Top Banner
Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %
23

Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Dec 22, 2015

Download

Documents

Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Tumors of the lung

Carcinoma 90-95%

Carcinoid 5 %

Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Page 2: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Tumors of the lung

Etiology directly related to cigarette smoking

- Statistical evidence for positive relationship between tobacco

smoking and lung carcinoma.

- 87% lung cancers occur in active smokers

- Risk = Average smokers (x10), heavy smokers (>40/day) (x60)

- Passive smokers also have higher risk

Page 3: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Tumors of the lung

Etiology directly related to cigarette smoking

- Clinical evidence.

- Changes in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers (metaplasia,

dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, squamous carcinoma)

Page 4: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Tumors of the lung

Etiology directly related to cigarette smoking

- Experimental evidence.

Page 5: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %
Page 6: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Lung carcinoma

- Other Environmental factors:

Radiation, air pollution (radon), asbestos

Page 7: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Lung carcinoma

Series of genetic abnormalities occurring in a step-wise manner,

triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Oncogenes associated with lung cancer

- cMYC, K-RAS, EGFR, HER-2/Neu

- p53, RB, p16

Page 8: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Initiators:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Promotors:phenol derivatives

Page 9: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

WHO classification (epithelial tumors)

- Squamous

- Small cell

- Adeno (with variants)

- Large cell

- Adeno-squamous

- Ca with pleomorphic sarcomatous elements

- Carcinoid

- Salivary gland type

- Unclassified

Page 10: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

IncidenceSquamous 25-40%

Adeno 25-40%**

Small cell 20-25%

Large cell 10-15%

Practical aspect:

- Small cell Ca: metastasize, show high initial chemoresponsiveness

- Non-small cell ca: less metastases, less chemoresponsiveness

Cancers (except adeno) are centrally located

Increasing incidence of adenoca- Women smokers- Type of cigarettes

Increasing incidence of adenoca- Women smokers- Type of cigarettes

Page 11: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %
Page 12: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Lung Carcinoma - Morphology (squamous)

- Most are centrally located (except adenocarcinomas), from first to third

order bronchi

Page 13: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Squamous cell carcinoma:

- Close correlation with smoking history

- Begins as dysplasia - carcinoma in situ -

irregular warty growth with elevation and erosion

of bronchial mucosa

- fungates into the lumen

- penetrate bronchus and infiltrate along wall

- cauliflower like intraparenchymal mass

- extension to pleura

- spread to lymphnodes (>50% cases)

- distant spread

Page 14: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Squamous cell carcinoma:

- Histology:

- Malignant squamous cells with

keratinization and intercellular bridges

- Varying degrees of differentiation

- Genetic alterations

- highest frequency of p53 mutations

- this increases with increasing grade

- high expression of EGFR

Page 15: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Adenocarcinoma- Most common cancer in women and nonsmokers

- More peripherally located and smaller in size

- Often show mixed pattern (acinar, papillary, bronchiolo-alveolar, solid with mucin

- Grow more slowly when compared to squamous, but metastasize widely

Page 16: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

- Almost always peripheral

- Usually appears as multiple nodules

with pneumonia like consolidation

- Nodules have mucoid feel

- Microscopic growth pattern is

characteristic and resembles butterflies

on a fence

- Mucinous and non mucinous subtypes

- Nonmucinous tumors are surgically

resectable

Page 17: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

Page 18: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Small cell carcinoma

Central location

Whitish appearance

Small cells

Granular chromatin

High mitotic activity

Nuclear moulding

Dense core neuro-

secretory granules

Aggressive tumors, strong relationship to smoking

Page 19: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Staging of lung cancer:

TNM staging is used for staging cancer based on anatomic extent of tumor (T),

lymph node metastases (N), and distant hematogenous metastases (M).

Useful for comparing treatment results from different centers

Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tend to be localized for longer

periods.

Small cell carcinoma is particularly responsive to radiation and chemotherapy

Page 20: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Clinical Course

- Most insidious and aggressive neoplasm

- Cough, weight loss, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnoea

- Paraneoplastic syndromes due to hormone like substances

Small cell carcinoma - ADH, ACTH,

Squamous cell carcinoma - PTH,

Carcinoid tumors - Serotonin, Bradykinin

Others - Calcitonin, Gonadotropins,

Eaton-Lambert syndrome (Ca channel antibodies)

Peripheral neuropathies, clubbing

Page 21: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Clinical Course

Local tumor effects:

Pneumonia, abscess, collapse Airway obstruction

Lipid pneumonia Secondary to obstruction

Pleural effusion Tumor spread

Hoarseness RLN invasion

Dysphagia Esophageal invasion

Diaphragm paralysis Phrenic nerve invasion

Rib destruction Chest wall invasion

SVC syndrome SVC compression

Horner syndrome Symp ganglia invasion

Pericarditis / tamponade Pericardial invasion

Page 22: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Metastatic tumors

Usually multiple “cannon-ball” lesions more in the periphery

Variety of other patterns may also be seen

Page 23: Tumors of the lung Carcinoma 90-95% Carcinoid 5 % Mesenchymal and others 2-5 %

Malignant mesothelioma:

- From parietal / visceral pleura

- Related to asbestos exposure

- Diffuse involvement of pleural space with

effusion and invasion of thoracic structures

- Microscopically, epithelioid and sarcomatoid

subtypes