 1989,
1996 and 2000
3737
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2008)
3838
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique
� The new developed tunnel image mosaic technique was developed with NTU & NTUT and was cooperated with UGI.
� The procedure is setting two laser leveler, taking a series of photos, inputting data and photos into the software which will compile the photos into tunnel images automatically.
3939
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique
4040
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Nondestructive inspection methods
4141
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Layout of tunnel inspection
4242
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Tunnel data
� Total length = 15 km
� Cross section area = 18 m2
� Built with NATM method in 2005
� Lining material: reinforced concrete
4343
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2011)
4444
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Preliminary inspection – TIPS
� Principle: using lens and charge coupled device (CCD) to scan tunnel lining surface image
� Resolution: can identify the minimum crack width is from 0.3 to 0.5 mm
� Speed: 1-3 km/hr
4545
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Preliminary inspection – TIPS
4646
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Detail inspection methods
4747
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Layout of tunnel inspection
4848
Future researches
49
Tunnel cracks auto-detection
Original image Result
(Developed by NTUT)
50
3D visual reality demonstration
� 3D visual reality
demonstration of the
lining image
� Integration of the lining
image and ground
penetration radar
(Developed by NTUT)
51
Identify the cause of anomalies
� Crack patterns on tunnel linings induced by slopes
� After the new construction of German High Speed Rail (ICE) from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt including nine tunnels (length = 27 km). They used the GRP5000 tunnel image scanning system to establish the original image of tunnel lining before the operation in 2005.
55555555
Life-cycle of tunnel
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1T0T2 T3 T4
dF1
dF0
dF2 dF3 dF4
Preventive maintenance
Proactive maintenance
Breakdown maintenance
Time
Saf
ety
lev
el /
fu
nct
ion
in
dex
dF0
3dF +dF2dF x41
T0
T x41
T2 +T3
T2 +T3 T x41 T0
3dF +dF2 dF x41 dF0<<
<<
(Lee et al., 2004)
56565656
Conclusions
� The end of construction is the beginning of maintenance.
� Different tunnel usage has different tunnel exceptional
phenomena. So tunnel inspection methods should be selected based on tunnel function.
� The hard part of inspection works is not how to inspect, but where to inspect and how to identify & diagnosis.
� Maintenance countermeasures also should depend onthe tunnel anomaly phenomena, causes and usage.
� Further research about inspection, diagnosis and rehabilitation technique for tunnel maintenance are on
going in Taiwan.
57
References
� Chiu, Y. C., C. H. Lee, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Development and characteristics of a deep-seated slope movement, 12th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, 17-21 Oct., Beijing, China, 1877-1880.
� Huang, T. H., F. S. Jeng, W. L. Wang, R. Fu, C. S. Chang, T. Y. Ho, M. L. Lin, and R. J. Hong, 1997. Planning on engineering and inspection technology for tunnel: research on the technologies of inspection. Maintenance and Repairing for Traffic Tunnel (I). Report for MOTC. (in Chinese)
� Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. Tunnel deformation mechanism. (in Japanese)
� Lee, C. H. and T. T. Wang, 2008. Rock Tunnel Maintenance in Taiwan, 6th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference-2008, Bangalore, India, p. 205-217.
� Lee, C. H., Y. C. Chiu, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Application and validation of simple image-mosaic technology for interpreting cracks on tunnel lining, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. (submitted)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2004. Report on inspection and countermeasures of the Wushanlin tunnel. Prepared for Chia-Nan Irrigation Association. (in Chinese)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2007. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the south link railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)
58
References
� United Geotech, Inc., 2008. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the Chichi line railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2011. Report on the hydraulic inspection of Akungkienreservoir transbasin waterway. Prepared for Southern Region Water Resources Office. (in Chinese)
� Wang, T. T. and C. H. Lee, 2012. Life cycle design considerations for hydraulic tunnels - lessons learned from inspection and maintenance cases, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. (accepted)
� Wang, T. T., 2010. Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes, Engineering Geology, 115(1-2), 80-95.
� Wang, T. T., C. H. Lee, F. S. Jeng and T. H. Huang, 2009. Recent researches on tunnel inspection and safety evaluation in Taiwan, 2nd International Tunnel Safety Forum for Road and Rail, Apr. 20-22, Lyon, France, 57-72.
� Wang, T. T., F. M. Chang, and T. H. Huang, 2008. Using image mosaic technology for tunnel inspection. Proceedings of 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco.
� Wang, T. T., T. H. Huang, F. S. Jeng, W. C. Hsueh and R. Fu, 2007. Exceptional phenomena on tunnel linings in Taiwan. Tunnel Construction 27, 87–92. (in Chinese)